CN1595102A - Method for detecting content of fly ash in newly stirred concrete - Google Patents
Method for detecting content of fly ash in newly stirred concrete Download PDFInfo
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- CN1595102A CN1595102A CN 200410040248 CN200410040248A CN1595102A CN 1595102 A CN1595102 A CN 1595102A CN 200410040248 CN200410040248 CN 200410040248 CN 200410040248 A CN200410040248 A CN 200410040248A CN 1595102 A CN1595102 A CN 1595102A
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- flyash
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Abstract
It is a measurement for content of fly ash in the new-mixed concrete and especially relates to the measurement for concrete content. The method in this invention is the following: first to separate through partition method carpolite, sand and mixture of cement and fly ash in the specimen of new-mixed concrete and to weigh them after cooling and drying; then to measure the cement, fly ash density in the material used in the concrete or sand plasm and density of the recycled mucus mixture; then to measure the fly ash content through simple calculation. This invention improves the measurement for the concrete content and can be widely used in the measurement of the solid waste such as fly ash in the new-mixed concrete.
Description
One. technical field
The present invention relates to detection technique, particularly the detection method of concrete component.
Two. background technology
Flyash is the industrial residue of coal-burning power plant's discharging, and not only contaminated environment also will take a large amount of soils and stack.But,, be concrete good admixture because flyash has lateral reactivity.In concrete, behind the fusion flyash, not only can reduce the concrete water requirement, improve pump-conveying property, but also can improve concrete density, flowability and plasticity, reduce bleeding segregation and slump-loss etc.Therefore, be to turn waste into wealth, make full use of one of important channel of waste resource with flyash as concrete admixture, China building trade relevant departments have also given actively to support and encourage.
For a long time, detecting the content of concrete component, the method that detects cement, sand, stone content in the concrete is only arranged, as partition method etc., and to flyash Determination on content method wherein, is a blind area basically.Whether content how to judge flyash in the concrete reaches standard-required, guarantees quality of concrete, does not also have effective detection method at present.Therefore some engineering in building industry causes " jerry-built project " to bring infinite future trouble because of concrete quality is defective.In order to ensure construction engineering quality, avoid future trouble, should in work progress, monitor the requirement whether concrete component content reaches regulation effectively, just press for flyash content detecting method in the fresh concrete.
Three. summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to remedy the deficiency of no flyash detection method of content, flyash content detecting method in a kind of fresh concrete is provided for improving the detection method of concrete component.The present invention has testing result accuracy height, detection speed is fast, detection method simply reaches characteristics such as cost is low, is to detect flyash content efficient ways in the concrete.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: flyash content detecting method in a kind of fresh concrete is to obtain starting material sample and fresh concrete or mortar specimen earlier; From concrete or mortar specimen, elder generation claims that its weight is m after isolating the stone airing with the standard sieve partition method then
Stone, from coupling separates and shakes out with the precipitation method, to sieving after the partition method separation shakes out, the potpourri that is mainly cement and flyash that is left separates with the precipitation method more again and shakes out with standard sieve partition method or screening in the back.Will be from concrete or mortar specimen isolated sand oven dry and do not measure the density that reclaims glue material potpourri in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen and starting material in the density of flyash in the density of cement and the starting material;
(5) content of calculating flyash
1. calculate the quality percentage composition that reclaims flyash in the glue material potpourri in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen earlier:
x％＝Y
f(Y
c-Y
h)/Y
h(Y
c-Y
f)×100％
In the formula: Y
fBe the density of flyash in the starting material, Y
cDensity for cement in the starting material; Y
hFor reclaiming the density of glue material potpourri in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen;
2. the content that calculates flyash in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen again is:
m
GlueX%/(m
Glue+ m
Sand+ m
Stone)
In the formula: m
GlueFor reclaiming the weight of glue material potpourri, m in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen
SandFor reclaiming the weight of sand, m in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen
StoneFor reclaiming the weight of stone in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen.
