CN1656629A - 燃料电池堆叠的冷却系统 - Google Patents

燃料电池堆叠的冷却系统 Download PDF

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CN1656629A
CN1656629A CNA038114682A CN03811468A CN1656629A CN 1656629 A CN1656629 A CN 1656629A CN A038114682 A CNA038114682 A CN A038114682A CN 03811468 A CN03811468 A CN 03811468A CN 1656629 A CN1656629 A CN 1656629A
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fuel cell
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J·H·李
G·W·斯卡拉
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Motors Liquidation Co
General Motors LLC
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Abstract

提出了一种燃料电池冷却系统(72)，其带有冷却液泵(74)，可通过燃料电池堆叠(70)中冷却液流场通道(76)泵送流体。设有压力控制机构以保持燃料电池堆叠(70)的压力水平，以使冷却液在堆叠(70)中进行相变，允许冷却液在堆叠(70)中相变成气体，减少了冷却燃料电池堆叠(70)所需的冷却液数量，因此减少了泵送冷却液通过燃料电池堆叠(70)所需的能量。

Description

燃料电池堆叠的冷却系统
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及燃料电池，具体地涉及燃料电池堆叠的冷却系统，其允许冷却液在燃料电池堆叠内进行相变，以便减少冷却液循环所需要的泵送能量，并使燃料电池堆叠的各个单元电池内具有更均匀的温度。
背景技术
燃料电池已经作为一种能源用于许多场合。例如，燃料电池已用于电动汽车的发电装置，代替内燃机。在质子交换膜(PEM)型燃料电池中，氢气在燃料电池的阳极，氧气作为氧化剂供应到阴极。氧可以是纯氧形式(O2)或是空气(氧气和氮气的混合物)。PEM燃料电池包括膜电极组件(MEA)，其包括薄的、质子可通过的、非电导的、气体可渗透的固体聚合电解膜，一个表面上有阳极触媒，相对的表面上有阴极触媒。MEA夹在一对无孔导电件或板之间，导电件(1)可用作阳极和阴极的集电器；(2)其中形成适当的通道和/或开口，以分配各阳极和阴极触媒表面上的燃料电池的气体反应物。
术语“燃料电池”一般是指单个电池或多个电池单元(堆叠)，取决于其实际构成。多个电池单元通常连接到一起，以形成燃料电池堆叠。通常设置成电串联。堆叠中的电池单元包括前面介绍的膜电极组件(MEA)，各个MEA提供电压增量。作为示例，美国专利No.5,663,113显示和介绍了电池堆叠中的多个电池的一些典型设置。
夹住MEA的导电板可在表面上设置成排的槽，形成反应物的流场，在各阴极和阳极表面上分配燃料电池的气体反应物(如气态的氢气和氧气)。这些反应物的流场一般包括其间形成多个流体通道的多个凸起，通过这些通道气体反应物从位于流道一端的供应集管流到位于流道相对端的排出集管。
在燃料电池堆叠中，多个电池单元以电串联的方式叠置到一起，同时通过气体不能渗透的导电双极板分开电池单元。在某些情况下，双极板是通过固定一对薄金属片形成的组件。金属片具有在其外表面形成的反应物流场。一般地，内部冷却液流场设置在双极板组件的金属板之间。用于PEM燃料电池的双极板组件的各种示例在共同拥有的美国专利No.5,766,624显示和介绍。
燃料电池堆叠高效和可靠地产生电能。但是，随着电能的生产，燃料电池在电化学反应中损耗，组成堆叠的元件的电阻产生余热(发热)，该热能必须从堆叠中清除，以保持恒定的最佳温度。一般地，燃料电池堆叠的冷却系统包括循环泵，可使单相冷却液循环通过燃料电池堆叠到达热交换器，余热能(即热量)通过热交换器传递到环境中。两种最常用的冷却液是去离子水和乙二醇与去离子水的混合物。这些典型的冷却液的热性质要求有较大的循环数量通过系统以排出足够的余热，以便保持恒定的堆叠操作温度，尤其在最大功率条件下。冷却液循环需要大量的电能，这样就减少了燃料电池能量系统的总体效率。为此，希望减少冷却燃料电池堆叠所需的冷却液数量，从而使所需的泵送能量减少。
发明内容
因此，本发明提供了一种传送冷却液通过燃料电池的冷却系统。该冷却系统包括板，其第一侧面形成反应液的流场，第二侧面形成冷却液的流场。冷却液的流场具有入口和出口通道，带有连接到入口通道的冷却液源。设有压力控制机构，可保持冷却液流场的出口通道的压力处于可使冷却液在冷却液流场中沸腾的水平。允许冷却液在堆叠中相变为气体，使冷却燃料电池堆叠所需的冷却液数量减少。液体相变为气体所需的能量大大高于液体的载热量。结果是，冷却堆叠所需的冷却液数量减少，以及必须泵送通过系统的冷却液数量减少，因为这是系统的寄生负荷(parasitic load)。
本发明能够改进温度的均匀性，提高散热器/冷凝器的效率。
应用本发明的其他领域可从下面的详细介绍清楚了解。应当知道，详细的介绍和特定的示例，尽管是本发明的优选实施例，只是用于说明，不能用于限制本发明的范围。
附图说明
根据下面的详细介绍和附图，可充分了解本发明。附图中：
图1是质子交换膜燃料电池的分解透视图；
图2是根据本发明原理的用于图1所示质子交换膜燃料电池的冷却系统的示意图；
图3用图表显示了水/甲醇冷却液混合物的温度和压力的沸腾曲线关系；
