CN1449448A - 干细胞分化 - Google Patents
干细胞分化 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1449448A CN1449448A CN01814360A CN01814360A CN1449448A CN 1449448 A CN1449448 A CN 1449448A CN 01814360 A CN01814360 A CN 01814360A CN 01814360 A CN01814360 A CN 01814360A CN 1449448 A CN1449448 A CN 1449448A
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Abstract
本发明涉及调制干细胞分化的方法,所述方法包括将抑制性RNA(RNAi)导入干细胞以消除编码与干细胞分化有关的多肽的mRNA;本发明还涉及RNAi分子,编码所述RNAi分子的DNA分子;和通过所述方法获得的细胞。
Description
本发明涉及调制干细胞分化的方法,所述方法包括将抑制性RNA(RNAi)导入干细胞以消除编码与干细胞分化有关之多肽的mRNA。这些mRNA一般编码分化的负调节物,除去这些mRNA能促使干细胞分化成特定的细胞类型。
近年来,已开发出多种据称能特异性消除基因和/或基因产物的技术。例如,使用反义核酸分子结合、近而阻断或灭活靶mRNA分子不失为一种抑制基因产物产生的有效方法。在植物中,反义技术已产生多个显著的表型特征,因此该方法对植物十分有效。然而,反义是可变的,因此需要筛选很多、有时为成百上千个携带一个或多个反义转基因拷贝的转基因生物体,以确保表型确实与反义转基因表达相关联。已将不必产生稳定转染子的反义技术应用于培养物中的细胞,获得了各不相同的结果。
另外,经由同源重组破坏基因的能力为生物学家限定高等生物的发育路径提供了至关重要的工具。使用小鼠基因“剔除”品系能仔细分析基因功能以及与缺失的小鼠基因相对应的人基因的适当功能(Jordan andZant,1998)。
特异性消除基因功能的最新技术是:将双链RNA,也称抑制性RNA(RNAi)导入细胞,从而破坏与RNAi分子中包括的序列互补的mRNA。RNAi分子含有两个彼此退火以形成双链RNA分子的RNA互补链(有义链和反义链)。RNAi分子一般得自待消除基因的外显或编码序列。
最新研究表明:得自编码序列的100-1000bp RNAi分子是有效的基因表达抑制剂。令人惊奇的是:阻断基因表达只需要几种RNAi分子,这暗示着机理是催化性的。作用位点似乎是细胞核,因为在细胞质中好象检测不到任何RNAi,这表明RNAi在mRNA合成或加工过程中发挥其作用。
尽管有一些理论能解释该现象,但仍不知道RNAi的精确作用机理。例如,所有生物已进化产生保护性机理来限制外源性基因表达的作用。例如,病毒经常对它所感染的生物体产生有害的作用。因此需要阻抑病毒基因表达和/或复制。另外,遗传转化的快速发展以及转基因植物和动物的供应导致人们认识到:转基因也被认为是外源核酸,并会遇到多个被称为消除(Singer and Selker,1995),基因沉默(Matzke and Matzke,1998)和共-抑制(Stam et al.,2000)的现象。
最初的使用RNAi的研究利用了线虫Caenorhabditis elegans。将RNAi注射到虫体,导致对应于含有RNAi分子的基因序列的多肽消失(Montgomery et al.,1998;Fire et al.,1998)。最近,在多种真核生物中证实了RNAi抑制现象,所述生物包括例如,但不限于植物,锥虫(Shi et al.,2000),果蝇(Drosophila spp.)(Kennerdell and Carthew,2000)。最新实验已证实RNAi也可在高等真核生物中起作用。例如,已证实RNAi可消除小鼠卵母细胞中的c-mos以及小鼠植入前胚胎中的E-钙粘着蛋白(Wiannyand Zemicka-Goetz,2000)。这表明可以对早期胚胎细胞的发育前景施加影响。
在哺乳动物发育过程中,形成胚胎的一部分直至胚泡形成的细胞据称是全能性的(例如每个细胞都具有发育形成完整胚胎以及支持所述胚胎生长和发育所需的所有细胞的潜能)。在形成胚泡的过程中,含有内细胞团的细胞据称是多能性的(例如每个细胞具有发育形成多种组织的潜能)。
原则上,胚胎干细胞(ES细胞,具有多能性)可得自两种胚胎来源。分离自内细胞团的细胞被称为胚胎干(ES)细胞。在实验室小鼠中,类似的细胞可得自原生殖细胞培养物,所述原生殖细胞分离自交配后8.5-12.5天的胚胎的肠系膜或生殖嵴。这些细胞最终会分化成生殖细胞,可称之为胚胎生殖细胞(EG细胞)。这些类型的多能细胞中的每一种都具有类似的、能分化成可变细胞类型的发育潜能,但行为(例如与印记有关)上可能出现的差异导致这些细胞与其它细胞区分开来。
一般说来,ES/EG细胞培养物具有定义恰当的特征。这些特征包括但不限于:
i)当在成纤维细胞饲养层上维持时,可在培养物中维持至少20代;
ii)在培养物中产生被称为胚状体的细胞群;
iii)在单层培养物中能分化成多种细胞类型;
iv)当与胚胎宿主混合时,可形成胚胎嵌合体;
v)表达ES/EG细胞特异性标记。
直至最近,体外培养人ES/EG细胞仍是不可能的。WO96/22362中首次说明可以测定在培养物中建立人ES/EG细胞所需的条件。该申请描述了细胞系和生长条件,所述条件能连续增殖灵长类动物的ES细胞,所述ES细胞表现出与具有多能性特征的干细胞有关的一系列特征或标记。
最近,Thomson等(1998)公开了在培养物中建立人ES细胞所需的条件。人ES细胞系也显示出灵长类动物ES细胞所显示的上述特征。另外,人细胞系还显示出高水平的端粒酶活性,和能以未分化状态在培养物中持续分裂的细胞特征。另一研究小组(Reubinoff等,2000)也报道了从人胚泡中获得人ES细胞。第三个小组(Shamblott等,1998)描述了EG细胞的获得。
在成纤维细胞饲养层的存在下,ES/EG细胞的特征是:它们能将以未分化状态分裂的能力保持几代。如果除去饲养层,细胞就会分化。经常分化至神经元或肌肉细胞,但仍不清楚其精确的发生机理及其控制方式。
除了ES/EG细胞外,多种成年组织含有具有干细胞特征的细胞。通常,尽管这些细胞保留了分化成不同细胞类型的能力,但它们不具有ES/EG细胞的多能性特征。例如,造血干细胞具有形成所有造血系统细胞(红血细胞,巨噬细胞,嗜碱细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞等)的潜能。所有神经组织,皮肤和肌肉保留了具有干细胞潜能的细胞库。因此,除了在发育生物学中能使用胚胎干细胞外,也有一些成年干细胞能用于测定控制细胞分化的因子。最新研究表明:一些以前被认为只会定向分化成单个组织(例如神经元)的干细胞在某些情况下实际上具有相当大的多能性。最近已证实神经干细胞能与小鼠胚胎嵌合并形成宽范围的非-神经组织(Clark等,2000)。
另一组与发育生物学相关的细胞是畸胎瘤细胞(EC细胞)。这些细胞形成被称为畸胎瘤的肿瘤,并具有很多与ES/EG细胞共同的特征。其中最重要的特征是多能性特征。
畸胎瘤含有宽范围的分化组织,数百年前,就已知人的畸胎瘤。它一般作为男性和女性的性腺肿瘤出现。一般相信这些肿瘤的性腺形式源自生殖细胞,据认为通常具有相同组织范围的多余性腺形式是由胚胎发生过程中错误迁移的生殖细胞引起的。因此,一般将畸胎瘤归类为包含多种不同类型癌症的生殖细胞肿瘤。这些癌症包括:精原细胞瘤,胚胎瘤,卵黄囊瘤和绒毛膜瘤。
