CN1541315A - 用推理传感器进行燃烧优化 - Google Patents

用推理传感器进行燃烧优化 Download PDF

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CN1541315A
CN1541315A CNA028158083A CN02815808A CN1541315A CN 1541315 A CN1541315 A CN 1541315A CN A028158083 A CNA028158083 A CN A028158083A CN 02815808 A CN02815808 A CN 02815808A CN 1541315 A CN1541315 A CN 1541315A
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fuel
boiler
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flue gas
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V・哈勒纳
V·哈勒纳
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Honeywell International Inc
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D1/00Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F23N1/022Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F23N5/006Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/18Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air or fuel
    • F23N2005/181Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air or fuel using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/44Optimum control
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2239/00Fuels
    • F23N2239/02Solid fuels

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

用于燃料在生成烟道气的锅炉中燃烧的方法和系统。锅炉包括燃料源、空气源和用于控制输入锅炉的空气源和燃料源之间比例的控制器。使用传感器来测量在烟道气中氧气的浓度。控制器适合基于烟道气中氧气的量来计算进入所述锅炉的空气量,从而调节空气/燃料比,所包括的是计算的空气输入和从所述空气源的空气输入。优选的燃料是煤粉。该方法和系统提供了可调节的空气-燃料比,来对效率进行优化并最小化NOX的产生。

Description

用推理传感器进行燃烧优化
发明领域
本发明涉及用于锅炉控制的基于模型的预控制技术。更具体地,本发明涉及在瞬态过程中对空气和燃料的协调,用来提高效率并最小化NOX的产生。
发明背景
燃烧空气控制的经典方法是应用对烟道气中氧气浓度的测量来对燃烧空气量进行反馈控制。这种反作用方法不能保证在快速的瞬态过程中实现精确的空气/燃料比。虽然标准的空气/燃料互锁关系提供了可接受的稳态性能,但基于传统控制器的技术方案在瞬态过程中不能令人完全满意,比如,当用于循环式操作的锅炉时,特别是,如果采用以降低空气过量来进行低NOX的燃烧时。
许多专利描述了通过对燃烧进行分析来提高性能的方法,Lang的美国专利5367470是其中之一。该专利集中于对燃料中假设的水浓度进行反复调整,直到效率的实际值与计算值达到稳态。Okazaki等人的美国专利5764535利用炉中的二维或三维的单元作为系统的一部分,该系统使用一个气体成份表来简化计算。Carter的美国专利5794549利用燃烧器的多元性(plurality)形成火球来对燃烧进行优化。类似的,Khesin的美国专利5798946将信号的波动性成分转化成一个极值点。
Chappell等的美国专利5520123和Donais等的美国专利5626085都公开了涉及NOX的系统,分别应用了对后燃烧器进行的氧气注入和空气室/燃烧室之比。Waltz的美国专利5091844和Blumenthal等的美国专利5496450都涉及与传感器反馈相关的控制方法。最后,Stevers等的美国专利5501159教导了带有多个腔和空气流的夹套容器的应用。
没有一种现有技术认识到基于模型的预控制技术在锅炉控制上应用的潜力,该技术可以实现对所选取的受控变量进行严格动态协调,特别是在瞬态过程中对空气和燃料的协调。
如果能够发展一种预控制技术,能够照顾到锅炉相对快速的动态特性和由工厂生存期因素所决定的比例限制,则其在本领域中将具有巨大的优越性。
如果能够发展一个系统,其集中于动力和热量的产生,应用预控制技术和比例优化控制来对所选取的控制变量进行严格动态协调,其结果是提高了锅炉效率并降低了NOX的产生,那也将是本领域中的一个重大进步。
其它优越性将在后面显示。
发明概述
现已发现可用如下方式来实现本发明如前所述的和其它的目标。具体地,本发明利用了推理性的传感来估计燃烧空气的总量,从而用于对煤粉锅炉和使用其它燃料的其它锅炉系统中的空气/燃料比进行预控制。本发明可用于任何燃料燃烧系统,并已被发现特别适用于煤粉锅炉。
通过对锅炉中总的空气,而不仅仅是测得的加入锅炉的燃烧空气,之间的关系进行估计,可以用预控制器来控制空气的量。因为系统不必等待从对排出废气的分析中得到的实时反馈,所以能得到快速瞬态过程中的空气/燃料比。本发明允许系统使用最小的必需过量空气,从而提供了低的NOX产生,并使效率提高至少1%。本发明意图应用所谓的谨慎优化(谨慎优化涉及CO和NOX的不确定性),其中从空气源进入系统的空气,除被直接控制和测量的输入之外,其不确定性通过在烟道气中测量的O2浓度被推理性的感知和估计,所述烟道气代表了锅炉中所有的空气。
附图的概括描述
为了更彻底地理解本发明,请参照附图,其中:
附图是与锅炉一起使用的具有空气/燃料设定点同步协调的主压力控制器的示意图。
优选实施例的详细描述
本发明的控制器系统基于预控制技术。考虑到锅炉相对快速的动态特性及由工厂生存期因素所决定的比例限制,本发明集中于在动力和热的产生操作上。在使用预控制技术和比例优化控制(ROC)之后,下一步的基本设想是对所选择的受控变量进行紧密动态协调。
附图1描述了MIMO ROC控制器11在使用同步燃烧(空气/燃料比)优化进行压力控制中的典型应用。在附图1中,空气和燃料被输入到锅炉13,燃料(煤粉)输入15和第一空气输入17由控制器11所控制。除了这两个构成锅炉中空气/燃料比的基本因素之外,还应用第二空气动态输入19和,在适当时,第三空气动态输入21作为锅炉控制的一部分。
在被控制和测量的空气(所测第一、第二、第三空气输入之和)之外还有锅炉周围的空气,其不是有意引入的空气,它们是锅炉在接头、接缝和其它机械部分进入锅炉的空气。已知对系统中总的空气进行测量是燃烧过程优化控制的基础。虽然对进入锅炉的空气进行测量是不可能的或不实际的,但是测量从烟道23中排出锅炉作为烟道气一部分的空气量则是相对容易的。此烟道气中含有大量的CO和NOX,还有O2,并被传感器25所记录。控制器11计算在燃烧过程中的空气的总量。根据燃烧中总的空气和通过测量空气输入17、19和21而得到的已知空气输入,可以计算出附加的或吸入的空气的值。
基于得到的和计算的数据,调节空气/燃料比中被控制的部分,即燃料输入15和总的空气输入17、19和21,来反映在23和25所示的该计算的附加空气量以对燃烧进行优化,从而程度显著地产生了更少的NOX并提高了锅炉的效率。
为了展示本发明的功效,在商品化锅炉上进行了实验。性能试验是在使用煤粉作为燃料的商品化锅炉系统上进行的,产生了标称流量为125吨/小时的过热蒸汽。
下面表1与表2中所提供的是本发明实行之前和之后的实验结果。其中固定不变的有锅炉本身,用取自商业来源的煤粉(对其含水量做了调节)作为燃料、和用于调节空气/燃料比的控制设备。变化的是使用传感器来确定烟道气中的多余氧气,而其又被控制设备所使用来调节空气/燃料比,所包括的是所有的空气,而不只是输入的空气。
                          表1
锅炉性能,NOX的产生
使用现有技术测量的空气           使用本发明估计的总空气
最大在340mg/m3                  最大在280mg/m3
范围为200-500(mg/m3)            范围为150-50(mg/m3)
这样,NOX的产生几乎减少了20%,从平均值为340mg/m3下降到280mg/m3
                         表2
锅炉性能,效率
使用现有技术输入的空气           使用本发明总的空气
最大在88.1%                     最大在88.8%
范围87-89%                      范围88-89.5%
效率提高了近1%,在经济上获得了相当程度的节约,而当其与如上所述的污染物的减少相结合时更显出这是特别重要的。
尽管本发明特别的实施方案已被图解和描述,但除了在后面的权利要求中所限定的之外,并不意图对本发明做出限制。