2. according to flyash content detecting method in the described fresh concrete of claim 1, it is characterized in that described termination aquation solvent is absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone; Described well heater is muffle furnace or baking oven.
3. according to flyash content detecting method in the described fresh concrete of claim 1, the sampling amount that it is characterized in that cement and flyash sample in the described starting material respectively is 50-800g, the sampling amount of fresh concrete or mortar specimen is 1-7L, and the termination aquation solvent that mixes is 5-25L; The standard sieve aperture of described separation stone is 2.36mm-4.75mm, and the standard sieve aperture of parting sand is 31 μ m-75 μ m; Described bake out temperature is 70-120 ℃, and drying time is 10-25 hour.
In sand, cement and the mixture of fly ash that after isolating stone, is left, because the particle diameter of sand is heavier than flyash greater than cement and flyash and sand, so be that the standard sieve of 31-75 μ m sieves and fully stirs with the aperture earlier, sieving separating also reduces sieve aperture for 10-12 time gradually and sand separation is come out and reclaims continuously.For the accuracy that further guarantees to measure, the perhaps sand that will separate with the sieve partition method, pour in the beaker, add and stop aquation solvent such as absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone etc., staticly settle after fully stirring, and carry out 1-3 time continuously, once more sand separation is come out to reclaim once more, remaining cement and mixture of fly ash are also reclaimed.To separate the remaining potpourri that is mainly cement and flyash in back that shakes out with the sieve partition method is transferred in the beaker, add and stop staticly settling after the aquation solvent fully stirs, carry out 1-5 time continuously, sand separation is wherein come out and reclaim, remaining cement and mixture of fly ash also reclaim.The sand of separating and reclaiming from concrete or mortar is called recovery sand, isolates behind stone and the sand potpourri remaining and cement that reclaims and flyash and be called and reclaim glue material potpourri from concrete or mortar.
3. oven dry
To reclaim sand respectively and reclaim glue material potpourri place well heater such as muffle furnace or baking oven oven dry after, dividing its weight of another name is m
SandAnd m
Glue, the purpose of oven dry is to measure its weight and density in order to remove moisture wherein and to stop aquation solvent (as absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone etc.) exactly with assurance, and bake out temperature is 70-120 ℃, and drying time is 10-25 hour.
4. mensuration density
Measure density with the Richter scale density bottle, concrete method is: claim to such an extent that weight is m earlier, the back records its volume in the Richter scale density bottle be v, calculates density Y=m/v again.When measuring volume in the Richter scale density bottle, when measuring the volume that reclaims cement in glue material potpourri and the starting material, using kerosene is that medium influences result's accuracy to prevent water muddy waterization, and all the other (as flyash etc.) are that medium is measured with water.
For the accuracy that further guarantees to measure, when all density measurements, all should be by same operator, with same Richter scale density bottle, under same temperature, measure, and measurement result remains to behind the radix point three.
Under " three is same " (that is: same operator, same density bottle, same mensuration temperature) condition, measuring respectively and reclaiming glue material mixture density is Y with densimetry
h, cement density is Y in the starting material
c, flyash density is Y in the starting material
f
5. calculate the content of flyash
(1) calculate the quality percentage composition x% that reclaims flyash in the glue material potpourri in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen earlier:
x％＝Y
f(Y
c-Y
h)/Y
h(Y
c-Y
f)×100％
In the formula: Y
fBe the density of flyash in the starting material, Y
cDensity for cement in the starting material; Y
hFor reclaiming the density of glue material potpourri in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen.
(2) the quality percentage composition that calculates flyash in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen again is:
m
GlueX%/(m
Glue+ m
Sand+ m
Stone)
In the formula: m
GlueFor reclaiming the weight of glue material potpourri, m in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen
SandFor reclaiming the weight of sand, m in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen
StoneFor reclaiming the weight of stone in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen.
After the present invention adopts technique scheme, mainly have the following advantages:
1. detection method is effective.The detection method of concrete component that flyash content detecting method in the fresh concrete provided by the invention has been effective and perfect, it not only can monitor concrete quality in work progress, but also recycling of solid wastes such as promotion flyash.