已将EC细胞与ES/EG细胞类似的生物学用于研究细胞的发育方向以及鉴定EC细胞和ES/EG细胞共同表达的细胞标记。例如但不限于特异性细胞表面标记SSEA-3(+),SSEA-4(+),TRA-1-60(+),TRA-1-81(+)(Shevinsky等1982;Kannagi等1983;Andrews等1984a;Thomson等,1995);碱性磷酸酶(+)(Andrews等,1996)和Oct4(Scholer等,1989;Kraft等,1996;Reubinoff等,2000;Yeom等,1996)的表达。
我们积累了表达研究,所述研究已鉴定出多个据认为参与决定干细胞、特别是胚胎干细胞的发育方向的基因。通过Northern印迹,我们鉴定出两个信号传导途径的人同系物的表达,据信所述途径对于决定细胞命运而言是至关重要的。已阐明Notch和Wingless信号传导级联系统的配体,受体和下游组分的表达。我们使用模型系统NTERA2/D1胚胎瘤细胞,记录细胞分化时一些组分表达的变化。记住这些级联系统在动物界胚胎发育过程中所起的作用,这些变化表明Wingless和Notch信号传导途径对干细胞分化起着显著作用。另外,一些基因的活性是沿特定途径发生分化所必需的,例如肌源基因MyoD1。其它基因具有抑制沿特定途径的细胞分化的活性。我们设想通过下列方法调节干细胞分化以产生特定的细胞类型:
(i)抑制某些通常能促进沿特定途径分化的基因;因此促进分化以改变细胞表型;
(ii)抑制防止分化成特定细胞类型的基因活性;和
(iii)(i)和(ii)的组合,见图1
胚胎发生,成年组织更新和创伤修复过程中的干细胞分化受到很严格的调节:该调节过程的畸变会导致形成发育过程中的新生缺陷,并被认为可以导致成年人形成癌症。一般说来,人们设想使这种干细胞处于正调节和负调节之下,从而使对细胞增殖和细胞分化过程的控制达到精细的水平:在损害细胞分化的情况下过度增殖可导致形成组织肿块-癌症-而在损害增殖的情况下过度分化可导致损失干细胞并长期产生极小的分化组织,尤其会丧失再生潜能。已鉴定出某些基因对防止干细胞分化具有负作用。所述基因与Notch家族中的基因一样,当经突变获得活性时,可以抑制分化;所述突变基因作为癌基因起作用。相反,这种基因抑制功能的丧失会导致干细胞分化。我们建议使用EC细胞作为我们的模型细胞系统以跟踪RNAi对细胞命运的作用。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了调制干细胞分化状态的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)使干细胞与至少一种抑制性RNA(RNAi)分子接触,所述分子含有能介导所述细胞分化的至少一个步骤的基因序列或其有效部分;
(ii)提供有助于上述(i)中处理的细胞生长和分化的条件;和任选地
(iii)维持和/或储存分化状态的细胞。
上述(i)中的干细胞可以是畸胎瘤细胞。
在本发明的优选方法中,所述条件是体外细胞培养条件。
在本发明的优选方法中,所述干细胞选自:多能性干细胞,如胚胎干细胞或胚胎生殖细胞;和谱系受限的干细胞,例如但不限于造血干细胞,肌肉干细胞,神经干细胞,皮肤真皮鞘干细胞。
显然,该方法可提供中间定型的干细胞。例如,胚胎干细胞可按程序分化成具有有限定型的造血干细胞。或者,中间定型的分化细胞或干细胞能重新按程序进入更加多能的状态,由此可获得其它分化的细胞谱系。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述干细胞是胚胎干细胞或胚胎生殖细胞。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因编码干细胞表达的细胞表面受体。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述细胞表面受体选自:人Notch1(hNotch 1);hNotch 2;hNotch 3;hNotch 4;TLE-1;TLE-2;TLE-3;TLE-4;TCF7;TCF7L1;TCFFL2;TCF3;TCF19;TCFl;mFringe;lFringe;rFringe;sel 1;Numb;Numblike;LNX;FZD1;FZD2;FZD3;FZD4;FZD5;FZD6;FZD7;FZD8;FZD9;FZD10;FRZB。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因编码配体。
通常,配体是与相关受体结合以诱导或抑制细胞内或细胞间反应的多肽。配体可以是可溶性的或与膜结合的。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述配体选自:D11-1;D113;D114;Dlk-1;Jagged 1;Jagged 2;Wnt 1;Wnt 2;Wnt 2b;Wnt 3;Wnt 3a;Wnt 5a;Wnt 6;Wnt 7a;Wnt 7b;Wnt 8a;Wnt 8b;Wnt 10b;Wnt 11;Wnt 14;Wnt15。
或者,所述基因选自:SFRP 1;SFRP 2;SFRP 4;SFRP 5;SK;DKK 3;CER 1;WIF-1;DVL1;DVL2;DVL3;DVL1L1;mFringe;lFringe;rFringe;selll;Numb;LNX Oct4;NeuroD1;NeuroD2;NeuroD3;Brachyury;MDFI。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述序列含有至少一个列入本文作为参考的表4中鉴定的序列。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因选自:DLK1;Oct4;hNotch1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是DLK1。优选DLK1 RNAi分子得自含有图2a所示序列的核酸序列。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是Oct4。优选Oct4 RNAi分子得自含有图2b所示序列的核酸序列。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是hNotch 1。优选所述hNotch 1 RNAi分子得自含有图2c所示序列的核酸序列。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是hNotch 2。优选所述hNotch 2 RNAi分子得自含有图2d所示序列的核酸序列。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是RBPJk。优选所述RBPJkRNAi分子得自含有图2e所示序列的核酸序列。RBPJk也被称为CBF-1。
在本发明另一个优选的方法中,所述基因是CIR。优选所述CIR RNAi分子得自含有图2f所示序列的核酸序列。
最近30年来,已开发出很多种便于将核酸导入细胞的方法,所述方法是本领域众所周知的,并可用于RNAi。
将核酸导入细胞的方法一般包括使用化学试剂,阳离子脂质或物理方法。便于细胞摄入DNA的化学方法包括使用DEAE-Dextran(Vaheri andPagano Science 175:p434)。DEAE-dextran是带负电的阳离子,它与核酸结合并将核酸导入细胞。磷酸钙也是常用的化学试剂,当与核酸共沉淀时,可将核酸导入细胞(Graham等,Virology(1973)52:p456)。
