CN1552201A - Collective breeding apparatus and its use - Google Patents
Collective breeding apparatus and its use Download PDFInfo
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- CN1552201A CN1552201A CNA031335977A CN03133597A CN1552201A CN 1552201 A CN1552201 A CN 1552201A CN A031335977 A CNA031335977 A CN A031335977A CN 03133597 A CN03133597 A CN 03133597A CN 1552201 A CN1552201 A CN 1552201A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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Abstract
An efficient collecting-breeding device for the sepultate shoal mussel is a tray with perforated bottom (1200-1800 holes/sq.m), internal netted liner, and fine sand spread on said netted liner. It can be horizontally arranged in the mussel minnow collecting pool, where it is used as the carrier of mussel minnow for growing them. Its advantages are high survival rate and high growth speed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to that Ruditapes philippinarum Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et Reeve) etc. buries efficiently collecting seedling of the biotype intertidal shellfish of dwelling and technology is bred, specifically a kind of collective breeding apparatus and application thereof in the centre.
Background technology
Collect seedling and the middle technology of breeding is that Ruditapes philippinarum etc. buries the important technical links in the biotype intertidal shellfish artificial breeding technique of dwelling.Ruditapes philippinarum is universal kind, and all there is distribution in China from south to northern coastal waters.2 ages, above adult shell length was 2.5～4.5cm, shell oval and expansion, and left and right sides shell equates, and it is the concentric growth line at center with the shell top that the shell face has comparatively level and smooth, and shell face decorative pattern is assorted.Ruditapes philippinarum belongs to the embedded type shellfish, and happiness occupy in sand content reaches at the bottom of the beach substrate about 80%, slips under the normal condition at the end in and lives, and comfort zone is 5 ℃～28 ℃, and suitable salt is 15～34, is food with phytoplankton and organic debris.The Huanghai Sea and Bohai Sea lasts till October from May mating season, but the breeding peak can be grown to 0.3～1.0 centimetre then in 5～June and 9～October.Biological minimum is 1.5cm, and the accessibility maturation forms the reproduction peak next year then, 5～10 years life-spans.The Ruditapes philippinarum gonochorism, but minority hermaphroditism is arranged, adult female gonad is milk yellow, male gonad is creamy white.
Intertidal shellfishs such as Ruditapes philippinarum occupy critical role in China's mariculture industry, with the Ruditapes philippinarum is example, annual production in recent years is more than 100 tons, the selling market from the past mainly be the domestic market, now expanded and entered the international market, price also constantly soaring, has very big market prospects.The seed of culturing usefulness in the past mainly relies on from natural waters and obtains, but in recent years owing to the continuous expansion of the scale of breed, the seed shortage is serious day by day, has seriously restricted the development of the aquaculture of Ruditapes philippinarum.Therefore, the total man worker of the healthy seedling of development Ruditapes philippinarum cultivates, and is imperative.
The technology of intertidal shellfish (as Ruditapes philippinarum) seed production at present is to gather natural seeding, wild fry, seedling rearing in earth ponds or Tu Chi half artificial breeding mostly.Wherein, centre for juvenile mollusk is bred, and the method that extensively adopts is the natural beach that utilizes Tu Chi (for example shrimp pond, open-air cistern etc.) or have certain safeguard measure at present; the seedling of gathering is sowed in the silt particle substrate, relied on natural environmental condition to implement to breed in the middle of the seedling.The characteristics that though this method has is simpler and easy, cost is low, but be subjected to the influence of natural environment big, because the environmental condition that seedling is bred is uncontrollable, seedling is bred the survival rate in stage in the centre low simultaneously, during the late stages of developmet, the growth of seedling is paced up and down in lower level always.Especially under the high density breeding condition, the survival rate and the growth rate of seedling are lower, do not satisfy in extensive total man's work post seedling production the requirement of breeding in the middle of the highdensity seed, be difficult in a planned way obtain the high-quality seed in enormous quantities, become one of bottleneck of restriction intertidal shellfish seedling production.
