CN1558791A - 用热管进行冷却的燃料处理装置 - Google Patents

用热管进行冷却的燃料处理装置 Download PDF

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CN1558791A
CN1558791A CNA028189175A CN02818917A CN1558791A CN 1558791 A CN1558791 A CN 1558791A CN A028189175 A CNA028189175 A CN A028189175A CN 02818917 A CN02818917 A CN 02818917A CN 1558791 A CN1558791 A CN 1558791A
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heat pipe
hydrogen
heat
reactor
gas
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CN1261200C (zh
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柯蒂斯·L·克劳斯
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詹姆斯·F·史蒂文斯
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肯尼思·J·邦克
A
罗伯特·A·奇尔德雷斯
迈克尔·法福尔
R
约翰·R·法雷尔
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温德尔·B·莱姆巴赫
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詹姆斯·W·马歇尔
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丹尼斯·C·内格尔
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里克·华莱士
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Texaco Development Corp
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Abstract

把烃类燃料转化为富氢气体的装置,使用热管(504)控制反应器床(502)的温度、支配热并简单有效地综合热支配。

Description

用热管进行冷却的燃料处理装置
背景技术
燃料电池通过氧化-还原化学反应来供电,在清洁与效率方面与其它形式的发电相比具有明显的优点。燃料电池一般把氢用作燃料,把氧用作氧化剂。产生的功率与反应物的消耗率成正比。
限制燃料电池更广泛使用的明显缺点是缺乏广泛的氢基础设施。氢与大多数发电系统目前使用的烃类燃料相比,单位体积的能密度较低,更难保存和运输。克服这种困难的一种方法是使用转化装置把烃类燃料转变为能用作燃料电池进料的富氢气流。
诸如天然气、液化石油气、汽油和柴油之类的以氢为基础的燃料需要转化处理才能作大多数燃料电池的燃料源之用。目前的技术使用把初始转化处理与几个整理处理相结合的多步处理。初始步骤最经常使用的是水蒸气重整(SMR)、自热重整(ATR)、催化部分氧化(CPOX)或非催化部分氧化(POX)。整理步骤通常是以下步骤的某种结合:脱硫、高温水煤气转变、低温水煤气转变、选择性一氧化碳氧化或选择性一氧化碳甲烷化。其它步骤包括使用氢选择性膜反应器和过滤器。
尽管已有上述工作,仍需有把烃类燃料转变为供燃料电池一起使用的富氢气流的简单装置。
发明内容
本发明一般涉及一种把烃类燃料转变为富氢气体的装置,所述装置包括:烃重整反应器;水煤气转变反应器和选择性氧化反应器。这些反应器互相配合产生富氢气体,其中各反应器床的温度用热管调节。