使用阳离子脂质(例如脂质体(Felgner(1987)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA,84:p7413))已成为一种普通的方法。脂质的阳离子头与待导入的带负电的核酸骨架结合。脂质/核酸复合物与细胞膜结合并与细胞融合以将结合的核酸导入细胞。与现有的方法相比,脂质体介导的核酸转移具有几个优点。例如,使用脂质体介导的转移能更加容易地转染对传统的化学方法不适应的细胞。
最近,导入核酸的物理方法已成为可再现地转染细胞的有效方法。直接进行微量注射就是这样一种方法,它可以将核酸直接传递至细胞核(Capecchi(1980)Cell,22:p479)。该方法允许分析单个细胞转染子。所谓的“biolistic”法使用颗粒枪将核酸物理射入细胞和/或细胞器(Neumann(1982)EMBO J,1:p841)。电穿孔是可论证的、最常用于转染核酸的方法。该方法包括使用高压电荷瞬间穿透细胞膜,使它们能透过大分子复合物。
最近,一种被称为免疫穿孔的方法已成为公认的、用于将核酸导入细胞的技术,参见Bildirici等,Nature(2000)405,p298。该技术包括使用被针对特异性受体的抗体包被的珠。转染混合物包括核酸,抗体包被的珠和表达特异性细胞表面受体的细胞。包被的珠结合细胞表面受体,当将剪切力应用于细胞时,珠会从细胞表面剥离。在除去珠的过程中会产生瞬时的小洞,籍此核酸和/或其它生物分子能进入细胞。根据所用核酸的不同,可获得40-50%的转染效率。另外,通过使RNAi与特异性抗体,配体或受体结合或连接,可以增强RNAi的细胞传递特异性。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了RNAi分子,其特征在于它含有至少一种基因的编码序列,所述基因介导干细胞分化中的至少一个步骤。
在优选的实施方案中,所述编码序列是外显子。
或者,所述RNAi分子得自内含子序列或5’和/或3’-非编码序列,所述序列侧翼于介导干细胞分化的基因的编码/外显子序列。
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中,RNAi分子的长度为100bp-1000bp之间。更优选RNAi的长度选自100bp;200bp;300bp;400bp;500bp;600bp;700bp;800bp;900bp;或1000bp。更优选所述RNAi至少为1000bp。
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中,RNAi分子的长度为15bp和25bp之间,优选所述分子为21bp。
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中,所述RNAi分子含有列入本文作为参考的表4中鉴定的序列。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,所述RNAi分子得自选自下列的基因:DLK1;Oct4;hNotch 1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。优选所述RNAi分子含有选自图2a-2f所示核酸序列的核酸序列。
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中,所述RNAi分子含有经修饰的核糖核苷酸碱基。
本领域技术人员清楚地知道:包含经修饰的碱基,以及天然碱基胞嘧啶,尿嘧啶,腺苷和鸟苷可赋予含有所述经修饰碱基的RNAi分子以有利特性。例如,经修饰的碱基可增加RNAi分子的稳定性,从而减少产生所需效果所需的量。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了分离的DNA分子,其含有如表4中鉴定的DNA登记号所示的基因序列,所述基因介导干细胞分化中的至少一个步骤,其特征在于所述DNA与至少一种能促进与其连接的所述DNA转录的其它DNA分子(“启动子”)可操作连接。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,所述基因选自:DLK1;Oct4;hNotch 1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。优选所述DNA含有选自图2a-2f所示序列的序列。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,所述基因与至少两种启动子一起被提供,其特征在于所述启动子的定向使得含有所述DNA分子的两条DNA链被转录成RNA。
本领域技术人员清楚地知道:通过提供包括与启动子序列可操作连接的靶基因或靶基因片段的载体,可以合成形成RNAi的RNA分子。通常,启动子序列是噬菌体RNA聚合酶启动子(例如T7,T3,SP6)。提供具有多克隆位点的载体是有利的,因为可将基因或基因片段亚克隆至所述位点。通常需改造载体,使得噬菌体启动子侧翼于含有所需基因的多克隆位点。噬菌体启动子的定向使得一个启动子合成有义RNA,另一个噬菌体启动子合成反义RNA。因此,能方便地合成RNAi。
或者,可通过经由寡-合成技术产生嵌合启动子/基因融合物,而将靶基因或靶基因片段直接与噬菌体启动子融合。通过聚合酶链反应能容易地扩增所产生的构建体,从而为制备含有RNAi的RNA分子提供模板。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了包含本发明的DNA分子的载体。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了制备RNAi分子的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)提供根据本发明的DNA分子或载体;
(ii)提供能合成含有所述RNAi分子的每条RNA链的试剂和条件;和
(iii)提供使每条RNA链至少在部分长度上,或者至少在对应于编码所述干细胞基因的核酸序列的部分能够结合的条件,所述基因介导干细胞分化。
优选所述基因或基因片段选自表4所示的基因。
RNA的体外转录是已建立的方法学。试剂盒可以商购,其中提供了便于产生RNA的载体,核糖核苷三磷酸,缓冲液,RNase抑制剂,RNA聚合酶(如噬菌体T7,T3,SP6)。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了促进干细胞分化的体内法,所述方法包括:给动物施用有效量的、足以影响靶干细胞分化的根据本发明的RNAi。优选所述方法促进内源性干细胞的体内分化以原位修复组织损害。
本领域技术人员清楚地知道:RNAi依靠靶基因RNA和RNAi分子之间的同源性。这会在靶向干细胞时赋予RNAi分子显著水平的特异性。例如,在骨髓中发现造血干细胞,可通过直接注射至骨髓组织而将RNAi分子施用给动物。
可将RNAi分子裹入脂质体胶囊中,以提供免受动物免疫系统和/或动物血清中存在的核酸酶破坏的保护作用。
脂质体是脂质基载体,它将选定的治疗剂裹入胶囊中,然后导入患者。通常,可由纯的磷脂或磷脂和磷酸甘油酯的混合物制备脂质体。一般情况下,所制备的脂质体的直径小于200nm,这样可以使其被注射至静脉内,并能穿过肺毛细血管床。另外,脂质体的生物化学特性赋予其穿透血管膜的穿透性,从而能进入选定组织。脂质体还具有相对较短的半寿期。已开发出所谓的STEALTH脂质体,它含有包被在聚乙二醇(PEG)中的脂质体。当静脉内给药于患者时,经PEG处理的脂质体具有显著增加的半寿期。另外,STEALTH脂质体显示出减少的网状内皮系统摄入和增强的选定组织积累。另外,已开发出所谓的免疫-脂质体,该脂质体将脂质基载体与一种或多种抗体混合,用于增加RNAi分子传递至选定细胞/组织的特异性。