图4是堆叠中冷却液通道的透视图。
具体实施方式
下面对优选实施例的介绍具有示例性的性质，不能用于限制本发明及其应用或使用。
在进一步介绍本发明之前，有必要了解本发明的冷却系统操作的示例性燃料电池系统。具体地，图1示意性地显示了质子交换膜燃料电池，其具有一对膜电极组件(MEAs)4和6，通过无孔的、导电的、液体冷却的双极板组件8互相分开。各个MEA 4和6具有对应的阴极表面4a，6a和阳极表面4b，6b。MEA 4和6及双极板表面组件8在无孔的、导电的、液体冷却的单极端板组件14和16之间堆叠到一起。钢制的夹紧板10，12设置成可密封示例性的燃料电池堆叠。连接件(未显示)连接到夹紧板10和12，提供了燃料电池堆叠的正和负端子。双极板组件8和端板组件14，16包括对应的流场20，22，18和24，分别具有在表面形成的多个流道，可分配燃料和氧化气体(如H2和O2)到MEAs 4和6的反应表面。不导电的垫圈或密封件26、28、30和32在多个燃料电池堆叠的板之间提供密封和电绝缘。
继续参考图1，多孔的气体可渗透的导电片34、36、38和40显示出可压在MEAs 4和6的电极表面上，用作电极的主集电器。主集电器34、36、38、40还提供了对MEAs 4和6的机械支承，特别是在MEAs在流场中没有支承的位置。
端板14和16分别压到MEA 4的阴极表面4a的主集电器34和MEA 6的阳极表面6b的主集电器40，同时双极板组件8压到MEA 4的阳极表面4b的主集电器36以及压到MEA 6的阴极表面6a的主集电器38。氧化性气体，比如氧气或空气，从储罐46通过适当的管路42供应到燃料电池堆叠的阴极侧。类似地，燃料，比如氢气，从储罐48通过适当的管路44供应到燃料电池堆叠的阳极侧。在优选的实施例中，氧气罐46可撤消，可从环境中供应周围空气到阴极侧。同样，可不采用氢气罐48，从重整装置供应氢气到阳极侧。重整装置可从甲醇或液体碳氢化合物(如汽油)通过催化生产氢气。尽管图中未显示，还设置了MEA 4和6的氢气和氧气/空气侧的排放管路，从阳极反应物的流场清除消耗氢气的阳极气体，从阴极反应物流场清除消耗氧气的阴极气体。
设置了冷却液供应管路50，52和54以从燃料电池堆叠的入口集管(未显示)提供冷却液到双极板组件8和端板14及16的冷却液流场。双极板组件8和端板14及16的冷却液流场包括在板8、14和16形成冷却液通道的细长槽56。如图1所示，设置了冷却液排出管路58，60和62排放从燃料电池堆叠的双极板组件8和端板14及16排出的加热的冷却液。
图2是根据本发明的原理的相变冷却系统的示意图。如图2所示，设有燃料电池堆叠70，如图1所示的那种。冷却系统72包括泵74，可通过冷却液通道76向燃料电池堆叠70提供冷却液。在燃料电池堆叠70的排放端设有压力控制阀78，散热器/冷凝器80设置在压力控制阀78的下游，对冷却剂(具有液体和气体混合物的形式)进行冷却，使其冷凝成液体形式，返回到泵74。储罐86设置在泵74的上游，以从泵前面74的冷却液流体中清除气泡。储罐86可选择设置脱水器功能来清除水，如果所选择的流体与水产生负面反应(即当与水混合时所需的性质改变)的话。控制器82用于控制压力控制阀78，对温度传感器84确定的堆叠70的温度作出反应。对压力进行控制，对于测得的温度水平，压力保持在可使堆叠中的冷却液沸腾。控制器82还包括处理器(CPU)或专用电路执行这个功能。
冷却液具有提高的压力离开冷却液泵74，进入燃料电池堆叠70。尽管在堆叠中，一部分冷却液在由冷却液的压力决定的温度下沸腾。如图4清楚的显示，堆叠内的冷却液通道90设计成可容纳某些液体变成气态的膨胀，使双相流的体积流量增加所导致的压降提高最小化。冷却液通道90包括窄的液体入口92和一系列改变方向的曲折的通道部分94a-e，这些通道从入口92到出口96逐渐增大。增大的通道设计可保证均匀的冷却液分布，进而避免了出现冷却液完全沸腾形成热点的区域。冷却液在堆叠中显示出成为液体和气体冷却剂的两相混合物。混合物进入用于控制系统压力的压力控制阀78。接下来，冷却剂进入散热器/冷凝器80，在此冷却剂变回到液体。当离开散热器/冷凝器后，冷却剂返回到冷却液泵74。
本发明通过在堆叠中使液体冷却剂进行相变成为气体，减少了用于冷却燃料电池堆叠所需的冷却液数量。液体变为气体所需的能量远大于液体的载热量。结果是，必须泵送通过系统的冷却液数量减少。因此通常泵送大量冷却液所要求的系统的寄生负荷得到减少。
测试结果显示出水中含40％甲醇的混合物，导致了85千瓦燃料电池能量系统的泵送能量从1000瓦减少到200瓦，其中混合物可在燃料电池堆叠中进行相变。换句话，当冷却液的压力进行调节使一些冷却液在根据本发明的原理的燃料电池堆叠中进行相变时，所需的泵送功率只有1/5。
使用冷却液可沸腾的冷却系统，除了可减少系统寄生损失外，还具有其它优点。这些优点包括改进温度控制、改进温度均匀性，和提高散热器/冷凝器的效率。当液体变为气体，即进行沸腾时，在一定温度下进行。液体的局部压力决定了液体沸腾的温度。因此，控制压力控制阀保持堆叠的预定压降确定了温度梯度，改变冷却循环中的压力将改变堆叠的温度。增加压力将增加堆叠温度，降低压力将减少堆叠温度，堆叠的温度梯度始终保持不变。水和甲醇混合物的压力和沸腾温度之间的关系在图3显示。应当知道，其它具有类似沸腾特性的液体也可使用。
使用可进行相变的冷却液还具有其他优点，可增加将余热排放到环境的散热器/冷凝器的效率。效率的增加是由于冷凝流体的恒定的温度关系。散热器/冷凝器的恒定温度意味着冷却液和用于散热的空气中间的温差得到保证，而不是减少，如进行单相热传递时的情形。冷却液和空气之间的温差是决定散热器/冷凝器效率的主要因素。
本发明的介绍仅仅是示例性的，因此未脱离本发明要旨进行的变化属于本发明的范围。这些变化不应被认为脱离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (16)

