CN1735497A - 冷却和校准塑料型材的装置 - Google Patents

冷却和校准塑料型材的装置 Download PDF

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CN1735497A
CN1735497A CNA2003801027124A CN200380102712A CN1735497A CN 1735497 A CN1735497 A CN 1735497A CN A2003801027124 A CNA2003801027124 A CN A2003801027124A CN 200380102712 A CN200380102712 A CN 200380102712A CN 1735497 A CN1735497 A CN 1735497A
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M·舒威格尔
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Technoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种冷却和校准塑料型材的装置,其中包括设有适合待加工型材(8)的输入口和输出口的罩壳(13);置于在罩壳内的套筒(12),其连接输入口和输出口并包围着一个实际对应于型材(8)外部形并且能够使型材(8)导入其中的通道(24),同时在装置范围内,套筒基本上完全包围住了型材;用以在型材(8)与套筒(12)之间的孔隙中产生负压的真空系统,且该系统与设置在套筒(12)内的小尺寸开口(14、15)相连;和至少一个内腔(25),其在装置工作时填充有冷却介质且其与适合冷却介质的输入口(17)和输出口(18)相连,用以使冷却介质流体能够流入内腔(25)。通过使套筒(12)具有至少一段将通道(24)与内腔(25)隔开的薄壁段,并且在该薄壁段内设置将通道(24)与内腔(25)相连的开口(14、15),由此就能得到更好的冷却效率。

Description

冷却和校准塑料型材的装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种冷却和校准塑料型材的装置,其包括
-设有适合待加工型材的输入口和输出口的罩壳;
-置于在罩壳内的套筒,其连接输入口和输出口并包围着一个实际对应于型材外形并且能够使型材导入其中的通道,同时在装置范围内,套筒基本上完全包围住了型材;
-用以在型材与套筒之间的孔隙中产生负压的真空系统,且该系统与设置在套筒内的小尺寸开口相连;和
-至少一个内腔,其在装置工作时填充有冷却介质且其与适合冷却介质的输入口和输出口相连,用以使冷却介质流体能够流入内腔。
背景技术
这种式样的装置也被称为干式校准装置,因为型材并不是直接与冷却介质相接触的。这类干式校准装置大部分是直接安置在挤出喷嘴的下游和其中型材要被输入到水槽中去的校准槽的上游。
在校准过程的第一阶段,要将很软的并且还不具有足够固有稳定性的塑料型材段,引导着经过干式校准装置,其中须借助负压而使软的塑料型材段表面与金属体内表面之间发生接触。主要设置在金属校准器内表面附近的、特殊设计的通道中,使冷却液体,主要是冷水流过金属体,从而除了精确成型外还能带走型材的热量。由于对塑料型材表面的光学性质要求极高,所以在该第一阶段中冷却和校准工序不得不以完全干式进行。在经历了一段取决于所谓塑料熔体的挤出速度、壁厚和加工温度的第一冷却时间后,在塑料型材段中会形成坚固的外层并且也就能赋予型材初始的固有稳定性。当出现了足够显著的固有稳定性(足够大的已变为固体的或冷却后的外层)之后,就要进入第二阶段将型材段置入冷却罐中,并且在冷却罐中要用冷却介质对型材段环绕喷射且在负压下凝结,从而将型材段冷却到其最终温度,通常是环境温度。这种冷却罐可被用作具有湍流的冷却介质的真空罐,用以生产空腔型材,并且该冷却罐具有多个所谓的支撑隔板或校准隔板。但是,为了要生产更简单且敞开形状的型材,就要将其设计成向上敞开的水槽形式。