US5580575和US5542935中描述了脂质体作为传递工具的用途。
本领域技术人员清楚地知道:可以以口或鼻喷雾剂,气雾剂,悬浮剂,乳剂和/或滴眼液的方式提供RNAi分子。或者也可以以片剂的形式提供RNAi分子。或者,传递方式包括吸入或喷雾。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了治疗组合物,其含有至少一种本发明的RNAi分子。
优选所述RNAi分子用于制备药剂,所述药剂可用于促进干细胞分化以提供分化的细胞/组织用以治疗疾病,其中细胞/组织被所述疾病破坏。所述疾病一般包括:恶性贫血;中风,神经变性疾病,如帕金森病,早老性痴呆;冠状心脏病;肝硬化;糖尿病。显然,可以使用分化的干细胞替换因为例如替换脊髓组织而损害的神经。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,所述治疗性组合物还含有稀释剂,载体或赋形剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了治疗性的细胞组合物,其含有通过导入本发明的RNAi分子或组合物而产生的分化细胞。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了可通过本发明的方法获得的细胞。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,所述细胞选自:神经细胞;间充质细胞;肌肉细胞(心肌细胞);肝细胞;肾细胞;血液细胞(如红细胞,CD4+淋巴细胞,CD8+淋巴细胞);胰腺β细胞;上皮细胞(如肺,胃);和内皮细胞。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了可通过本发明的方法获得的细胞培养物。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了至少一种含有至少一种本发明的细胞的器官。
以下将参照下列附图和表,仅通过实施例描述本发明的实施方案。
表1描述了用于监测干细胞分化的抗体的选择;
表2描述了用于评价干细胞分化的mRNA标记的核酸探针;
表3描述了干细胞分化的蛋白质标记;
表4描述了用于产生基因特异性抑制所用的RNAi的特异性引物和具有DNA数据库登记号的基因序列;
表5简要描述了图3所示的FACS数据;
图1阐明干细胞分化受正和负调节物的控制(A)。所获得的特定细胞表型是激活或抑制特定分化事件的正和负调节物的直接结果。可以使用RNAi控制干细胞最初的分化(A),并通过阻抑一般会促进特定细胞命运的正激活物来控制分化细胞D1和D2最终的命运;
图2a描述了用于扩增δ-样1(DLK1)的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;图2b描述了用于扩增Oct4的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;图2c描述了用于扩增Notch 1的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;图2d描述了用于扩增Notch 2的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;图2e描述了用于扩增RBPJK的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;和图2f描述了用于扩增CIR的正向和反向引物以及扩增的序列;
图3描述了用针对Notch(A),RBPJk(B),Oct 4(C)的RNAi和对照RNAi(D)转染之后,监测NTERA2c1 D1人EC细胞的SSEA3表达的FACS扫描图。用针对a)Notch1和Notch2;b)RBPJk;c)Oct4的RNAi;和d)对照RNAi转染4天之后,通过流式细胞荧光测定分析NTERA2c1 D1人EC细胞的SSEA3表达。每组显示出两个在用单克隆抗体MC631(抗SSEA3),接着用经FITC标记的山羊抗-小鼠IgM染色细胞之后,细胞数目对log荧光强度(任意单位)的直方图。在每组中,一个直方图得自用除RNAi以外的所有相关试剂处理的“模拟”转染细胞;每组中的第二个直方图得自用针对上述基因套的RNAi处理过的细胞。注意:在描述SSEA3+和SSEA3-群体(分别被标记为M1和M2的区域)的所有情况下,细胞表现出两种形式的直方图。注意:在用针对Notch1和Notch2(A组)和Oct4(C组)的RNAi处理之后,SSEA3+群体的荧光强度明显下移,这显示出干细胞分化的证据。在用RBPJk处理的细胞(B组)中,也能明显看到向下的较小变化。如果这些基因产物在维持未分化的EC细胞表型中起作用,并且如果用针对导致这些关键性的调节蛋白下调的相应mRNA的RNAi处理的话,这种结果就是预期的结果。相反,用对照RNAi(D组)处理不会导致SSEA3的任何下调。SSEA3的表达似乎是未分化的EC干细胞表型的非常敏感的标记,并且是通过分化而消失的最快速的标记之一(Fenderson等,1987;Andrews等,1996)。类似地,人ES细胞也表达SSEA3(Thomson等,1998),通过其分化也可快速消失(P W Andrews和J SDraper,结果未公开);
图4描述了(A)阐明Notch和Wnt信号传导途径的图。图中显示了Notch和Wnt信号传导途径。δ/Serrate/Lag(DSL)家族的配体结合Notch受体,导致激活Hairless(Su-H)/CBF1/RBPJk的抑制基因,并使靶基因的转录增强。(B)通过Northern印迹分析NTERA2 EC细胞中DLS配体Dlk和Notch靶基因TLE1的表达。将TLE1鉴定为NTERA2 EC细胞中Notch途径的靶基因。在视黄酸诱导的分化过程中,TLE1显示出与DSL配体Dlk1高度类似的表达模式。用RA处理3天(RA3)后,两个基因显著下调。在随后的时间点,可观察到表达在渐进恢复,一直到RA处理21天(RA21)后。TLE1下调表明细胞已进入分化途径。(C)对经RNAi处理的ES细胞中的TLE1和HASH1进行RT PCR分析。用dsRNA处理3天后,对TLE1和HASH1进行RT-PCR。泳道1:水;泳道2:未经处理的ES细胞;泳道3:模拟转染;泳道4:Notch 1&2 dsRNA;泳道5:Dlk1 dsRNA;泳道6:RBPJk dsRNA;泳道7:CIR dsRNA;泳道8:Oct4 dsRNA;泳道9:对照dsRNA。注意:泳道5和6中的TLE1表达特异性降低,在所述泳道对应的样品中,Notch信号传导途径的组分已被dsRNA靶向。还注意到泳道5中出现HASH1。这些数据表明:细胞开始运行神经分化程序(de la Pompa等,Conservation of the Notch signalling pathway inmammalian neurogenesis,Development 124,1139-1148(1997))。Notch 1&2dsRNA无法导致类似效果的原因是:受体系统的功能过多,或与其它途径组分相关的受体过度丰富。