2. the accuracy height of Jian Ceing.By great deal of experimental fresh concrete and mortar specimen, the absolute error of test findings and theoretical content is below 5%, relative error is about 10%.
3. detection speed is fast.The detection of carrying out fresh concrete or mortar specimen only took time about 24 hours, construction was not impacted.
4. detection method is simple, cost is low.Detection method of the present invention is only measured with simple sieve partition method, precipitation separation and densimetry, just can draw flyash content in fresh concrete or the mortar by simple calculating then, used checkout equipment is few and common, the detection cost is low, and the detection of carrying out fresh concrete or mortar specimen only needs about 400 yuan.
The inventive method can be extensively, be conveniently used in the detection of solid waste content such as flyash in concrete or the mortar.
Embodiment
Further specify the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment.
Embodiment 1:
Present embodiment is starched parallel sample with two groups of new sand cuttings and is carried out, and the match ratio of getting new sand cutting slurry sample is
Cement: flyash: sand=45: 15: 40 (weight ratio)
Cement: flyash=45/2.92: 15/2.20=15.41: 6.82=69.32%: 30.68% (volume ratio)
Record that cement density is 2.92 in the starting material, flyash density is 2.20,
Glue material theory of mixtures density: Y
h=69.32% * 2.92+30.68% * 2.2=2.70;
Flyash Theoretical Mass ratio in the glue material potpourri: 15/ (45+15) * 100%=25%
Flyash Theoretical Mass ratio: 15/100=15% in the new sand cutting slurry
Specific implementation process is:
1. starting material are evenly mixed, add water 30ml (water-cement ratio is 0.5) then, fully stir repeatedly 60 times, left standstill aquation behind the mix 5 minutes, respectively add acetone 100ml then and stop aquation, dry 10 hours down to constant weight at 105 ℃;
2. after the oven dry that buck is thin, then sample is transferred in the 49 μ m sieve and sieves, carry out repeatedly 10 times, sand and glue material mixture separation are opened, and the weight of sand is reclaimed in weighing
3. the glue material potpourri that separation is shaked out grinds thin, and the weight of glue material is reclaimed in weighing
4. measure density that reclaims sand and the density of in the Richter scale density bottle, measuring recovery glue material with kerosene
5. calculate flyash content in the glue material, further calculate flyash content in the mortar.
First group of mortar specimen
Mix sand: 40g, reclaim sand: 42.3g
Mix glue material: 60g, reclaim glue material: 57.6g, record the density γ that reclaims the glue material
H1=2.67 actual measurement content that reclaim flyash in the glue material are:
x％＝Y
f(Y
c-Y
h)/Y
h(Y
c-Y
f)＝2.2(2.92-2.67)/2.67(2.92-2.20)＝28.61％
Then flyash content is in the mortar: 57.6 * 28.61%/(42.3+57.6)=16.50%
Absolute error: 15%-16.50%=-1.50%
Relative error: 1.50%/15%=10%
Second group of mortar specimen
Mix sand: 40g, reclaim sand: 43g,
Mix glue material: 60g, reclaim glue material: 56.4g, record the density γ that reclaims the glue material
H1=2.67
The actual measurement content that then reclaims flyash in the glue material is:
x％＝2.2(2.92-2.67)/2.67(2.92-2.20)＝28.61％
Then flyash content is in the mortar: 57.6 * 28.61%/(42.3+57.6)=16.50%
Absolute error: 15%-16.50%=-1.50%
Relative error: 1.50%/15%=10%
Embodiment 2:
Present embodiment carries out with two groups of parallel samples of fresh concrete, and the match ratio of getting the fresh concrete sample is
Cement: flyash: sand: stone=45: 13.5: 100: 180: 28.5 (weight ratio)
Cement: flyash=45/2.92: 13.5/2.20=15.41: 6.14=71.51%: 28.49% (volume ratio)
Record that cement density is 2.92 in the starting material, flyash density is 2.20,
Glue material theory of mixtures density: Y
h=Y
c* 71.51%+Y
f* 28.49%=2.715;
Flyash Theoretical Mass ratio in the glue material potpourri: 13.5/ (45+13.5)=23.08%