在一个这样的说明性实施例里,烃重整反应器包括促使燃料混合物在重整条件下发生反应产生含氢气态混合物的催化剂。所述催化剂可以是自动热转化催化剂、水蒸气重整催化剂或这两者的结合。所述水煤气转变反应器包括促使含氢气态混合物在水煤气转变反应条件下发生反应产生一氧化碳含量大量减少的中间含氢气态混合物的催化剂。所包括的选择性氧化反应器包括促使所述中间含氢气态混合物在选择性氧化反应条件下发生反应产生富氢气体的催化剂。在一个实施例里,热管用于传送选择性氧化反应器产生的热以使烃类燃料预热成为加过热的烃类燃料,其中所述加过热的烃类燃料成为所述烃转化反应器的烃类燃料进料。重整反应热管优选地可以是燃料电池的阳极尾气氧化器。用于本发明的热管的设计与选择可能包括:简单热管;传导率可变热管;自调节传导率可变热管或上述热管的某种组合。
附图说明
下面参照附图进行说明,附图中:
图1示出本发明一个说明性实施例的简明工艺流程图;
图2示出可以用于本发明说明性实施例的简单热管;
图3示出可以用于本发明说明性实施例的可变传导率热管;
图4示出可以用于本发明说明性实施例的自调节可变传导率热管;
图5是可以用于本发明说明性实施例的热管的顶视断面图;
图6是可以用于本发明说明性实施例的在燃料重整装置内在综合的热管理中使用热管的侧视断面图;
图7是可以用于本发明说明性实施例的具有翅片的热管的顶视断面图;
图8是可以用于本发明说明性实施例的在燃料重整装器内在综合的热管理中使用热管的侧视断面图。
本发明一般涉及把烃类燃料转变为富氢气体的装置,其中不同反应阶段的温度用热管调节。在优选情况下,本文说明的这种装置和方法涉及燃料电池内使用的从烃类燃料产生富氢气流的小型处理器,所述处理器内的反应温度和热综合利用是用热管取得的。然而,可以设想本文说明的装置和方法还有其它可能的运用,包括其中需要富氢气流的任何应用。因此,虽然本文说明的发明是与燃料电池相结合应用的,但本发明并不限于这种应用。
反应器的进料包括烃、氧和水。所述氧的形态可以是空气、富化空气或基本纯氧。引入的水可以是液态的或蒸气。进料成分的百分比由下面讨论的所需运行条件决定。
所述烃类燃料只要能蒸发在外界状态下可以是液体或气体。本文内使用的术语:“烃类”包括有C-H键的有机化合物,这种化合物能从部分氧化或蒸汽重整反应产生氢。不排除所述化合物的分子结构内存在碳和氢以外的原子。因此,适合使用于本文说明的方法和装置的燃料不仅包括(但不限于)诸如天然气、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、粗汽油、汽油和柴油之类的燃料,而且包括例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇等等各种醇。
从本发明的燃料处理器排出的流体流包括合成气(氢和一氧化碳),还可能包括一些水、二氧化碳、未转化的烃类、杂质(例如硫化氢)和惰性组分(例如氖和氩,特别是如果进料流中包含空气)。
本文说明的反应器和构件可以用能经受本文说明的工作条件和反应的化学环境的任何材料制造,这些材料可能包括,例如,不锈钢、因康镍合金、耐热镍铬铁合金、耐蚀耐热镍基合金等等。反应压力优选地为大约0到大约100磅/平方英寸,虽然也可以使用大一些的压力。反应器的工作压力根据燃料电池所需的输送压力而定。要使燃料电池在1到20千瓦范围内运行,工作压力在0到大约100磅/平方英寸一般就足够了。
总而言之,本发明的说明性实施例包括下述一个或数个处理步骤。图1示出的总工艺流程图说明本发明说明性实施例所包括的处理步骤。本专业技术人员应该理解流经本文所述反应器的反应物流需要一定量的进行次序。
处理步骤A是重整处理,其中可能发生两种不同的反应。方程式I和II是示例性反应方程式,其中的甲烷看作烃类:
                 (I)
                   (II)
部分氧化反应(方程式I)发生得很快,完成转化加入的氧并放热(也就是产生热)。提高进料流内氧的浓度有利于部分氧化反应。
水蒸气转化反应(方程式II)发生得慢一些并吸热(即,消耗热)。提高水蒸气的浓度有利于水蒸气重整。
本专业技术人员应该理解,部分氧化和水蒸气重整可以相结合把进料流F转变为包含氢和一氧化碳的合成气体。在这种情况下,氧和烃的比率以及水和烃的比率成为特性参数。这两种比率影响运行温度和氢的产量。
重整步骤的运行温度可能在大约550℃到大约900℃的范围内,根据进料状况和催化剂而定。如本文说明的那样,本发明可以使用任何形状的催化剂床,包括小球、球、压出型材、单块等等或涮涂到翅片的表面上或热管上。