图5描述了人ES细胞的RNAi,其中使用了得自不同的、与干细胞分化有关的基因的RNAi分子,并使用RT PCR监测mRNA的稳态水平。用dsRNA处理3天后,通过RT PCR分析人胚胎干细胞中靶转录物的丰度。泳道1:水;泳道2:未经处理的ES细胞;泳道3:模拟转染;泳道4:Notch 1&2 dsRNA;泳道5:Dlk1 dsRNA;泳道6:RBPJk(CBF1)dsRNA;泳道7:CIR dsRNA;泳道8:Oct4 dsRNA;泳道9:对照dsRNA。注意:用dsRNA处理之后,靶转录物丰度的特异性降低至少持续3天。在用Notch 1&2,RBPJk(CBF1)和Oct4 dsRNA处理的细胞中,这种效果尤其明显。将β肌动蛋白PCR用作PCR的模板上样对照。
图6描述了NTERA2/D1的RNAi,其中使用了得自不同的、与干细胞分化有关的基因的RNAi分子,并使用RT PCR监测mRNA的稳态水平。用dsRNA处理17小时后,通过RT PCR分析人胚胎瘤细胞系NTERA2中靶转录物的丰度。泳道1:水;泳道2:未经处理的EC细胞;泳道3:Oct4 dsRNA;泳道4:对照dsRNA;泳道5:RBPJk dsRNA;泳道6:Notch 1&2 dsRNA;泳道7:模拟转染。注意:靶转录物丰度的特异性降低至少持续3天。在用Notch 1&2,RBPJk(CBF1)和Oct4 dsRNA处理的细胞中,这种效果尤其明显。将β肌动蛋白PCR用作PCR的模板上样对照。
材料和方法细胞培养
在含10% CO2的潮湿气氛中,在添加有10% v/v胎牛血清(GIBCOBRL)的DMEM(高葡萄糖配方)(DMEM)(GIBCO BRL)内,按文献(Andrews等,1982,1984b)所述,以高细胞密度维持NTERA2和2102Ep人EC细胞系。合成双链RNA
针对所需mRNA序列设计PCR引物以使产物大小为500bp左右。在每个引物的5’末端添加T7 RNA聚合酶启动子,其含有下列序列之一:TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG;AATTATAATACGACTCACTATA。使用这些引物对适当的cDNA来源(例如得自欲靶向的细胞类型)进行PCR,克隆产物,对其进行测序以证实其同一性。使用经测序的克隆为模板,按需要再次进行PCR以产生RNA合成所用的模板DNA。在每种情况下,通过琼脂糖电泳少量PCR产物以证实产物大小和丰度,而通过碱性苯酚/氯仿提取纯化其余PCR产物。根据厂商提供的方法,使用Megascript试剂盒(Ambion公司)合成RNA,并用酸性苯酚/氯仿提取所述RNA。在单个反应中同时合成RNA互补链使得对退火步骤的需求不复存在。然而,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳进一步证实合成RNA的品质和双链化,所需产物的迁移方式与所预期的相同长度的双链DNA的迁移方式相同。用dsRNA处理人细胞以产生RNAi
下列方法描述了6孔培养板中所培养细胞的RNAi。针对较大或较小的培养容器,可以适当调节体积和细胞数目的规模。在处理前一天,以每孔500,000个细胞的密度接种细胞,并在其普通培养基中培养细胞。针对待处理的每个孔,用300μl 150mM NaCl稀释9.5μg所需双链RNA。在稀释的RNA溶液中加入21μl ExGen 500(MBI Fermentas),涡旋混合。室温下保温dsRNA/ExGen500混合物10分钟。然后加入3ml新鲜的细胞生长培养基,产生RNAi处理培养基。从培养容器中吸出生长培养基,每孔替代以3ml RNAi处理培养基。然后以280g离心培养容器5分钟,再将培养容器放回温箱中。12-18小时之后,用普通生长培养基替换RNAi处理培养基,按需维持细胞。产生Oct4 RNAi
针对所需的Oct4 mRNA序列设计PCR引物以使产物大小为500bp左右。在每个引物的5’末端添加T7 RNA聚合酶启动子,其含有下列序列:taatacgactcactataggg。使用这些引物对适当的cDNA来源(例如得自欲靶向的细胞类型)进行PCR,克隆产物,对其进行测序以证实其同一性。使用经测序的克隆为模板,按需要再次进行PCR以产生RNA合成所用的模板Oct4 DNA。在每种情况下,通过琼脂糖电泳少量PCR产物以证实产物大小和丰度,而通过碱性苯酚/氯仿提取纯化其余PCR产物。根据厂商提供的方法,使用Megascript试剂盒(Ambion公司)合成RNA,并用酸性苯酚/氯仿提取所述RNA。在单个反应中同时合成RNA互补链使得对退火步骤的需求不复存在。然而,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳进一步证实合成RNA的品质和双链化,所需产物的迁移方式与所预期的相同长度的双链DNA的迁移方式相同。用Oct4 dsRNA处理人EC细胞以产生RNAi
下列方法描述了6孔培养板中所培养细胞的Oct4 RNAi。针对较大或较小的培养容器,可以适当调节体积和细胞数目的规模。
在处理前一天,以每孔500,000个细胞的密度接种细胞,并在其普通培养基中培养细胞。在处理的当天,在待处理的每个孔中的100μlOptimem(Gibco BRL)内加入每份为15μl的Lipofectin(Gibco BRL)等分试样。同时,在待处理的每个孔中的300μl Optimem内加入6μg Oct 4dsRNA。室温下保温Lipofectin-Optimem和dsRNA-Optimem溶液40分钟,然后混合产生每孔总体积约为415μl的RNAi处理培养基。使用前在室温下将处理培养基保温10分钟。届时,从细胞中吸出生长培养基,并用3ml PBS冲洗每个孔。然后用RNAi处理培养基代替PBS进行冲洗,每孔再添加0.5ml Optimem。将培养容器放回温箱中达6.5小时,然后吸出处理培养基,替代以普通生长培养基。处理3天后,通过PCR检测靶mRNA抑制作用。将RNAi导入细胞系
在6孔培养板中的3cm3 Dulbecco改进的Eagles培养基内,以2×105个细胞/孔的密度接种人EC干细胞,放置3小时。在培养基中加入6μgRNAi,室温下振荡细胞30分钟。
在培养基中加入胎牛血清(GIBCO BRL)至浓度为10%,培养细胞。产生总RNA
抽吸生长中的细胞培养物以除去DME和胎牛血清。通过用磷酸缓冲盐水冲洗除去极少量的胎牛血清。在细胞中加入新鲜的PBS,使用酸洗玻璃珠从培养容器中取出细胞。以300xg离心所得细胞悬浮液。从沉淀物中吸出PBS。以1ml/107个细胞的量加入Tri试剂(Sigma,USA),室温下放置10分钟。于4℃,以12000xg将该反应的裂解物离心15分钟。将所得水相转移至新容器中,加入0.5ml异丙醇/ml trizol以沉淀RNA。于4℃,以12000xg离心10分钟以沉淀RNA。除去上清液,用70%乙醇洗涤沉淀物。将经洗涤的RNA溶解于经DEPC处理的双蒸水中。分析因暴露于RNAi而导致的EC干细胞分化
暴露于对应于特定的关键性调节基因的RNAi之后,用多种方法监测EC细胞随后的分化。一种方法是监测干细胞表型典型标记的消失;另一种方法是监测与所导致的特定谱系有关的标记的出现。相关标记包括表面抗原,mRNA类和特定的蛋白质。通过抗体染色和FACS分析转染子
用胰蛋白酶(0.25% v/v)将细胞处理5分钟以分散细胞;洗涤并重新悬浮细胞至2×105个细胞/ml。于4℃,在旋转振荡器上,在96孔培养板内,将该细胞悬浮液与50μl第一抗体保温1小时。将骨髓瘤细胞系P3X63Ag8的上清液用作阴性对照。以100rpm离心96孔培养板3分钟。用含有5%胎牛血清的PBS将培养板洗涤3次以除去未结合的抗体。然后于4℃,将细胞与50μl适当的FITC-缀合的第二抗体保温1小时。用PBS+5%胎牛血清将细胞洗涤3次,并使用EPICS elite ESP流式细胞计数器(Coultereletronics,U.K.)进行分析(Andrews等,1982)。对RNA进行Northern印迹分析