由于受到厚壁金属体的不良导热性能的限制,相比于利用输入冷却介质而直接将热从型材段中排出的过程,型材表面的冷却只是一个相对缓慢且不均匀的过程。另一项缺点主要是,相比于各个冷却罐系统,金属校准器的制造成本明显地提高了。所述干式校准系统的另一缺点在于如下事实,即为了在所谓的真空狭槽或真空腔内产生所需的负压,由于液流损失而要消耗几倍的能量,并且由于不利的泵特性曲线而限制了为产生负压所用的真空泵,并且其只能在一个很小范围内进行调节。例如为维持真空泵工作所需的能耗约为校准台总能耗的约70%-80%。
在申请人的EP 0 925 905A中,已知一种冷却和校准挤出塑料型材的装置。该装置是一种湿式校准装置,其中型材要在一个更长的移动路程上与装置内部的冷却介质保持直接接触。以这种方式就能保证型材与冷却介质之间实现非常良好的热传导,从而能够实现快速冷却。为了防止由于装置内部产生真空而在上游侧发生型材的不理想的扩张现象,就要在水槽中设置能够平面支撑型材壁的校准套管。但是由于型材本身在装置的总长度上与冷水保持接触,所以使得只可能在传统干式校准装置的下游处使用这种已知装置,并在其中的型材进行第一次冷却和凝固过程。但是这些干式校准装置存在如上所述的那些缺点。
GB 1 202 961A显示了一种用于塑料管的且带有具备真空腔的校准工具的校准装置。该真空腔通过开口与通道相连,从而能够将塑料管的外形构吸到套筒上。此外,以传统方法在工具内设置一个冷却水室。由此,所述工具就同时具有了抽真空系统和与抽真空系统隔开的冷却水系统。因此,装置结构也是非常昂贵的,并且在真空腔范围内的冷却效果变差。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于提供一种新型校准装置,来避免现有技术水平的干式校准装置中存在的前述那些缺陷,并同时由于改善其冷却效果而减少所需的干式校准器数量,以及缩短干式校准器的总长度。
本发明的另一任务在于提供一种方法和装置,利用其能够实现对塑料型材进行校准,并且在该过程中不再需要借助排气而应用真空,因此其无论是在工作时还是在生产设备投资上都能带来巨大的成本利益。真空泵的省去恰好也能使得在本发明的设备工作时节省大量能量(多至校准台总能耗量的80%)并由此也满足了生态要求。
根据本发明的任务可通过使套筒具有至少一段将通道与内腔隔开的薄壁段,和通过在该薄壁段内设置将通道与内腔相连的开口来解决。
本发明的关键在于,一方面能够实现相对于已知的干式校准装置更为简化,另一方面也要能够得到明显更快的冷却。如前已经所述的,在技术内容中涉及的是一种直接安置在挤出喷嘴下游,以便能够对形状仍未稳定的型材进行初次冷却和校准步骤。能够保证型材表面的高质量,因为其中防止了尚软的型材表面与冷却介质发生直接接触。套筒将填充有冷却介质的装置内腔与型材隔开。只在套筒内设置小的开口,从而保证型材置于套筒上,并且在本发明内容里,该尺寸应理解为足够小,而能使得型材壁与冷却介质不发生润湿。其中的润湿情况取决于负压的程度,该负压值通常低于环境压力约0.2bar,以及还取决于冷却介质在型材PVC(聚氯乙烯)表面上的表面张力。
可以将部分开口设计为孔,即圆孔或也设计成主要是垂直于挤出方向的狭槽。如果是孔,则孔径主要为约0.5mm,并且尺寸可以直至1mm,特殊情况下可以直至约1.5mm,而如果是狭槽的情况,则宽度为小于1mm,主要小于0.7mm。通过该开口可以在位于套筒和型材之间的空间内产生出负压来,并由此实现精确校准和得到相应的表面质量。与此相应的,开口主要设置在型材的可表面范围内,而所谓可表面是指在有意使用型材时能够看得见的且相应具有特殊表面质量的各个面。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中规定,套筒厚度小于待加工型材直径的6%,主要小于3%。因为通过开口,套筒两面上的压差可以非常小,因此相应的机械载荷也就同样很小。因此为了实现极好的热传导,就要选择一种薄壁套筒的结构。