Flyash Theoretical Mass ratio in the fresh concrete: 13.5/ (45+13.5+100+180)=3.99%
Specific implementation process is:
1. cement, sand, stone, flyash are dried down at 105 ℃, standby.After the oven dry rubble is crossed the 4.75mm sieve, sand is crossed 75 μ m sieve;
2. accurately claim (amount) to get cement 45g, flyash 13.5g, sand 100g, each portion of stone 180g places two beakers, stir with glass rod repeatedly, starting material are mixed, add water 28.5ml then, stir 60 times, after fully mixing and stirring, left standstill 5 minutes, and in two beakers, respectively added the 180ml absolute ethyl alcohol again and stop hydrated cementitious, and stir repeatedly 60 times with glass rod;
3. after fully stirring, potpourri is transferred in the 4.75mm sieve, and cleans beaker with absolute ethyl alcohol, cleaning fluid is transferred in the 4.75mm sieve in the lump, with an amount of absolute ethyl alcohol washed mixture 4 times repeatedly, stone is separated from potpourri, dries and weighs;
4. the filtrate that will separate behind the stone is transferred in the 49 μ m sieve fully, cleans repeatedly 4 times with an amount of absolute ethyl alcohol, and sand is separated from glue material potpourri, after the separation, sand and glue material potpourri is transferred in two beakers;
5. will reclaim sand and reclaim the glue material under 105 ℃, dry 10 hours to constant weight;
6. after the oven dry, weighing is reclaimed sand and is reclaimed the weight of glue material, measures the density that reclaims the glue material in the Richter scale bottle with kerosene;
7. according to the density of the recovery glue material that records, calculate the mass ratio of flyash in the glue material;
8. flyash content accounts for total raw-material amount and is flyash content in the concrete sample.
First group of concrete sample
Mix stone: 180g, reclaim stone: 180g
Mix sand: 100g, reclaim sand: 102g
Mix glue material: 58.5g, reclaim glue material: 55g, recording the density that reclaims the glue material is Y
H1=2.726
The quality percentage composition of flyash is in the glue material:
x％＝Y
f(Y
c-Y
h)/Y
h(Y
c-Y
f)＝2.2×(2.92-2.726)/2.736(2.92-2.2)＝21.75％
Then flyash content is in the concrete sample: 55 * 21.75%/(55+102+180)=3.55%
Absolute error: 3.99%-3.55%=0.44%
Relative error: 0.44%/3.99%=11.02%
Second group of concrete sample
Mix stone: 180g, reclaim stone: 180g
Mix sand: 100g, reclaim sand: 103.5g
Mix glue material: 58.5g, reclaim glue material: 54.5g, recording the density that reclaims the glue material is Y
H2The quality percentage composition of flyash is in=2.705 glue materials:
x％＝Y
f(Y
c-Y
h)～h(Y
c-Y
f)＝2.2×(2.92-2.705)/2.705(2.92-2.2)＝24.29％
Then flyash content is in the concrete sample: 54.5 * 20.19%/(54.5+103.5+180)=3.92%
Absolute error: 3.99%-3.92%=0.07%
Relative error: 0.07%/3.99%=1.75%
Claims (1)
1. flyash content detecting method in the fresh concrete is characterized in that concrete method step is as follows:
(1) sampling
Get starting material and fresh concrete or two kinds of samples of mortar from concrete mixing plant or working-yard
1. get the starting material sample
In the used starting material of fresh concrete or mortar, obtain two kinds of samples of cement and flyash, seal with sample sack respectively;
2. get concrete or mortar specimen
After obtaining concrete or mortar specimen, mix immediately and stop the aquation solvent, mixing and stirring stops hydrated cementitious and handles;
(2) separate
1. separate stone
To stopping concrete or the mortar specimen after hydrated cementitious is handled, with the method for crossing the standard sieve screening, stone is separated, in the process of sieving, to fully stir and carry out 8-10 time and reduce gradually the standard sieve aperture continuously, the stone that screening is come out reclaims, and claims its weight behind the airing;
2. parting sand