RNA分离所依赖的原理一般与标准DNA相同,但不同的是RNA倾向于与其自身或其它RNA分子杂交。在凝胶基质中使用甲醛以与RNA的胺基反应并形成Schiff碱。对纯化的RNA进行标准的琼脂糖凝胶电泳。对大多数RNA而言,1%琼脂糖凝胶就足够了。在1XMOPS缓冲液中制备琼脂糖,并加入0.66M甲醛。重建干燥的RNA样品,在RNA上样缓冲液中变性,并上样于凝胶中。电泳凝胶约3小时(直至染料到达凝胶的3/4处)。
获得RNA的清晰印迹的主要问题是存在甲醛。将电泳过的凝胶浸泡在蒸馏水中20分钟,并且换4次水,以从基质中除去甲醛。转移部件的装配方式与DNA(Southern)印迹的完全相同。但是所用转移缓冲液是10XSSPE。将凝胶转移过夜。将膜浸泡在2XSSPE中以从转移部件中除去任何琼脂糖,将RNA固定在膜上。使用短-波(254nM)UV光进行固定。将固定的膜烘1-2小时以驱除任何残留的甲醛。
在含甲酰胺的水相中进行杂交以降低给定探针的杂交温度。在Northern预杂交溶液中使RNA印迹预杂交2-4小时。于95℃将经标记的DNA探针变性5分钟,并加入印迹中。所有杂交步骤都在温箱的摇瓶中进行。在预杂交溶液中,使探针杂交过夜至少16小时。使用一套标准的洗涤溶液。
通过使用含有洗涤缓冲液的较低浓度的盐获得洗涤严紧度。下列为洗涤程序:
2X SSPE 15分钟 室温
2X SSPE 15分钟 室温
2X SSPE/0.1%SDS 45分钟 65℃
2X SSPE/0.1%SDS 45分钟 65℃
0.1X SSPE 15分钟 室温制备经放射性标记的DNA探针
使用Feinberg和Vogelstein的方法(Feinberg和Vogelstein,1983)对DNA进行放射性标记。简单地说,该方法使用随机序列六核苷酸,在变性DNA模板的多个位点处引发使用Klenow DNA聚合酶I片段的DNA合成。使用预先形成的试剂盒将有助于结果的一致性。在水中制备5-100ng DNA片段(得自PCR或限制性消化的凝胶纯化产物),于95℃与随机的六聚体一起变性5分钟。在冰上淬灭冷却混合物,加入下列组分:
5μl[α-32P]dATP 3000 Ci/mmol
1μl Klenow DNA聚合酶(4U)
然后在37℃保温反应1小时。用自旋柱(Nucleon Biosciences)除去未掺入的核苷酸。产生cDNA
使用被寡(dT)和(dN)引物引发的、重组Moloney-鼠白血病病毒(M-MLV)逆转录酶的3’至5’聚合酶活性,使RNA酶促转变为单链cDNA。使用单链cDNA进行逆转录-聚合酶链反应。由1μg poly(A)+RNA合成cDNA,或者使总RNA与下列组分保温:
1.0μM 寡(dT)引物(针对总RNA)或随机六聚体(针对mRNA)
0.5mM 10mM dNTP混合物
1U/μl RNA酶抑制剂(Promega)
1.0U/μl 溶于厂商提供的缓冲液的M-MLV逆转录酶(Promega)于42℃将反应保温2-3小时。荧光自动测序
为了检查用于产生RNAi生产所用模板的PCR引物的特异性,使用经棱镜荧光标记的链终止测序试剂盒(Perkin-Elmer)进行自动测序(Prober等,1987)。在8μl棱镜预混合物中加入适当量的模板(200ng质粒,100ngPCR产物),10μM测序引物(一般为50% G-C含量的20聚体),使总反应体积达到20μl。进行24轮PCR(94℃ 10秒,50℃ 10秒,60℃ 4分钟)。热循环之后,通过加入2μl 3M醋酸钠和50μl 100%乙醇沉淀产物。以13000rpm将DNA沉淀至Eppendorf微量离心管中,用70%乙醇洗涤1次,真空干燥。通过机构内部的测序服务(Krebs研究所)分析样品。将干燥的样品重新悬浮于4μl甲酰胺上样缓冲液中,变性并上样于ABI 373自动测序仪。收集粗序列,使用ABI棱镜软件进行分析,所提供的结果为分析的直方图形式。通过SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测特异性蛋白质靶
为了得到细胞裂解物,用添加有2mM CaCl2的冰冷的PBS将细胞单层冲洗3次。于4℃,将细胞与1ml/75cm2烧瓶裂解缓冲液(1% v/v NP40,1% v/v DOC,0.1mM PMSF,溶于PBS)保温15分钟。将细胞裂解物转移至eppendorf管中,并流经21号针头以剪切DNA。接着进行冻融,再进行离心(30分钟,4℃,15000g)以除去不溶性物质。使用商购的蛋白质检测法(Biorad)测定上清液的蛋白质浓度,将浓度调节为1.3mg/ml。通过加入4倍Laemmli电泳样品缓冲液并煮沸5分钟来制备SDS-PAGE样品。用16μg蛋白质在10%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(Laennli,1970)上电泳之后,将蛋白质转移至孔径为0.45μm的硝酸-纤维素膜上。用PBS和0.05%吐温(PBS-T)洗涤印迹。用含5%奶粉的PBS-T封闭印迹(60分钟,室温)。将印迹与适当的第一抗体保温。使用经辣根过氧化物酶标记的第二抗体,通过ECL(Amersham,Bucks.,UK)观察抗体结合。除非另有说明,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹所用的材料得自Biorad(California,USA)。
表1:用于检测干细胞分化的抗体
抗体 | 类 | 种 | 检测的细胞类型 | 分化的变化 | 参考文献 |
TRA-1-60 | IgM | 小鼠 | 人EC,ES细胞 | ↓分化 | Andrewset.al.,1984a |
TRA-1-81 | IgM | 小鼠 | 人EC,ES细胞 | ↓分化 | Andrewset.al.,1984a |
SSEA3 | IgM | 大鼠 | 人EC,ES细胞 | ↓分化 | Shevinskyet al 1982,Fendersonet al 1987 |
SSEA4 | IgG | 小鼠 | 人EC,ES细胞 | ↓分化 | Kannagi etal 1983Fendersonet al 1987 |
A2B5 | IgM | 小鼠 | ↓分化 | Fendersonet al 1987 | |
ME311 | IgG | 小鼠 | ↓分化 | Fendersonet al 1987 | |
VIN-IS-56 | IgM | 小鼠 | ↓分化 | Andrews etal 1990 | |
VIN-IS-53 | IgG | 小鼠 | ↓分化 | Andrews etal 1990 |
表2:用于评价分化的mRNA标记的探针
表3:通过Western印迹和/或免疫荧光检测的分化蛋白质标记
基因 | 细胞类型 |
突触泡蛋白 | 神经元 |
NeuroD1 | 神经元 |
MyoD1 | 肌肉 |
胶原 | 软骨 |
α-肌动蛋白 | 骨胳肌 |
平滑肌肌动蛋白 | 平滑肌 |
通过适当的商购抗体检测下列抗体
细胞类型 | 抗原 |
神经元 | 神经丝 |
胶质细胞 | GFAP |
上皮细胞 | 细胞角蛋白 |
间充质细胞 | 波形蛋白 |
肌肉 | 结蛋白 |
肌肉 | 组织特异性肌动蛋白 |
结缔组织细胞 | 胶原 |