型材和套筒间的间隙原则上决不能完全密封。其原因之一在于型材要穿过套筒进行运动,另一原因则是通常在一个更大的范围内存在一定的自由位置,也即在该范围内套筒不会直接置于型材上从而避免摩擦和防止凸出的型材部分发生损伤。这种自由位置可设置在例如型材前凸的肋条上。通过开口而在型材和套筒之间的间隙中产生的负压,会引起一股——从体积来看相对较小——从装置的两个端面流出的气流,该气流沿着型材表面扩展开来并继续流进开口中。该混杂气会与冷却介质一起从装置的内腔中抽出,并在一空气分离器中将其从冷却介质中去除。这种小股气流是非常理想的并且有利于校准工序。其它改善作用可以根据本发明的一个优选实施方案得以实现,即使套筒除开口外还具有至少一个与空气室相连的空气输入口。此外,工具的可协调性,也能特别通过使空气输入口经由设置调节阀的空气导入管与空气室相连,而得到进一步改善。因此,在这种结构中可以设计使少量空气不仅经由输入和输出口输入,还可输入到装置的内室中。
为了提高冷却介质的流速并因而提高热传导,在本发明一特别优选的实施方案中需要设置导流装置。
在本发明的一个特别有利的实施方案中规定,将罩壳和套筒设计成可分开的多件,并且可在工作时拆卸。根据待生产的型材的复杂程度不同,可将套筒设计成两件或更多件,同时优选各件平面平行于纵向轴,即沿着挤出方向。在这种情形下,虽然并不一定需要套筒的件在工作时能够与罩壳各件件相分离,但从生产的灵活性方面考虑,基本上可将套筒从罩壳上卸下还是有利的。很明显的,关键点在于为了安全生产和维持所需的负压,要能够保证各件相应地相互密封。
另外还特别优选将多件罩壳相继安置在共同的底座上并沿纵向调准。其中,也可以将多个位于共同的底座上的本发明的干式校准器共同装入挤出生产线中和从中移开,这就能缩短改装时间和提高精度。此外,也可以通过相应地用较少数量的接头将各个校准装置相互连接起来而实现增长。
一个特别有益的方案是规定,将输出口与自吸式水泵相连,用以在内腔中形成负压。通过省去真空泵,一方面可以明显地简化校准台的结构,另一方面也能明显降低所需能耗。如上已经提到的,水泵会将冷却介质和可能存在的空气一起抽吸,由此在内腔中形成所需的负压。
特别有益的是,将开口至少部分地设计成位于套筒内侧面上的狭槽,并且使该狭槽经由孔与套筒的外侧相连。在该实施方案中,内侧面上的狭槽是用铣削或类似方法加工的,但不是一直穿透到外侧面。由此就能使负压分布于型材上的更大区域内,而同时又不会开出过大的横截面。另外,还能因此改善套筒的力学稳定性。
附图说明
以下将根据附图所示的实施例来更详尽地阐释本发明。附图为:
图1挤出生产线的轴测总视图;
图2典型的塑料型材的横截面图;
图3本发明装置的轴测视图;
图4本发明装置的横截面图;
图5图4所示装置的侧视图;
图6图4中沿VI-VI线的截面图;
图7图5中沿VII-VII线的截面图;和
图8一个特殊实施方案的局部放大截面图。
具体实施方式
图1所示的挤出生产线由带有挤出喷嘴2的挤出机组成,并且在喷嘴处连接着校准台5,且在其上还设置有干式校准装置3和两个冷却槽4。在校准台5的下游设置有履带式牵引机6,最后还在牵引机处连有一个锯子7。型材在该图中标记为8。
图2所示为型材8的横截面图。型材8的表面标记为19和20,肋条形的凸出部21用于加固和容纳未示出的密封元件,并且型材8的空腔标记为22。
按现有技术水平中的干式校准装置由各部件组装成的固有校准块构成。在校准块中,冷水孔是沿着纵向设置的,用以冷却型材。为了保证型材能置于校准块上,就要设置经由真空孔而与真空泵相连的真空缝。这种已知装置的缺点是,温度通常分布不均匀。由此在制成的型材中会出现质量问题。