部分氧化催化剂,对于本专业技术人员,应该是都了解的,往往包括例如铂、钯、铑和/或钌的贵金属,这种贵金属在单块、压出型材、小球或其它载体上的氧化铝涮涂层之上。例如镍或钴这样的非贵金属也一直在使用。文献中谈到过诸如二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化硅和氧化镁之类的其它涮涂层。文献中还谈到过诸如镧、铈和钾之类用作提高部分氧化催化剂性能的“助催化剂”的许多其它材料。
水蒸气重整催化剂,本专业技术人员应该很了解,可能包括带有大量钴的镍,或者例如铂、钯、铑、钌和/或铱这样的贵金属。这种催化剂可以支承在例如氧化镁、氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆和铝酸镁中的一种或它们的混合物上。另外,水蒸气重整催化剂还可以包括镍,优选地支承在氧化镁、氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆、铝酸镁中的一种或它们的混合物上,用诸如钾之类的碱性金属作“助催化剂”。
当步骤A主要是自动热重整处理时,步骤B就是冷却,把从步骤A流出的合成气流的温度冷却到大约600℃到大约200℃,优选地为大约500℃到大约300℃,更优选地为大约425℃到大约375℃,以使到下一步骤的合成气流的温度最佳化。这种冷却可以用散热器、热管或热交换器,根据设计要求和气流热含量回收和再利用的需要而定。在一个说明性实施例里,在进料流流入反应器时,热管的冷凝端把进料流用作散热器,从而既预热了进料流又冷却了反应析出的气。所述热管可以是下面要更详细讨论的本专业技术人员了解的任何结构。可替换地,或者附加上面方案,冷却步骤B可以用注入燃料、空气或水之类的附加进料组分的方法完成。优选地用水,因为水在变为水蒸气时能吸收大量的热。注入的附加进料组分的量根据所需冷却的程度而定,本专业技术人员很容易决定。
当步骤A主要是蒸气重整处理时,由于蒸气重整处理的吸热性质,步骤B是可以选择的。在这种情况下,热是通过冷凝端与催化剂床成为一体的热管提供给蒸气重整处理的。这就是说,在这一说明性实施例里,所述催化剂床起所述热管的散热器的作用。这一说明性实施例的热源可以是下面步骤G说明的阳极尾气氧化器或部分氧化反应器。
处理步骤C是净化步骤。烃类流的主要杂质之一是硫,是通过重整步骤A转变成硫化氢的。步骤C中使用的处理核心优选地包括氧化锌和/或能吸收并转变硫化氢的其它物质并可以包括载体(例如,单块、压出型材、小球等等)。脱硫根据下面的反应方程式III把硫化氢转变成水而完成的:
                         (III)
诸如氯化物之类的其它杂质也可以除掉。这一反应优选地在大约300℃到大约500℃的温度下进行,在大约375℃到大约425℃的温度下进行更好。氧化锌在从大约25℃到大约700℃的宽的温度范围内是硫化氢的有效吸收剂,通过适当选择运行温度为优化处理步骤排列提供大的灵活性。正如上一步骤的情况那样,反应温度可以用热管调节,本专业技术人员对这种办法是清楚的。
该排出流随后可以进入可选择的混合步骤D,其中气流内加入水。加入的水由于蒸发,可以降低反应物流的温度并为步骤E(下面论述)的水煤气转变反应供应更多的水。水蒸气和其它排出流组分可以穿过例如陶瓷小球或其它能在水的蒸发中有效混合和/或有帮助的类似物质的惰性物处理核心而混合。另外,也可以与进料一起附加一些水,混合步骤也可以重放置以在下面说明的一氧化碳氧化步骤G内使氧化剂气体更好地混合。
步骤E是根据方程式IV把一氧化碳转变为二氧化碳的水煤气转变反应。
                         (IV)
在本步骤内,有害于燃料电池的一氧化碳基本被清除并转变为一般被认为在燃料电池内是惰性气体的二氧化碳。一氧化碳的浓度优选地应该降低到燃料电池能容许的水平,一般低于百万分之五十。水煤气转变反应一般在150℃到600℃的温度下发生,决定于所用的催化剂。在这种条件下,气流内的大部分一氧化碳氧化为二氧化碳。
低温转变催化剂在从大约150℃到大约300℃的范围内工作,这种催化剂包括,例如,氧化铜,或以诸如氧化锆之类的其它过渡金属氧化物为载体的铜,或以过渡金属氧化物或诸如二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆之类的耐火材料为载体的锌,或承载于诸如二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆之类的合适载体的诸如铂、铼、钯、铑或金之类的贵金属。