In order to produce and to match, must exploitation can under cultivating density conditions, height carry out highly effective and safe seedling intermediate rearing technology with carrying out extensive total man worker's intertidal shellfish seed.The success or failure that technology often causes the Ruditapes philippinarum artificial seed to cultivate are bred in inappropriate centre.Up to the present, yet there are no extensive total man worker and cultivate the report that intertidal shellfish employing collective breeding apparatus is collected seedling and the centre is bred.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve in the healthy seedling total man worker cultivating process such as Ruditapes philippinarum the key technology of seed cultivation efficiently, the present invention aims to provide a kind of embedded type intertidal shellfish such as Ruditapes philippinarum that is applicable to and efficiently collects seedling and middle collective breeding apparatus and the application of breeding thereof.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
Collective breeding apparatus: support holder structure, the bottom is porose, the liner screen cloth, screen cloth upper berth fine sand;
Wherein: described screen cloth sheet, 40～60 orders can adopt polythene material; Aperture, described tray bottom is 5～7mm, and density is 1200～1800/square metre; Described fine sand diameter is 0.5～1mm; Collective breeding apparatus can be mutually an angle of 90 degrees stacked 4～6 layers in the pond of collecting seedling, or adopt single flat to place in the pond of collecting seedling.
Described collective breeding apparatus is used to collect seedling, described collective breeding apparatus is used to bury dwells the biotype intertidal shellfish when collecting seedling, be flat in the pond of collecting seedling that cement or fiberglass makes by individual layer, can be used as the adherance that buries the biotype intertidal shellfish larva that dwells, and provide space and condition for its life and growth; Be specially:
A. with at the bottom of the described collective breeding apparatus pond that closely tiling is to collect seedling, the slow fresh seawater of injecting to 0.5～0.8 meter, is 1/2～2/3 of normal needs;
B. when the Ruditapes philippinarum larva reaches 160～180 μ m, gently with these in later stage veliger transfer to the pond of collecting seedling that is provided with collective breeding apparatus, little inflation makes its even distribution;
C. throw something and feed the unit cell algae as the bait of the young, along with the growth of the young, food species variation, the also corresponding increase of quantity;
D. change water every day 1～2 time, illumination is controlled at 800～1000Lux;
E. check larval growth every day, ingest and the settlement and metamorphosis situation that under 18 ℃～22 ℃ conditions, 7～10 can finish settlement and metamorphosis;
Wherein: described later stage veliger in the pond of collecting seedling density be 5～8 every milliliter.
Breed in the middle of described collective breeding apparatus is used for, it specifically is divided into indoor, outdoor two stages, wherein:
A. the indoor stage, breed between promptly planting early stage, adopt the collective breeding apparatus that places the pond of collecting seedling will describedly adhere to the back Ruditapes philippinarum and change middle breeding over to, the pond is 0.8～1.2 meter deeply, collective breeding apparatus can be mutually an angle of 90 degrees stacked 4～6 layers in the pond of collecting seedling; Adhere to later clam seedling and be called juvenile mollusk, secondary shell takes place, and the incipient stage does not have water pipe to occur, and water pipe occurs after about 4～6 days, and at first water inlet pipe then just appears in the outlet pipe that just is used to drain.Intact from being attached to the water pipe generation, need 10～12 days left and right sides time, the management during this is very big to the survival rate influence of juvenile mollusk; The throw something and feed bait of unit cell algae; But normal illumination; After growing to the long 1.0～2.0mm of shell, change middle breeding of later stage over to;
B. the outdoor stage, promptly breed between the later stage kind, the clam seedling is moved to sterile-processed special-purpose Tu Chi carry out, the native pond depth of water is 1.5～2.0 meters; Collective breeding apparatus individual layer horizontal; Its clam seedling density is every collective breeding apparatus 10～150,000 juvenile mollusks, along with the growth of juvenile mollusk, should carry out density; Utilize sea area nature bait around here; Can go to sea to the long 1.0～1.5cm of shell and to form.
Before middle breeding of the later stage of carrying out juvenile mollusk, Tu Chi is disinfection in advance, kills the predatism animal; Change water raft door and establish screen pack, in case the entering of harmful organisms; In the middle of juvenile mollusk enters, breed Tu Chiqian, after sterilization, should carry out rich water, increase the foundation bait in the water.
To and sieve and wash through freshwater soaking before fine sand of the present invention uses, scald with high steam is smoked again; The described water method of changing is: change water every day pelagic period 2 times, each quantity of exchanged water is 1/2 of a Total Water; After larva all adhered to, every day, full dose was changed water 1 time, raised the emptying of seawater full dose, and fresh filtering sea reinjects; The described biotype intertidal shellfish of dwelling that buries is Ruditapes philippinarum, clam, clam, Mactra veneriformis, Chinese clam or quahog.
