CN1413286A - 海底油井修理船 - Google Patents

海底油井修理船 Download PDF

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CN1413286A
CN1413286A CN00817656A CN00817656A CN1413286A CN 1413286 A CN1413286 A CN 1413286A CN 00817656 A CN00817656 A CN 00817656A CN 00817656 A CN00817656 A CN 00817656A CN 1413286 A CN1413286 A CN 1413286A
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CN1228534C (zh
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安东尼·P·海恩斯
科林·琼斯
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Multi Operational Service Tankers Inc
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B15/00—Supports for the drilling machine, e.g. derricks or masts
    • E21B15/02—Supports for the drilling machine, e.g. derricks or masts specially adapted for underwater drilling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
    • B63B35/44—Floating buildings, stores, drilling platforms, or workshops, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
    • B63B35/4413—Floating drilling platforms, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/08—Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure
    • E21B21/085—Underbalanced techniques, i.e. where borehole fluid pressure is below formation pressure

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Abstract

一种海底油井修理船，包括一可动态定位的油轮以及安装在该油轮甲板上的直接油井修理设备。直接油井修理设备可以被安装在位于该油轮主甲板上方的上部结构上，并且包括用于负压非旋转钻井以及烃液体分离的设备。该液体分离设备与该油轮的储罐相连，从而装盛分离出的烃液体以贮存。