高温转变催化剂在从大约300℃到大约600℃的范围内起作用,这种催化剂可以包括过渡金属氧化物,例如,氧化铁或氧化铬,还可以任选地包括助催化剂,例如,铜或硅化铁。作为高温转变催化剂,还包括有载体的贵金属,例如,铂、钯和/或铂系的其它金属。
用于实施这一步骤的处理核心可以包括上面说明的高温或低温转变催化剂的致密床或这两种催化剂混合的致密床。此步骤应在适合水煤气转变反应的任何温度下运作,优选地,温度是从150℃到大约400℃,决定于所使用的催化剂的种类。也可以在此转变反应器的处理核心内配置一个诸如热管这样的部件以控制催化剂致密床内的反应温度。在这一说明性实施例里,首先进行的是高温转变反应,然后是低温转变反应。控制反应温度有利于一氧化碳变为二氧化碳。在高温和低温转变之间可以插进诸如步骤C这样的脱硫反应的净化处理,其方法是对高温和低温转变的分开的步骤中,在高温和低温转变步骤之间提供脱硫模件。
处理步骤F是一个实施例里用热管进行的冷却步骤。所述热管可以是下面说明的结构中适合的任何一种。安装热管的目的是降低气流的温度以便产生优选地从大约90℃到大约150℃温度范围的排出流。
在步骤F的处理中添加氧。所述氧为下面说明的步骤G的各种反应所消耗。所述氧的形式可以是空气、富化空气或基本纯氧。在本步骤中,可以使用热管调节气体的温度,并可设计带有折流板、翅片或其它引起紊流的结构,使氧与富氢气体混合。
步骤G是氧化步骤,其中残留于排出流内的一氧化碳大量转变为二氧化碳。在步骤G内发生两种反应,即,要求的一氧化碳氧化(方程式V)和不要求的氢的氧化(方程式VI),如下:
                         (V)
                         (VI)
所述处理是在有一氧化碳的氧化催化剂的情况下进行的,催化剂可以是任何适合的形式,例如,小球、球、单块等等。一氧化碳的氧化催化剂是众所周知的,一般包括贵金属(例如,铂、钯)和/或过渡金属(例如,铁、铬、镁)和/或贵金属或过渡金属的化合物,特别是其氧化物。氧化催化剂优选地是氧化铝涮涂层上的铂。所述涮涂层涂于单块、压出型材、小球或其它载体上。可以添加附加材料,例如铈或镧,以提高性能。文献中还有许多其它制造涮涂层的方法,有些专业人员声称用氧化铝上的铑制造的催化剂性能优越。据文献记载作这种使用时钌、钯、金等等材料是有效的。
低温有利于一氧化碳的氧化。因为两种反应都产生热,所以可以在反应器内配置热管以排除反应过程中产生的热。工作温度优选地保持于从大约90℃到大约150℃的范围内。因此,本专业技术人员应该理解本步骤可以基本起到热源的作用,从而使用适当的热管与其他的吸热步骤,例如步骤A的水蒸气重整结合起来综合利用。
步骤G优选地把一氧化碳减少到少于百万分之五十的水平,这对于燃料电池的使用是一个适合的水平,但是本专业技术人员应该理解本发明适合于生产一氧化碳含量比这多一些或少一些的富氢产品。
离开所述燃料处理器的排出流P是富氢气体,其中还含有二氧化碳和诸如水、惰性气体(例如氮、氩)、残留烃之类的其它成分。产出的气体可以用作燃料电池的进料或其他需要使用富氢进料流的设备。另外,产出的气体还可以送去进行进一步的处理,例如,除去二氧化碳、水或其它组分。
说明完一般过程后,本专业技术人员应该理解燃料处理器在经济上生命力的主要挑战是热支配的低成本问题。克服这种挑战包括:控制催化剂床内反应的温度;为了迅速启动,快速地向所述催化剂床内加热;用保持等温床温度的方法排热;以经济上可行的成本商业化生产燃料处理器;以及本专业技术人员应该了解的其它挑战。
热管是用于迅速排热并精确保持设定温度的装置。在燃料处理器催化剂床的氧化锌(步骤C)、水煤气变化(步骤E)和部分氧化(步骤G)的温度范围内可以使用简单便宜的铜/水热管。温度高于500℃时,例如在自动热转化催化剂的出口(步骤A)高温需要使用其它材料,例如不锈钢/钠热管。
本专业技术人员应当了解,热管,又称热虹吸管,是广泛用于传送高流率的热流的装置,温降可以忽略,即,具有固有的超高热导性的装置。文献中已经透露过很多不同的热管,这是本专业技术人员应该知道的。选择合适的热管视以下几个因素而定:要调节的反应是起冷源还是热源作用;所需的温度范围;反应可以接受的温度变化的容限;效率;成本以及本专业技术人员应该清楚的其它因素。为了帮助技术人员的了解,下面提供几种不同热管的说明。然而,应该了解有许多种热管可以用于本发明的范围内。