The present invention has following advantage:
Adopt the collective breeding apparatus of the present invention's design, simulated the sea area natural environment, provide an adapt circumstance, improve its survival rate, accelerate its growth rate for Ruditapes philippinarum etc. buries growing of phase of the young children of the biotype intertidal shellfish of dwelling.Its rate of collecting seedling of the application of collective breeding apparatus can improve more than 50%, and growth rate can improve 10～20%, and particularly middle incubation rate can improve more than 60～70%.Use collective breeding apparatus of the present invention and the centre of collecting seedling is bred be connected as a single entity, be convenient to management and operation, in practical operation, receive good effect.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a collective breeding apparatus structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of Fig. 1.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment
Collective breeding apparatus: pallet 1 structure, porose 2, the liner screen cloth 4 in bottom, screen cloth upper berth fine sand 3; Wherein: aperture, described tray bottom is 5～7mm (present embodiment is 7mm), and density is 1500/square metre; Described fine sand diameter is 0.5～1mm (present embodiment is 1mm);
The main body of collective breeding apparatus is a rectangle non-toxic polyethylene plastic pallet; The outer path length of its upper opening is 360mm, and the bottom internal diameter length of side is 320mm; Minor axis top external diameter opening is 280mm, and the bottom internal diameter length of side is 240mm; Effectively usable floor area is 0.0884m
2Coil high 40mm; Horizontal one polyethylene screen stencil sheet in the pallet, the aperture is 40～60 orders (present embodiment is 60 orders), is cut into rectangle, and long limit is 450mm, and minor face is 350mm.
Be applied to collect seedling: bury in the biotype intertidal shellfish of dwelling and choose Ruditapes philippinarum; The fiberglass pond is adopted in the pond of collecting seedling; Collect seedling as the adherance that buries the biotype intertidal shellfish larva that dwells with described collective breeding apparatus, and provide space and condition for its life and growth.
Before the use, described fine sand scalds with high steam is smoked more earlier through freshwater soaking with sieve and wash; Collect seedling after the pond cleans out, collective breeding apparatus is flat in the pond of collecting seedling, and the collective breeding apparatus in the pond is put neatly, does not interspace, and adds seawater to 0.5～0.8 meter (present embodiment is 0.8 meter), and the water yield can be 1/2 of normal needs; After embryophore reaches 160～180 μ, gently with its in later stage veliger be spread in uniform in the pond of collecting seedling that is provided with collective breeding apparatus, illumination is controlled in the 1000Lux, and little inflation is evenly distributed larva, raise with natural baits such as chrysophyceae, diatom, chlorella or tower born of the same parents algaes, feeding volume is 200,000 cells/ml every day, divides and throws something and feeds for 6 times, (along with the growth of the young, the also corresponding increase of food species variation, quantity).Under 20 ℃ of conditions, can in collective breeding apparatus, adhere in 2～3 days, young growth rate every day after adhering to is 10～15 μ.In later stage veliger distribution density is under 6～7/ml condition, and settlement and metamorphosis juvenile mollusk density is 100～6,000,000, and every dish can be adopted juvenile mollusk 8～620,000.Because the density difference, the growth rate of juvenile mollusk is different with survival rate.
Changing the water method is: change water every day pelagic period 2 times, each quantity of exchanged water is 1/2 of a Total Water; After larva all adheres to, after this along with the growth corresponding increase of quantity of exchanged water full dose every day is changed water 1 time, raise the emptying of seawater full dose, fresh filtering sea reinjects; Change water every day 2 times; Check larval growth every day, ingest and the settlement and metamorphosis situation.
Concrete outcome sees Table 1.
Table 1 embodiment 1～14 collects seedling for difference under the density conditions, early stage juvenile mollusk (0.2～1.0mm) survival rate and growth rate
Embodiment density (ten thousand/collective breeding apparatus) survival rates (%) growth rate (μ m/ days)
1 8 85 16
2 44 65 10
3 52 55 8
4 16 84 15
5 24 76 13
6 12 83 15
7 28 72 14
8 20 79 15
9 40 68 10
10 62 43 7
11 48 60 9
12 36 70 10
13 56 50 8
14 32 70 12
Breed in the middle of changing the later stage juvenile mollusk after the juvenile mollusk shell reaches about 1mm over to, its emphasis is with the density reduction of juvenile mollusk, increases bait and quantity of exchanged water, and the outdoor earth pond that can move on to good conditionsi is cultivated, so that juvenile mollusk can keep growth and higher survival rate quickly.
The centre that is used for juvenile mollusk is bred and is divided into indoor, outdoor two stages:
Before the centre of carrying out juvenile mollusk was bred, Tu Chi is disinfection in advance, killed the predatism animal; Change water raft door and establish screen pack, in case the entering of harmful organisms; In the middle of juvenile mollusk enters, breed Tu Chiqian, after sterilization, should carry out rich water, increase the foundation bait in the water.