Claims (12)

1.一种控制在产生烟道气的锅炉中的燃料燃烧的方法,包含如下步骤:
提供燃料源;
提供空气源;
提供用于控制送入所述锅炉的空气/燃料比的控制器;
测量烟道气中的氧气含量;
基于烟道气中的氧气的量来计算进入所述锅炉的空气的总量;和
调节空气/燃料比,使之包括计算的空气输入和来自所述空气源的测量的空气输入;
借此改善了效率和NOX的产生。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中空气/燃料比被调节来优化效率。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中空气/燃料比被调节来最小化NOX的产生。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述燃料是煤粉。
5.一种用于在产生烟道气的锅炉中的燃料燃烧的系统,包含:
用于在所述锅炉中燃烧的燃料源;
用于在所述锅炉中与所述燃料一起燃烧的空气源;
用于控制输入所述锅炉的所述空气源与所述燃料源之间比例的控制器;和
用于测量在烟道气中所提供氧气的传感器;
所述控制器适合基于烟道气中的氧气量来计算进入所述锅炉的空气总量以控制空气/燃料比,使之包括计算的空气输入和从所述空气源的空气输入。
6.权利要求5的系统,其中所述燃料是煤粉。
7.权利要求5的系统,其中空气/燃料比被调节来优化效率。
8.权利要求5的系统,其中空气/燃料比被调节来最小化NOX的产生。
9.一种用于在产生烟道气的锅炉中的燃料燃烧的系统,包含:
用于向所述锅炉提供用于燃烧的燃料输入的燃料源设备;
用于向所述锅炉提供与所述燃料一起进行燃烧的空气输入的空气源设备;
用于控制所述空气输入与所述燃料输入之间比例的控制器设备;和
用于测量在所述烟道气中所提供氧气的传感器设备;
所述控制器设备适合基于烟道气中的氧气量来计算进入所述锅炉的空气量以控制空气/燃料比,所包括的是计算的空气输入和从所述空气源的空气输入。
10.权利要求9的系统,其中所述燃料为煤粉。
11.权利要求9的系统,其中空气/燃料比被调节来优化效率。
12.权利要求9的系统,其中空气/燃料比被调节来最小化NOX的产生。
CNA028158083A 2001-06-15 2002-06-13 用推理传感器进行燃烧优化 Pending CN1541315A (zh)

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