Description

海底油井修理船
                       技术领域
本发明涉及一种海底油井修理船(intervention vessel)。
                       背景技术
烃开采井利用旋转钻井装置来建造。旋转钻井装置从地表驱动，对于海底油井来说，通常由安装在位于该油井上方的钻井平台上的钻塔来驱动。该钻井平台可安装于海底或者可以是半潜式装置，除了在最极端的条件下，该半潜式装置可在所有情况下保持其位置。钻井完成以后，该井以管道衬里以使烃液体从该管道延伸入的任何油气储藏地流经该管道。在一些岩层中，烃液体和水占据相同的储集层，烃液体在水的上部形成一层。如果油井的开采油管穿透初始由烃液体占据的岩层，则当液体流至油井管道时，会出现通常所说的“水锥”现象，即烃液体与水之间的界面朝着油井向上倾斜。该效应是由于液体通过该岩层流向油井管道而在储集层岩层内形成的压力梯度引起的。如果锥形界面的尖端到达该油井管道，则大量的水会流入该油井管道，降低烃液体的产率并增加将所开采的烃液体与水分离的成本。
在水锥已成为问题的油井中，众所周知的是进行进一步的钻井作业以防止水锥的形成或将水锥的形成减至最小。例如，可利用底孔钻井装置(bottom hole drilling assembly)来钻进该烃液体托承岩层。这可利用常规的钻井技术来完成，但这种技术需要关闭该油井，并经常需要撤除该油井的管道衬里。这带来相当大的成本及风险。另外，烃液体托承岩层会被额外的钻井作业所需的钻井液破坏。
为了避免钻井修理导致的油井损失或破坏的可能，已开发出一种先进的钻井技术，该技术可以完成技术上困难的钻探，而没有破坏岩层的大的风险。该技术被称为“负压(underbalanced)”钻井。利用负压钻井，该油井一直运转(地面上是正压)。这可以或者利用轻的钻井液或者依赖使用特制的防喷器(blow out preventer)装置的气举控制(gas lift control)来完成。一干净的钻井液被泵送到井下，并与允许流到井上的地层流体混合，该流动将岩屑输送到地面。然后将五相(气、油、地层水、钻井液和钻井固体)分离。在陆地上，由于空间不是非常珍贵，所以这是一个简单的过程。然而，该设备较大并且被认为不适于海上作业。
可利用常规的旋转钻井或者卷绕油管钻井(coiled tubing drilling)进行负压钻井。在北海的UK(英国)区，已经利用负压旋转钻井钻了4口油井，但这仅仅可以使用较大的固定(海底支撑)钻井平台。在陆地上，已经使用了卷绕油管钻井。在这些已知的应用中，一根存放在一卷轴上的长的无缝钢管通过一抵抗工作井压的喷射泵(injector)推入该油井中。一涡轮钻具安装于该管的底端，并且水压通过该管而传递到该涡轮钻具上。这驱动该涡轮并使钻井得以进行。该管的小直径(通常为1至27/8″)使得该管能够穿过现有的油井内衬管(通常被称为完井(completion))，从而不引发由于撤除该衬管而造成的相当大的成本和风险。
可使用轻型修理船，其使诸如油井的维修(例如测井和日常维护)的操作得以进行。然而，这种船对于需要钻井的修理工作来说不是合适的钻井平台，这是由于它们对于这种操作来说不够稳定，而且不能进行负压钻井，因为它们太小以至于不能装载这种钻井所产生的大量材料。此外，轻型修理船与其所产生的收益相比需要大的资本投入，特别是由于它们在恶劣天气下极易受损坏，从而修理成本相对较高并且时间利用率较低。当然可以利用半潜式钻井平台来进行油井修理，但是半潜式钻井平台迄今为止还不能用于负压钻井。即便这种方法也需要辅助船来装盛所产生的液体和固体。因此，还没有在浮动单元上使用负压卷绕油管钻井的尝试。
                       发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供一种海底油井修理船，其能够以这样的方式再进入现有的生产井，该方式可使油井修理工作得以实施，而不用取消油井的生产模式，并且不会使海底开采系统受到例如钻井固体的油井修理排出物的污染。
根据本发明，提供一种海底油井修理船，其包括一可动态定位的油轮以及安装在该油轮甲板上的直接油井修理设备(direct well interventionequipment)，该直接油井修理设备包括负压非旋转钻井设备(equipment forunderbalanced non-rotating drilling)以及与该油轮的储罐相连的烃液体分离设备，从而分离出的烃液体可被储存在油轮中。
本发明还提供一种进行海上负压钻井的方法，其中具有安装在其甲板上的直接油井修理设备的油轮被动态定位在自海底油井延伸的竖管(riser)的上方，将该油井修理设备与竖管相连，进行负压非旋转钻井，最终的多相混合物在油轮上被分离，并且分离出的烃液体被储存在油轮的储罐中。
术语“非旋转钻井”在此处被用来包括钻柱不旋转的任何钻井，其包括但不局限于使用通过不旋转钻柱驱动的旋转钻头的负压钻井。
油井修理设备可以被安装于常规穿梭油轮(shuttle tanker)的主甲板之上的上部结构上。卷绕油管设备可邻近滑行甲板(skid deck)安装，该滑行甲板可被移动到船舷外卷绕油管设备与之相连的油井竖管上方。于是通过将穿梭油轮动态定位在油井竖管附近、将滑行甲板移动到船舷外的位置上、将卷绕油管设备连接至该竖管、并在该竖管所连接的油井内执行所需的修理，油井修理得以完成，在卷绕油管钻井过程中产生的液体和固体用安装在上部结构上的设备分离，并且将烃液体从分离设备输送到该穿梭油轮的油库中保存。
作为将可移动的滑行甲板设置在船舷外位置处的替换方案，该钻井设备可邻近穿过该油轮甲板而延伸的月池(moon pool)来安装。
                       附图说明
现在将参照附图，通过举例来描述本发明的实施例，其中：
图1是从可得到的资料中获得的表示水锥现象的略图；
图2是从公开的资料中获得的表示在图1所示的结构中进行卷绕油管钻井以提高烃液体的产率的结果的再一个示图；