现在转到图2,热管210,一种最简单最一般的热管,也称为“恒热传导热管”,包括一个封闭的压力容器212,形状为一般的管形,其内容纳处于饱和热平衡状态的工作流214(液体或汽)。外热输入蒸发部216,热从冷凝部218进入外冷源(未绘出)。蒸发部216和冷凝部218用汽流容积和内毛细芯222连接。诸如氨、水或其它流体的工作流在蒸发部216内蒸发时吸收相变“蒸发热”,如虚线箭头所示流到冷凝部218并冷凝中断把热传给热管壁212。这时工作流以液态通过芯222内的毛细管泵作用回到蒸发部216。铝是一种有用的热管材料,因为它容易延展从而在壁内形成有细通道的完整的芯。可是,热管也可以用包括铜和不锈钢在内的其它金属制造。
上面说明的普通热管是消极的,即,实质上其热传导率是恒定的,没有调整传导率以“积极”控制温度的作用。其它种类的热管具有提供积极温控或二极管作用的特性,其实例示于图3a和图3b内。一种“积极控制”的热管320称为“传导率可变热管”。这种传导率可变热管依靠的是包含非冷凝的气体容积329在冷凝部318内取代工作流314的一个受控制部分,使容纳工作流314的冷凝部318的这一部分在热的方面不活泼。所述非冷凝的气体储存于连接在冷凝部端部的容器328内(即,非冷凝的气体容器)并从所述容器328向冷凝部318内流进一部分。如图3a内所示,这种情况发生在用容器328的壁上的电热器332加热时。如图3b内所示,这种情况是通过控制翅片330散失到诸如空气之类的冷却流的热发生的。非冷凝的气体的体积主要随容器328的温度变化。在图3a中,所述体积是用蒸发部316上的热动开关或温度传感器334控制的,热动开关或温度传感器334控制非冷凝的气体容器电热器332的运行,从而控制蒸发部316的温度。在图3b内,所述体积是通过控制流于冷却翅片330上的冷却流(未示出)的流量和温度控制的。传导率可变热管320工作状况很好,可靠并可预知。非冷凝的气体容器328的容积与传导率可变热管320的冷凝部318的长度成正比;因此,冷凝部318的长度通常受容积、质量、与非冷凝的气体容器328相关的电热器332功率限制等因素的限制,并不为根据所需散热面积提出的冷凝部318长度的实际要求所限定。
诸如图3a和图3b内所示的一些传导率可变热管320在保持蒸发部的等温状态下工作效率很高。例如,传导率可变热管冷凝部318能在相应于蒸发部的1℃或2℃级这样狭窄的温度范围从0到100%的有效性的范围。
美国专利4,799,537号公开了一种自动调节的传导率可变热管,其内容结合作为本发明的参考。该专利说明的自动调节热管包括:一个封闭的空心套管;所述套管内的可蒸发的传热液体;所述套管内的不可冷凝的气体;有一个开口的可扩大的第一容器的容积,所述第一容器位于套管内受热的蒸发区,阻止第一容器容积扩张的力装置对蒸发区施加影响,其中所述力装置是装有非冷凝的气体的第二容器,第一容器的容积封装于第二容器内;导管装置,其一端安装于第一容器的开口,其另一端开口于热管排热的冷凝区内。再转到图4,此图示出的是沿美国专利4,799,537号说明的自动调节热管的轴线剖开的简化断面图,图中的热管410包住非冷凝的气体第一容器412和第二容器414。
热管410通常包括密封的外壳416,有毛细芯418衬于外壳416的内壁上。在运行中,热管410的一端是受热的蒸发区420,另一端是排热的冷凝区422。如果把热管410抽空,并只从注入管424装入可蒸发工作流,就可以作为一般的热管那样运行。
然而,当还装入诸如氮之类的不可冷凝的气体时,运行就有所不同了。正如本专业所了解的那样,不可冷凝的气体会被工作流的蒸汽的移动刮到热管410的冷凝区422并聚集在那里,使它所占据的那部分热管不起热管作用。实际上会形成热管容纳非冷凝的气体的容积与不容纳不可冷凝的气体的容积之间的界面426。
有不可扩张的结构的第二容器414位于蒸发区420。第二容器414包住第一容器,第一容器412的开口与导管428连接并用夹具430固定。导管428远离第一容器412的一端在冷凝区422离开蒸发区420最远的一端附近向热管410内部开口。导管428的开口端深入热管的非冷凝的气体区。因此,正常运行期间非冷凝的气体会充满导管428并使可扩张的第一容器412部分鼓起。这一膨胀受到已经通过加注管432注入第二容器414内的非冷凝的气体的压力阻碍与限制。