表4:用于产生基因特异性抑制所用dsRNA的特异性引物所有序列
以5’至3’方向书写
基因名称 | 登记号 | PCR引物序列 | 位置 | |
Notch途径 | ||||
配体 | ||||
DII-1 | AF003522 | |||
DII3 | NM_016941 | |||
DII4 | NM_019454 | |||
DIK-1 | NM_003836 | taatacgactcactatagggcctcttgctcctgctggcttttaatacgactcactatagggatgggttgggggtgcagctgtt | ||
Jagged1 | U73936 | |||
Jagged2 | NM_002226 | |||
受体 | ||||
Notchl | M73980 | gcggccgcctttgtggttctgttcgccggcgcgtcctcctcttcc | 5224-5726 |
Notch2 | In-house序列 | gccagaatgatgctacctgttagagcagcaccaatggaac | ||
Notch3 | U97669 | aagttacccccaagaggcaagtgttaaggaaatgagaggccagaaggaga | 7013-7348 | |
Notch4 | U95299 | ggctgcccctcccactctcgcagcccgggccccaggatag | 3727-4132 | |
下游 | ||||
TLE-1 | NM_005077 | |||
TLE-2 | M99436 | |||
TLE-3 | M99438 | |||
TLE-4 | M99439 | |||
TCF7 | NM_003202 | |||
TCFFL2 | Y11306 | |||
TCF3 | M31523 | |||
TCF19 | NM_007109 | |||
TCF1 | NM_000545 | |||
mfringe | NM_002405 | |||
lfringe | U94354 | |||
rFringe | AF108139 | |||
Sell | AF157516 | |||
Numb | NM_003744 | |||
LNX | Nm_010727 | |||
Wingless途径 | ||||
配体 | ||||
Wnt1 | NM_005430 | |||
Wnt2 | NM_003391 | |||
Wnt2B | NM_004185 | tgagtggttcctgtactctgactcacactgggtaacacgg | 1159-1503 | |
Wnt5A | L20861 | |||
Wnt6 | AF079522 | |||
Wnt7A | NM_004625 | |||
Wnt8B | NM_003393 | |||
Wnt10B | NM_003394 | |||
Wnt11 | NM_004626 | |||
Wnt14 | AF028702 | |||
Wnt15 | AF028703 | |||
Wnt16 | AF169963 |
受体 | ||||
FZD1 | NM_003505 | |||
FZD2 | NM_001466 | tacccagagcggcctatcatttttacgaagccggccaggaggaaggac | 955-1439 | |
FZD3 | NM_017412 | |||
FZD4 | NM_012193 | |||
FZD5 | NM_003468 | |||
FZD6 | NM_003506 | tggcctgaggagcttgaatgtgacatcgcccagcaaaaatccaatgaa | 607-1026 | |
FZD7 | NM_003507 | |||
FZD8 | AA481448 | |||
FZD9 | NM_003508 | |||
FZD10 | NM_007197 | |||
FRZB | NM_001463 | |||
胞外效应子 | ||||
SFRP1 | NM_003012 | |||
SFRP2 | AF017986 | |||
SFRP4 | AF026692 | agaggagtggctgcaatgaggtcgcgcccggctgttttctt | 877-1178 | |
SFRP5 | NM_003015 | |||
SK | AB020315 | |||
CER1 | NM_005454 | |||
WIF-1 | NM_007191 | |||
DVL1 | U46461 | |||
DVL2 | NM_004422 | |||
DVL3 | NM_004423 | |||
转录因子 | ||||
Oct4 | Z11899 | taatacgactcactatagggagcagcttgggctcgagaagtaatacgactcactatagggccctttg | ||
tgttcccaattcc | ||||
Brachyury | NM_003181 | |||
NeuroD1 | NM_002500 | |||
NeuroD2 | NM_006160 | |||
NeuroD3 | U63842 | |||
MyoD | NM_002478 | |||
MDFI | NM_005586 | |||
REST | NM_005612 |
平均荧光强度
(Log规模,任意单位)处理
M1=SSEA3(+)
M2=SSEA3(-)模拟(对照) 319 2.0RNAi(Notch1+Notch2) 195 1.7RNAi(RBPJK) 267 1.8RNAi(Oct4) 181 1.6RNAi对照 354 1.7表5:如图3附图说明中所述,用dsRNA处理的NTERA2细胞亚群SSEA-3(+)和SSEA-3(-)(M1和M2)的平均荧光强度
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Claims (51)
1.调制干细胞分化状态的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)使干细胞与至少一种抑制性RNA(RNAi)分子接触,所述分子含有能介导所述细胞分化的至少一个步骤的基因的序列或其有效部分;
(ii)提供有助于上述(i)中处理的细胞生长和分化的条件;和任选地
(iii)维持和/或储存分化状态的细胞。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述条件是体外细胞培养条件。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述干细胞选自:畸胎瘤细胞;胚胎干细胞;胚胎生殖细胞;造血干细胞;肌肉干细胞;神经干细胞;和皮肤真皮鞘干细胞。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述干细胞是胚胎干细胞。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述干细胞是胚胎生殖细胞。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述干细胞是畸胎瘤细胞。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中所述细胞表面受体选自:人Notch 1(hNotch 1);hNotch 2;hNotch 3;hNotch 4;TLE-1;TLE-2;TLE-3;TLE-4;TCF7;TCF7L1;TCFFL2;TCF3;TCF19;TCF1;mFringe;lFringe;rFringe;sel 1;Numb;Numblike;LNX;FZD1;FZD2;FZD3;FZD4;FZD5;FZD6;FZD7;FZD8;FZD9;FZD10;和FRZB。