图3是含有本发明的直接油井修理设备的公知北海穿梭油轮的侧视图；
图4是图3的侧视图所示的直接油井修理设备的示意布置图；以及
图5是油轮的示意图，该油轮具有月池，通过月池可进行卷绕油管钻井。
                     具体实施方式
参照图1，该图示出了含有位于水托承层2之上的烃托承层1的一系列岩层。油井3钻通岩层1和2。烃液体和水中存在压力，使得形成了向油井3的流动。作为该流动的结果，在油井3的周围形成“水锥”4，结果在烃液体和水之间形成锥形界面5。如果油井3用钢管衬里向下直至岩层1的顶部，并且水锥到达油井衬里部分附近，则会开采出大量的水。显然，这是非常不利的，因此在受到水锥效应影响的油井中进行修理已是公知的。图2说明了这种修理的结果。
参照图2，示出一个支井(branch well)6，该支井被钻入岩层1中。钻这样一个支井6可显著地提高由烃液体组成的开采液体的比例。众所周知，是采用卷绕油管钻井技术来形成如图2的支井6的支井。然而，当采用这种技术时为了避免钻探固体破坏该油井，有必要保持负压条件(underbalanced conditions)(即在井3的顶部保持正压)。这种技术从未在海上应用，因为所产生的大量的材料仅能在大的装置中装运。
图3说明了实施本发明的穿梭油轮。图3基于从“第一奥尔逊油轮”提取的图，并且显示了在北海上广泛使用的穿梭油轮的类型。对标准穿梭油轮所作的唯一改动在于在油轮的主甲板上上部结构7的安装，例如在大约3m的高度上，从而越过已安装的甲板管道和通风孔。在该上部结构上，安装了直接油井修理所需的全部设备，包括一吊车8。图3的上部结构上所安装的设备的设计详图在图4中示出。
参照图4，滑行甲板9居中安装在上部结构7上与龙门吊10相邻。常规型式的卷绕油管钻井设备11毗邻龙门吊10安装。分离器总成12和辅助钻井配套设备总成13也安装在上部结构7上。完成所需的直接油井修理所需的其他所有设备也安装在上部结构7上。分离器总成12与适当布置的火炬烟囱相连，例如在该船的船尾处(未示出)，并与该油轮的储罐相连，从而使开采出来的烃液体可被存储以备随后的运输。
使用中，该油轮被动态定位在海底油井竖管附近。接着，滑行甲板9移动到舷外位置(未示出)竖管上方以使卷绕油管装置11连接至该竖管。接着通过该竖管可进行适当的修理，并且，特别是，卷绕油管钻井可按一种方式进行，该方式产生多相混合物，该混合物随后在分离器总成12中分离成各自不同的相。
参照图3和4描述的系统代表了在海上钻井、测试、废物处理和油井维护上的突破。油轮货舱在负压钻井期间可被用来收集开采出的石油。该系统使得能直接测试海底油井以延长其使用期限。该系统可被用于长期注水试验，并且还允许将废物处理到海底油井中。相反，现有系统不能进行卷绕油管钻井并且不能收集开采出的石油，在钻井过程中石油被开采出来的情况下，需要一个单独的穿梭油轮。
此外，穿梭油轮的最初的特征被保留下来，因此当不被用于直接油井修理时，该船仍可在租船市场上被雇用。因此，本发明提供了用卷绕油管钻井完成直接油井修理的问题的一种解决方法，并且没有与建造和运行专用船有关的大的成本。
一艘带动态定位的标准北海用穿梭油轮可以很容易地包租下来，并在已安装的甲板管道及通风孔的上方安装新的甲板。在该甲板上可以安装合适的设备，诸如：
一个具有海底控制板的滑动安装的井架升降机操作单元；
用于海底油井修理设备的桩(stump)；
一管道架；
卷绕油管卷盘、控制单元和电源组；
灌浆单元(cementing unit)和混合器；
开采测试设备，包括：节流总管、加热处理器、分离器、除气罩和废气炬；
压井泥浆罐；
一密闭循环系统，用来处理负压钻井过程中的钻井泥浆和钻孔产生的固体；
化学和固体废物储罐；
用于海底设备和备件的吊车工时(craneage)；
用于工作和观察任务的遥控运载工具；
用于冷却和救火的供水系统；
大概的情况是有大约2000口海底完井现在正在运行。利用本发明，这些完井每天用大约100,000美元即可运行，而与此相反，当前报出的成本为每天大约200,000到300,000美元。这样，本发明极大地影响处于经济紧缩环境中的海上工业的技术能力，该工业面临着此环境。
卷绕油管钻井解决方案包括用于标准泥浆循环系统的低成本的井底装置以及一基于电缆的底部钻孔装置，该底部钻孔装置充分利用了通管钻井(through-tubing drilling)的优点，包括使用发泡和空气系统。本发明使得陆地负压钻井技术可以转用到海上而不需很大的设备改进。它还允许开采大量的烃而不需附加的贮存罐，因此减小了对资金周转的需求，同时避免了由于钻井操作对油井造成的破坏。较大的穿梭油轮的运动特性较可用的相对较小的或更轻便的其他船更适于精密负压钻井操作。这增加了天气允许作业的时间量，并减小了连续油管上在其从该油轮送入海底油井竖管处的疲劳应力。本发明还使得修理后可对油井进行适当的清洁，因此避免了污染往往敏感的开采系统。钻井废物可以优选的方式处理，并且只要有大的甲板空间，所有这些都可相对安全地完成。如果使用常规的半潜式船或常规的特制油井修理船，则所有这些优点都没有。
在参照附图3和4描述的本发明的实施例中，本发明的操作所需的部件被安装在可移动到船舷外位置上的滑行甲板上。在图5所示的可选的布置中，这些部件安装在穿过不同的传统油轮的结构而延伸的月池附近。
参照图5，两个月池13和14垂直延伸穿过改进了的穿梭油轮的结构。三个吊车15、16和17可延伸越过月池、以及表示货物总管18、井架模块19以及一搁置区20的区域的上方。区域21放置气体压缩和处理单元，区域22是火炬燃烧臂(flare boom)，区域23是火炬分离鼓滑板(flare knock-outdrum skid)，区域24是利用吊车25的又一搁置区。
对于标准的双船体穿梭油轮，生产可如本发明那样工作的图5示意性示出的船所需的改进将是：提高其动态定位能力，安装用于修理工作的第一月池(8m2)，安装用于远距离操作的运载工具的工作的第二月池(4m2)，安装吊车、处理设备和用于甲板安装设备的搁置区，以及安装火炬设施和相关装置。