第二容器414内气体的压力决定热管的温度控制点,而且这一压力还是设计参数之一。第二容器414内气体的压力应该与额定运行温度下热管内传热液体的蒸汽的压力相同。
决定了第二容器414内气体的压力,就会建立起第二容器414与可扩张的第一容器412内的气汽混合物之间的压力平衡,并且界面426位于这种平衡迫使工作液体的蒸汽压力与蒸汽与非冷凝的气体混合物的压力相等的地方。
自动控制现象会随下述运行而显露出来。如果状况试图提高蒸发区420的温度,传热液体的蒸汽压力就会试图上升。这会把界面426向离蒸发区420更远的方向推去,从而使冷凝区422内热管410的更多表面活化,提供更多的冷却,限制蒸发区的温度上升。
界面426的移动只遇到很小的阻碍,因为通过第一容器412的扩张,两边的压力是一样的,实际上,第一容器是在气汽混合区的与界面426相对的一端。第一容器412为扩张本身遇到的阻碍也很小,因为只受第二容器414内的气体压力的阻碍,正如已经提到的那样,其额定压力与传热液体的蒸汽压力是一样的。因此,第一容器412扩张的容积限制蒸发区420的温度提高,第一容器412容积的减少也会限制蒸发区420的温度降低。
第二容器414和第一容器412内的非冷凝的气体体从根本上说是在蒸发区420的温度,因而是恒温的,从而没有温度改变对压力的影响,这有助于这种反馈系统。而且,因为所述气体的温度大致是系统内的最高温度,可扩张的第一容器412内不会发生蒸汽的冷凝。
上述这种自动调整热管已在铜结构的热管中作过试验,热管以水为工作液体和有例如MYLAR商标的渗铝塑料薄膜结构的可扩张容器。据报告这个公开的实施例在自动调整上具有优越的性能,热吸收温度改变的范围从-0.23℃到+29.4℃,热管蒸发部温度与规定的点的温度36.1℃只变化1.15℃。而惯用的有固定壁非冷凝的气体容器的热管的蒸发温度的偏差大约是这一数值的4倍。
图5示出的是本发明一个说明性实施例的反应室502的顶视断面图,其中放置的是螺旋形热管504。热管的螺旋形可以增加催化剂(未示出),从而有热从催化剂传到螺旋形热管。为了保证反应器的整体性,使用了传热块506。传热块的反应器端在与所述螺旋形热管是热连通的。所述传热块的外侧与发散所述传热块的第二热管508热连通。如图所示,第二热管的冷凝端有多个散热片。
图6内示出的是本发明的另一说明性实施例,是小型燃料处理器600的示意断面图。如图所示,阳极尾气氧化器602对进料气(F)预加热并用作重整部604(步骤A)的主要热源。所述重整部可以设计为自动热重整器,然而,由于接近所述阳极尾气氧化器,重整部优选地为水蒸气重整器。所述含氢气体从重整部604进入硫化氢和氧化锌反应器(步骤C)并被周围的热管612冷却。然后,含氢气体进入水煤气转化反应部608(步骤E),在此大量减少一氧化碳的含量。含氢气体进入部分氧化反应器610(步骤G),所述反应器由热管或散热片614冷却。产品富氢气体P离开所述反应器,可以供使用,优选地用于燃料电池内。
图7内示出的是本发明的第三说明性实施例。示于顶视断面图的是用于代替诸如已经公布的美国专利申请号为US 2002/0083646 A1、US 2002/0094310 A1、US 2002/0098129 A1、US 2002/0090334 A1、US 2002/0090326 A1、US 2002/0088740 A1、US 2002/0090327 A1、US 2002/0090328 A1专利公开的小型燃料处理器700的以传统的液体基的热交换器的热管。上述专利申请的所有内容都登记结合作为本发明的参考。转到图7,反应器702有一个热管(704和706),所述热管有蒸发端704和冷凝端706。如图所示,热管的蒸发端704(即热源)容纳于反应器内,而其冷凝端706(冷源)在反应器的外部。本专业技术人员应该了解这两端可以交换,从而在反应器内的为冷源。这种情况用于吸热反应(例如,水蒸气重整)进行的反应器。散热翅片708有支承催化剂和便于传热的双重功能。在一个说明性实施例里,用于在进料气进入水蒸气重整器之前对其预热。本专业技术人员也应该了解说明的热管的冷凝部704可以如图8内所示连接于燃料转化器的另一部分内形状类似的热管。示于侧视断面图的是燃料重整器800,其内包住热管的冷凝部802和蒸发部804。这两部分用一根或多根热导管806或辅助热管连接在一起。