1.一种燃料电池堆叠的冷却方法，其中燃料电池堆叠设有冷却液通道，所述方法包括步骤：
泵送冷却液流体通过冷却液通道，所述冷却液流体具有预定压力范围内的预定沸点温度；
保持冷却液通道的压力处于所述预定压力范围，使所述冷却液流体在所述冷却液通道中沸腾；和
冷却所述冷却液流体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却液流体包括水。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却液流体包括甲醇。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却液流体包括甲醇和水的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却液通道从入口端到出口端逐渐变宽，可实现流体到气体的膨胀。
6.一种质子交换膜型燃料电池，包括：
双极板组件，具有内部冷却液流场，带有入口和出口通道；
冷却液源，可传送冷却液到所述内部冷却液流场的入口通道；
压力控制机构，可控制所述出口通道的压力处于预定压力水平，使所述内部冷却液流场中的冷却液在燃料电池的操作温度下沸腾。
7.根据权利要求6所述的质子交换膜型燃料电池，其特征在于，所述内部冷却液流场包括多个细长的冷却液通道。
8.根据权利要求6所述的质子交换膜型燃料电池，其特征在于，所述燃料电池还包括冷凝器，可冷却来自所述压力控制机构的冷却液。
9.根据权利要求6所述的质子交换膜型燃料电池，其特征在于，所述冷却液源包括泵。
10.根据权利要求6所述的质子交换膜型燃料电池，其特征在于，所述内部冷却液流场包括多个冷却液通道，从入口到出口端逐渐变宽，可实现液体到气体的膨胀。
11.一种冷却系统，包括：
热交换器，其中形成冷却液通道，所述冷却液通道具有入口端和出口端；
冷却液源，可传送冷却液到所述冷却液通道的所述入口端；
压力控制机构，可控制所述冷却液通道的所述出口端的压力处于预定压力水平，使所述冷却液通道中的冷却液在冷却系统的操作温度下沸腾。
12.根据权利要求11所述的冷却系统，其特征在于，所述冷却液通道包括多个细长的通道。
13.根据权利要求11所述的冷却系统，其特征在于，所述系统还包括热交换器，可冷却来自所述压力控制机构的冷却液。
14.根据权利要求11所述的冷却系统，其特征在于，所述压力控制机构包括压力控制阀。
15.根据权利要求11所述的冷却系统，其特征在于，所述冷却液源包括泵。
16.根据权利要求11所述的冷却系统，其特征在于，所述冷却液通道从入口端到出口端逐渐变宽，可实现液体到气体的膨胀。
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