A. the indoor stage, adopt the collective breeding apparatus place the pond of collecting seedling will describedly adhere to the back Ruditapes philippinarum and change the centre over to and breed, the pond is 0.8～1.2 meter (present embodiment is 1.0 meters) deeply, collective breeding apparatus can be mutually an angle of 90 degrees stacked 4 layers in the pond of collecting seedling; Adhere to later clam seedling and be called juvenile mollusk, secondary shell takes place, and the incipient stage does not have water pipe to occur, and water pipe occurs after about 4～6 days, and at first water inlet pipe then just appears in the outlet pipe that just is used to drain; Intact from being attached to the water pipe generation, need 10～12 day time, the management during this is very big to the survival rate influence of juvenile mollusk; Raise with unit cell algae bait such as chrysophyceae, diatom, chlorella bait, feeding volume is 400,000 cells/ml every day, divides and throws something and feeds for 5 times.Adopt normal illumination; After growing to the long 1.0～2.0mm of shell, change middle breeding of later stage over to;
B. the outdoor stage moves to sterile-processed special-purpose Tu Chi with the clam seedling and carries out, and the native pond depth of water is 1.0～2.0 meters (present embodiment is 1.5 meters); Collective breeding apparatus adopts the individual layer horizontally placing process, increases quantity of exchanged water, is generally every day 3 full doses and changes water, utilizes sea area nature bait around here; Size to 2.5～3.0mm looks the young zoon of clam, becomes young shellfish or clam seedling, has grown up to and the duplicate figure and features feature of adult; Its clam seedling density is every collective breeding apparatus 15～200,000 juvenile mollusks, along with the growth of juvenile mollusk, should carry out density, gets final product up to 1.0～1.5cm, goes to sea later on and forms.
The example that embodiment 15～24 bred for the juvenile mollusk later stage.
Table 2 embodiment 15～28 is under the different densities condition, later stage juvenile mollusk (1～3mm) survival rate and growth rate
Embodiment density (ten thousand/collective breeding apparatus) survival rates (%) growth rate (μ m/ days)
15 8 77 22
16 14 67 21
17 2 82 28
18 18 61 20
19 24 50 18
20 6 78 24
21 16 65 21
22 12 67 20
23 22 55 18
24 28 45 15
25 20 60 20
26 4 80 25
27 26 48 17
28 10 70 22
This class emphasis is the density reduction with juvenile mollusk, so that juvenile mollusk can keep growth and higher survival rate quickly.In each emery disc juvenile mollusk density is under 2～280,000 conditions.
Claims (10)
1. collective breeding apparatus, it is characterized in that: support holder structure, the bottom is porose, the liner screen cloth, screen cloth upper berth fine sand.
2. according to the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described screen cloth sheet, 40～60 orders can adopt polythene material; Aperture, described tray bottom is 5～7mm, and density is 1200～1800/square metre; Described fine sand diameter is 0.5～1mm.
3. according to the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 2, it is characterized in that: collective breeding apparatus can be mutually an angle of 90 degrees stacked 4～6 layers in the pond of collecting seedling, or adopt single flat to place in the pond of collecting seedling.
4. application according to the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 1 is characterized in that being used to collect seedling; Described collective breeding apparatus is used to bury dwells the biotype intertidal shellfish when collecting seedling, be flat in the pond of collecting seedling that cement or fiberglass makes, can be used as the adherance that buries the biotype intertidal shellfish larva that dwells, and provide space and condition for its life and growth by individual layer; Be specially:
A. with at the bottom of the described collective breeding apparatus pond that closely tiling is to collect seedling, the slow fresh seawater of injecting to 0.5～0.8 meter, is 1/2～2/3 of normal needs;
B. when the Ruditapes philippinarum larva reaches 160～180 μ m, with these in later stage veliger transfer to the pond of collecting seedling that is provided with collective breeding apparatus, little inflation makes its even distribution;
C. the bait of unit cell algae of throwing something and feeding as the young;
D. change water every day 1～2 time, illumination is controlled at 800～1000Lux;
E. check larval growth every day, ingest and the settlement and metamorphosis situation that under 18 ℃～22 ℃ conditions, 7～10 can finish settlement and metamorphosis.
5. according to the application of the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 4, it is characterized in that: described later stage veliger in the pond of collecting seedling density be 5～8 every milliliter.
6. application according to the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 1 is bred in the middle of it is characterized in that being used for, and specifically is divided into indoor, outdoor two stages:
A. the indoor stage, breed between promptly planting early stage, adopt the collective breeding apparatus that places the pond of collecting seedling will describedly adhere to back clam son and change middle breeding over to, the pond is 0.8～1.2 meter deeply, collective breeding apparatus can be mutually an angle of 90 degrees stacked 4～6 layers in the pond of collecting seedling; The clam son cultivated through 10～12 days and successively grows outlet pipe and water inlet pipe; The throw something and feed bait of unit cell algae; After growing to the long 1.0～2.0mm of shell, change middle breeding of later stage over to.