业内一般人士还应了解本发明的发明人设想可以在热管的外表面和/或散热片上包一层催化剂和/或催化剂微粒。据报告散热片可以比较简单地包一层陶瓷催化剂。图7内显示的想法是在热管穿过的散热片上包一层催化剂。这可以用于冷却放热反应以及需要外热产生例如水蒸气重整这样的反应的热催化剂床加热。包层方法可能包括在热管制成后把微粒催化剂涮涂到散热片的表面上。这种想法是用在热管上安装散热片并在散热片上包一层催化剂的办法尽量扩大反应和热交换的表面积。虽然图7内示出的是“杈子形”热管,但可以设想热管是图5内所绘的螺旋形。其它增加热管表面积的类似变型对于业内一般人士来说应该是显而易见的。
诚然本发明的装置和方法是用优选实施例说明的,但有许多变型可以不脱离本发明的精神和范围用于本文说明的方法,这对于本专业技术人员是显而易见的。本专业技术人员清楚的所有这些类似的变型和替换都被认为包括于本发明的精神和范围之内。

Claims (14)

1一种把烃类燃料转变为富氢气体的装置,它包括:
烃重整反应器,此反应器又包括促使燃料混合物在重整条件下发生反应生成含氢气体混合物的催化剂;
水煤气转变反应器,此反应器又包括促使含氢气体混合物在水煤气转变反应条件下发生反应生成一氧化碳含量大量减少的中间含氢气体混合物的催化剂;
选择性氧化反应器,此反应器又包括促使中间含氢气体混合物在选择性氧化反应条件下发生反应产生富氢气体的催化剂;
其中反应器床的温度用热管调节。
2根据权利要求1的装置,其特征在于该装置还包括传出选择性氧化反应器内产生的热用于把烃类燃料预加热成为加过热的烃类燃料的热管,其中所述加过热的烃类燃料成为烃重整反应器的烃类燃料进料。
3根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为:所述烃重整反应是水蒸气转化;所述转化反应起热管的冷源的作用。
4根据权利要求3的装置,其特征为所述重整反应热管的热源是燃料电池的阳极尾气氧化器。
5根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述热管选自简单热管、传导率可变热管或自动调整传导率可变热管。
6根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述热管是自动调整传导率可变热管。
7根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述热管是铜/水热管。
8根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述热管是不锈钢/钠热管。
9根据权利要求1的装置,其特征在于还包括脱硫反应器,此反应器又包括促使含氢气体混合物在脱硫条件下发生反应产生基本脱去硫的含氢气体混合物的催化剂,其中所述基本脱去硫的含氢气体混合物成为水煤气转变反应器的含氢气体混合物进料。
10根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述烃类燃料是选自包括天然气、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、液化石油气、粗汽油、汽油、煤油、柴油、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇及这些燃料的混合物。
11根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述富氢气体含有的一氧化碳少于百万分之五十。
12根据权利要求1的装置,其特征在于还包括阳极尾气氧化器,所述氧化器又包括促使来自燃料电池的未转化的氢在氧化条件下发生反应产生阳极尾气氧化器排出物。
13根据权利要求12的装置,其特征为所述阳极尾气氧化器排出物用热管与烃重整反应器热结合的。
14根据权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述热管在至少一个反应器内保持等温床温度。
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