To isolating concrete or the mortar specimen behind the stone, with the method for standard sieve screening sand separation is come out earlier, fully stirring is also carried out 10-12 time and is reduced gradually the standard sieve aperture continuously and the sand of separating is reclaimed in the process of sieving, maybe the sand that screening is come out transfers in the beaker, add termination aquation solvent, fully stir and staticly settle, carry out 1-3 time continuously, once more sand separation is come out and reclaim, remaining cement and flyash glue material potpourri are also reclaimed; The glue material potpourri that is mainly cement and flyash after will shaking out with the separation of sieve partition method, be transferred in the beaker, add and stop the aquation solvent, fully stir and staticly settle, carry out 1-5 time continuously, sand separation is wherein come out and reclaim, remaining cement and flyash glue material potpourri also reclaim;
(3) oven dry
To reclaim sand respectively, reclaim glue material potpourri and be positioned in the well heater after the oven dry, and divide another name its weight;
(4) measure density
Measure density with the Richter scale density bottle, divide by same operator, with same Richter scale density bottle, under same temperature to claim that its weight is m
Sand, to remaining cement and the oven dry of flyash teaching material potpourri and claim that its weight is m
GlueThe density of measuring glue material (cement and flyash) potpourri more respectively is Y
h, cement density Y in the starting material sample
c, flyash density is for being Y in the starting material sample
fCalculate at last, the quality percentage composition of establishing flyash in the glue material potpourri is x%, and then wherein the quality percentage composition of cement is 1-x%, and the absolute volume that gets glue material potpourri according to the absolute volume method is: 1/Y
h=x%/Y
f+ (1-x%)/Y
c, separate the quality percentage composition x%=Y that this formula gets flyash in the glue material potpourri
f(Y
c-Y
h)/Y
h(Y
c-Y
f) * 100% can calculate x% according to the density of measuring, and then the content that calculates flyash in fresh concrete or the mortar specimen is: m
GlueX%/(m
Glue+ m
Stone+ m
Sand).The concrete grammar step is as follows:
1. sampling
From concrete mixing plant or working-yard, obtain used starting material sample of concrete or mortar and fresh concrete or mortar specimen two class test samples.
(1) gets the starting material sample
Obtain cement and two kinds of samples of flyash in concrete or the used starting material of mortar, its sampling amount is 50-800g respectively, respectively with the sample sack sealing, influences the accuracy of its density measurement to prevent sample from making moist after the sampling.The purpose of getting cement and flyash starting material sample is the density for used cement and flyash in accurate mensuration fresh concrete or the mortar.
(2) get fresh concrete or mortar specimen
The sample size of obtaining uniform concrete of mix or mortar is 1-7L, stop aquation solvent such as absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone etc. with 5-25L immediately after the sampling, mix in the sample mixing and stirring, stop hydrated cementitious and handle, to avoid influencing the accuracy of measurement result.
2. separate
(1) separates stone
In the concrete or mortar specimen that stop after hydrated cementitious is handled, because the particle diameter of stone is big, available sieve aperture is that the standard sieve of 2.36-4.75mm adopts simple screen method that stone is separated, in the process of sieving, should fully stir to avoid adhering to sand, cement and flyash on the stone, and carry out 8-10 time and reduce gradually sieve aperture continuously, stone is separated fully and reclaimed, with the accuracy that guarantees to measure.The stone of separating is called the recovery stone, claims behind the airing that its weight is m
StoneRemaining sand, cement and mixture of fly ash are carried out sand separation again.