B. the outdoor stage, promptly breed in the middle of the later stage, the clam seedling is moved to sterile-processed special-purpose Tu Chi carry out, the native pond depth of water is 1.5～2.0 meters; Collective breeding apparatus individual layer horizontal; Its clam seedling density is every collective breeding apparatus 10～150,000 juvenile mollusks, along with the growth of juvenile mollusk, should carry out density; Can go to sea to the long 1.0～1.5cm of shell and to form; Utilize sea area nature bait around here.
7. according to the application of the described collective breeding apparatus of claim 6, it is characterized in that: before the centre of carrying out juvenile mollusk was bred, Tu Chi is disinfection in advance, killed the predatism animal; Change water raft door and establish screen pack, in case the entering of harmful organisms; In the middle of juvenile mollusk enters the later stage, breed Tu Chiqian, after sterilization, should carry out rich water, increase the foundation bait in the water.
8. according to the application of claim 4 or 6 described collective breeding apparatus, it is characterized in that: will and sieve and wash through freshwater soaking before fine sand uses in the described collective breeding apparatus, scald with high steam is smoked again.
9. according to the application of claim 4 or 6 described collective breeding apparatus, it is characterized in that the described water method of changing is: change water every day pelagic period 2 times, each quantity of exchanged water is 1/2 of a Total Water; After larva all adhered to, every day, full dose was changed water 1 time, raised the emptying of seawater full dose, and fresh filtering sea reinjects.
10. according to the application of claim 4 or 6 described collective breeding apparatus, it is characterized in that: the described biotype intertidal shellfish of dwelling that buries is Ruditapes philippinarum, clam, clam, Mactra veneriformis, Chinese clam or quahog.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN031335977A CN1215761C (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2003-06-06 | Collective breeding apparatus and its use |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN031335977A CN1215761C (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2003-06-06 | Collective breeding apparatus and its use |
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| CN1552201A true CN1552201A (en) | 2004-12-08 |
| CN1215761C CN1215761C (en) | 2005-08-24 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN031335977A Expired - Fee Related CN1215761C (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2003-06-06 | Collective breeding apparatus and its use |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100399886C (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2008-07-09 | 浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所 | Seashell seedling medium culture device |
| CN100496228C (en) * | 2005-08-04 | 2009-06-10 | 中国科学院海洋研究所 | Device for collecting tidal flat seashell seed |
| CN103229740A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-07 | 宁德市渔海水产科技有限公司 | Method and processing device for breeding young tegillarca granosa |
| CN106719489A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 江苏省海洋水产研究所 | A kind of sampling of embedded type shellfish juvenile mollusk observation device and its making and use method |
| CN106719186A (en) * | 2017-01-16 | 2017-05-31 | 中国海洋大学 | A kind of attachment base suitable for northern oyster culture long and preparation method thereof |
| CN107047404A (en) * | 2017-05-06 | 2017-08-18 | 广东海洋大学 | A kind of postoperative recuperation method of pteria martensii |
| CN112189604A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-01-08 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Aquatic seedling quantity control system, method for controlling quantity of early-breeding shrimp seedlings and application |
-
2003
- 2003-06-06 CN CN031335977A patent/CN1215761C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100496228C (en) * | 2005-08-04 | 2009-06-10 | 中国科学院海洋研究所 | Device for collecting tidal flat seashell seed |
| CN100399886C (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2008-07-09 | 浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所 | Seashell seedling medium culture device |
| CN103229740A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-07 | 宁德市渔海水产科技有限公司 | Method and processing device for breeding young tegillarca granosa |
| CN106719489A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 江苏省海洋水产研究所 | A kind of sampling of embedded type shellfish juvenile mollusk observation device and its making and use method |
| CN106719186A (en) * | 2017-01-16 | 2017-05-31 | 中国海洋大学 | A kind of attachment base suitable for northern oyster culture long and preparation method thereof |
| CN107047404A (en) * | 2017-05-06 | 2017-08-18 | 广东海洋大学 | A kind of postoperative recuperation method of pteria martensii |
| CN112189604A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-01-08 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Aquatic seedling quantity control system, method for controlling quantity of early-breeding shrimp seedlings and application |
| CN112189604B (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2023-07-25 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Aquatic offspring seed quantity control system, method for controlling quantity of early-bred shrimp offspring seeds and application |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1215761C (en) | 2005-08-24 |
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