8.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中所述配体选自:D11-1;D113;D114;Dlk-1;Jagged 1;Jagged 2;Wnt 1;Wnt 2;Wnt 2b;Wnt 3;Wnt3a;Wnt 5a;Wnt 6;Wnt 7a;Wnt 7b;Wnt 8a;Wnt 8b;Wnt 10b;Wnt 11;Wnt14;Wnt 15。
9.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中所述基因选自:SFRP 1;SFRP 2;SFRP 4;SFRP 5;SK;DKK 3;CER 1;WIF-1;DVL1;DVL2;DVL3;DVL1L1;mFringe;lFringe;rFringe;sel11;Numb;LNX Oct4;NeuroD1;NeuroD2;NeuroD3;Brachyury;MDFI;CBF-1和CIR。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的方法,其中所述基因含有至少一个由表4中的DNA数据库登记号确定的基因。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中所述基因选自DLK1;Oct 4;hNotch 1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是DLK1。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中RNAi分子得自含有图2a所示序列的核酸序列。
14.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是Oct 4。
15.根据权利要求14的方法,其中RNAi分子得自含有图2b所示序列的核酸序列。
16.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是hNotch 1。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中所述RNAi分子得自含有图2c所示序列的核酸序列。
18.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是hNotch 2。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其中所述RNAi分子得自含有图2d所示序列的核酸序列。
20.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是RBPJk。
21.根据权利要求20的方法,其中所述RNAi分子得自含有图2e所示序列的核酸序列。
22.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述基因是CIR。
23.根据权利要求22的方法,其中所述RNAi分子得自含有图2f所示序列的核酸序列。
24.RNAi分子,其特征在于所述分子含有至少一种基因的编码序列,所述基因介导干细胞分化中的至少一个步骤。
25.根据权利要求24的RNAi分子,其中所述编码序列是外显子。
26.根据权利要求24或25的RNAi分子,其中所述分子的长度为100bp-1000bp。
27.根据权利要求28的RNAi分子,其中所述分子的长度选自100bp;200bp;300bp;400bp;500bp;600bp;700bp;800bp;900bp;或1000bp。
28.根据权利要求24或25的RNAi分子,其中所述分子的长度至少为1000bp。
29.根据权利要求24或25的RNAi分子,其中所述分子的长度为15bp到25bp。
30.根据权利要求30的RNAi分子,其中所述分子的长度为21bp。
31.根据权利要求24-30中任一项的RNAi分子,其中所述分子含有由表4中的DNA数据库登记号确定的序列。
32.根据权利要求31的RNAi分子,其中所述RNAi得自选自下列的基因:DLK1;Oct4;hNotch 1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。
33.根据权利要求32的RNAi分子,其中所述RNAi分子含有选自图2a-2f所示核酸序列的核酸序列。
34.根据权利要求24-33中任一项的RNAi分子,其中所述分子含有经修饰的核糖核苷酸碱基。
35.分离的DNA分子,其含有如表4中鉴定的DNA登记号所示的基因序列,所述基因介导干细胞分化中的至少一个步骤,其特征在于所述DNA与至少一种能促进与其连接的所述DNA转录的其它DNA分子(“启动子”)可操作连接。
36.根据权利要求35的分离的DNA分子,其中所述基因选自DLK1;Oct4;hNotch 1;hNotch 2;RBPJk和CIR。
37.根据权利要求36的分离的DNA分子,其中所述分子含有选自图2a-2f所示序列的序列。
38.根据权利要求35-37中任一项的分离的DNA分子,其中所述基因与至少两种启动子一起被提供,其特征在于所述启动子的定向使得含有所述DNA分子的两条DNA链被转录成RNA。
39.包含根据权利要求35-38中任一项的DNA分子的载体。
40.制备RNAi分子的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)提供至少一种根据权利要求35-38中任一项的分离的DNA分子或根据权利要求39的载体;
(ii)提供能合成含有所述RNAi分子的每条RNA链的试剂和条件;和
(iii)提供使每条RNA链至少在其部分长度上,或者至少在对应于编码所述干细胞基因的核酸序列的部分能够结合的条件,所述基因介导干细胞分化。
41.根据权利要求40的方法,其中所述基因选自由表4中的DNA数据库登记号鉴定的基因。
42.促进干细胞分化的方法,所述方法包括:给动物施用有效量的、足以影响靶干细胞分化的根据权利要求24-34中任一项的RNAi。
43.治疗性组合物,其含有至少一种根据权利要求24-34中任一项的RNAi分子。
44.根据权利要求26-36中任一项的至少一种RNAi分子用于制备药剂的用途,所述药剂可用于促进干细胞分化以提供分化的细胞/组织用以治疗疾病,其中细胞/组织被所述疾病破坏。
45.根据权利要求44的用途,其中所述疾病选自恶性贫血;中风,神经变性疾病,如帕金森病,早老性痴呆;冠状心脏病;肝硬化;和糖尿病。
46.根据权利要求43的治疗性组合物或根据权利要求44或45的用途,其进一步含有稀释剂,载体或赋形剂。
47.治疗性的细胞组合物,其含有通过导入根据权利要求24-34中任一项的RNAi分子而产生的分化细胞。
48.通过根据权利要求1-23中任一项的方法获得的细胞。
49.通过根据权利要求48的方法获得的细胞,其中所述细胞选自:神经细胞;肌肉细胞;肝细胞;肾细胞;血液细胞(如红细胞,CD4+细胞,CD8+细胞);胰腺β细胞;上皮细胞(如肺,胃,肠)。
50.通过根据权利要求1-23中任一项的方法获得的细胞培养物。
51.含有至少一种根据权利要求48或49的细胞的器官。
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