(2) parting sand
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004100402487A CN1304832C (en) | 2004-07-16 | 2004-07-16 | Method for detecting content of fly ash in newly stirred concrete |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004100402487A CN1304832C (en) | 2004-07-16 | 2004-07-16 | Method for detecting content of fly ash in newly stirred concrete |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1595102A true CN1595102A (en) | 2005-03-16 |
| CN1304832C CN1304832C (en) | 2007-03-14 |
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ID=34664555
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|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100520350C (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2009-07-29 | 重庆市节能技术服务中心 | Method for detecting content of river sand and fly ash in concrete mixture |
| CN102269682A (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2011-12-07 | 湖南大学 | Method for detecting mineral admixtures in freshly mixed cement paste, mortar and concrete |
| CN104634692A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2015-05-20 | 四川鑫统领建材科技有限公司 | Method for determining cement content of building mortar |
| CN107036925A (en) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-08-11 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | The detection method of fly ash content in concrete |
| CN107941645A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-20 | 东南大学 | A kind of method for measuring each substance reaction degree in flyash, silicon ash, cement three-phase composite system |
| CN108387569A (en) * | 2018-01-09 | 2018-08-10 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | A kind of coal-fired coupled biological matter electricity-generating method of measurable biomass blending amount |
| CN111735904A (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-10-02 | 中交四航工程研究院有限公司 | Method for detecting content of chloride ions in hardened concrete in newly-built engineering |
| JP7466825B2 (en) | 2020-02-10 | 2024-04-15 | 国立大学法人東海国立大学機構 | Method for detecting clay particles in mortar and concrete materials |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD286874A5 (en) * | 1989-08-09 | 1991-02-07 | Orgreb-Institut Fuer Kraftwerke,De | METHOD FOR THE BUILDING-TECHNOLOGICAL QUICK ASSESSMENT OF A FLIP POCKET AND FLASH CEMENT (FAZ) MIXTURES |
| CN1108280C (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2003-05-14 | 中国建筑材料科学研究院 | High-activity fine steelslag powder as additive of concrete and process for preparing concrete |
| JP3528048B2 (en) * | 2000-09-22 | 2004-05-17 | 住友大阪セメント株式会社 | Determination of pozzolan in cement |
| JP4056748B2 (en) * | 2002-01-21 | 2008-03-05 | 花王株式会社 | How to determine the quality of fly ash |
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2004
- 2004-07-16 CN CNB2004100402487A patent/CN1304832C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN100520350C (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2009-07-29 | 重庆市节能技术服务中心 | Method for detecting content of river sand and fly ash in concrete mixture |
| CN102269682A (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2011-12-07 | 湖南大学 | Method for detecting mineral admixtures in freshly mixed cement paste, mortar and concrete |
| CN102269682B (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2013-05-08 | 湖南大学 | Method for detecting mineral admixtures in freshly mixed cement paste, mortar and concrete |
| CN104634692A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2015-05-20 | 四川鑫统领建材科技有限公司 | Method for determining cement content of building mortar |
| CN107036925A (en) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-08-11 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | The detection method of fly ash content in concrete |
| CN107941645A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-20 | 东南大学 | A kind of method for measuring each substance reaction degree in flyash, silicon ash, cement three-phase composite system |
| CN107941645B (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-04-14 | 东南大学 | Method for measuring reaction degree of each substance in fly ash, silica fume and cement three-phase composite system |
| CN108387569A (en) * | 2018-01-09 | 2018-08-10 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | A kind of coal-fired coupled biological matter electricity-generating method of measurable biomass blending amount |
| JP7466825B2 (en) | 2020-02-10 | 2024-04-15 | 国立大学法人東海国立大学機構 | Method for detecting clay particles in mortar and concrete materials |
| CN111735904A (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-10-02 | 中交四航工程研究院有限公司 | Method for detecting content of chloride ions in hardened concrete in newly-built engineering |
| CN111735904B (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2022-05-17 | 中交四航工程研究院有限公司 | Method for detecting content of chloride ions in hardened concrete in newly-built engineering |
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|---|---|
| CN1304832C (en) | 2007-03-14 |
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