Claims (7)

1.一种海底油井修理船，其包括一可动态定位的油轮和安装于油轮甲板上的直接油井修理设备，该直接油井修理设备包括负压非旋转钻井设备以及与所述油轮的储罐相连使得分离后的烃液体可储存在油轮中的烃液体分离设备。
2.如权利要求1所述的船，其中，油井修理设备安装在一穿梭油轮的主甲板上方的上部结构上。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的船，其中，卷绕油管钻井设备安装在滑行甲板附近，该滑行甲板可被移动到船舷以外的位置与卷绕油管钻井设备相连的油井竖管的上方。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的船，其中，卷绕油管钻井设备邻近油井竖管上方的月池而安装，卷绕油管钻井设备将与该油井竖管相连。
5.一种进行海上负压钻井的方法，其中，其甲板上安装有直接油井修理设备的油轮被动态定位在自海底油井延伸的竖管的上方，该油井修理设备与该竖管相连，并进行负压非旋转钻井，所得的多相混合物在油轮上分离，且分离后的烃液体被储存在油轮的储罐中。
6.一种大致如参照附图中的图3和4、或图5所述的海底油井修理船。
7.一种大致如参照附图所述的进行海上负压钻井的方法。
CNB008176566A 1999-12-23 2000-12-20 海底油井修理船及其钻井方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1228534C (zh)

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