图3所示为本发明的装置,其中为了更好地理解,剖切了一部分侧壁。该装置由带有端面13a,13b且在它们之间有延伸套筒12的罩壳13构成。套筒12设计成具有多个孔15或狭槽14形状的开口。这些开口14、15将套筒12的通道24与装置的内腔25相连,其中所述内腔25位于罩壳13与套筒12之间的空腔。内腔25与冷却介质的输出口18相连,而输出口18又连接着一个图中未示出的自吸式水泵,用以抽吸冷却介质和可能存在于内腔25中的空气并产生所需的负压。经由一个可调节的输入口17可以补充被吸走的冷却介质。
图8的方案是在套筒12中设置了具有只约为套筒12一半壁厚深度的狭槽14a。向外的狭槽14a只是经由孔15a与内腔25相连。由此就能在较小的有效横截面积内得到最好的真空分布,所述面积由孔15a的数目和直径来确定。
本发明可提供一种具有较高冷却速度的干式校准装置,由此可以提高挤出速度并同时缩短挤出生产线的长度。同时还能得到高的型材质量。此外,由于省去了通常所需的真空泵而额外节省了能量。

Claims (13)

1.一种冷却和校准塑料型材的装置,其中包括
-设有适合待加工型材(8)的输入口和输出口的罩壳(13);
-置于罩壳内的套筒(12),其连接输入口和输出口并包围着一个实际对应于型材(8)外形并且能够使型材(8)导入其中的通道(24),同时在装置的范围内,套筒基本上完全包围住了型材;
-用以在型材(8)与套筒(12)之间的孔隙中产生负压的真空系统,且该系统与设置在套筒(12)内的小尺寸开口(14、15)相连;和
-至少一个内腔(25),其在装置工作时填充有冷却介质且其与适合冷却介质的输入口(17)和输出口(18)相连,用以使冷却介质流体能够流入内腔(25),
其特征在于,套筒(12)具有至少一段将通道(24)与内腔(25)隔开的薄壁段,并且在该壁段内设置将通道(24)与内腔(25)相连的开口(14、15)。
2.按权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,将开口(14、15)设计成至少部分是孔(15),且其直径为小于1mm,主要在0.5mm至0.7mm之间。
3.按权利要求1或2之一所述的装置,其特征在于,将开口(14、15)设计成至少部分是狭槽(14),且其宽度为小于1mm,主要约为0.7mm。
4.按权利要求1至3之一所述的装置,其特征在于,套筒(12)的厚度小于待加工型材(8)直径的6%,主要小于3%。
5.按权利要求1至4之一所述的装置,其特征在于,套筒(12)除了开口(14、15)外还具有至少一个连接空气室的空气导入口。
6.按权利要求5所述的装置,其特征在于,空气导入口经由装有调节阀的空气导入管而与空气室相连。
7.按权利要求1至6之一所述的装置,其特征在于,在内腔(25)中设置导流装置。
8.按权利要求1至7之一所述的装置,其特征在于,罩壳(13)和套筒(12)设计成可分开的并且可在工作时拆卸。
9.按权利要求8所述的装置,其特征在于,设置一个能保证各部件精确校准的中心装置。
10.按权利要求1至9之一所述的装置,其特征在于,多个罩壳(13)相继地纵向调准安置在共同的底座上。
11.按权利要求1至10之一所述的装置,其特征在于,输出口(18)与自吸式水泵相连,用以在内腔中产生负压。
12.按权利要求1至11之一所述的装置,其特征在于,开口(14、15)主要设置在型材(8)的表面中。
13.按权利要求1至12之一所述的装置,其特征在于,将开口至少部分设计成设置在套筒(12)内侧面上的狭槽(14a),且这些狭槽通过孔(15a)与套筒(12)的外侧相连。
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