CN1375191A - Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration technology for hybridized Chinese tuliptree - Google Patents
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration technology for hybridized Chinese tuliptree Download PDFInfo
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- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention is characterized by that on the basis of choice of parents of basswood generic cross and breeding of interspecfic hybridization, the immature embryo of limited quantities got respectively from normal, reciprocal an rotation cross is engaged in induction and cultivation of embryo somatric cell, produces large quantities of embryo of somatic cell in synchronizing development, and leads to cultivate embryo of somatic cell into whole tree characteristics.
Description
One, technical field
The invention belongs to the cell engineering seedling breeding technical field in the forestry industry.
Two, background technology
Chinese tulip tree claims mandarin jacket wood, Ivy Tree Bark, ninebark, maple He Shu etc. again, is the plant of Magnoliaceae (Magnoliaceae) Liriodendron (Liriondendron).This genus is only deposited two kinds now, a kind of be distributed in China, the north subtropical area (from Zhejiang of east, Yunnan that Fujian extends to the west and south, border more) Chinese Chinese tulip tree (L.chinense[Hemsl.] Sarg.), another kind is the yellow poplar (L.tulipifera L.) that is distributed in the eastern united states.The Liriodendron plant is in more original position in the angiosperm classification position.Though the area is wide, is microcommunity more at present and distributes.The Chinese tulip tree that wherein is distributed within Chinese territory has been listed in the rare protection seeds in imminent danger of national secondary.
China's Chinese tulip tree form is perfectly straight, tree-like attractive in appearance; Leaf peculiar, blade is roomy, nick, and there is a sliver both sides, and tip cuts shape, and is leaf just like as Chinese ancient costume mandarin jacket, so be commonly called as mandarin jacket wood; Spring, faint yellow large-scale flower was opened on the branch top, and its shape such as cup are like bowl, and light is bright pleasing, the ornamental value height; The fruit taper shape is also extremely attractive in appearance.These seeds have stronger resistance to sulphur dioxide and chlorine, are widely used in afforestation.In addition, the light red brown of Liriodendron plant timber, texture is perfectly straight, and color and luster is attractive in appearance, structure is fine and closely woven, and material is light and soft, and planing surface is bright and clean, is suitable for as plywood, paper pulp, furniture and indoor decoration material, and being used for building, shipbuilding etc., economic worth is high, also is important commerical tree species therefore.
As the rare famous and precious yellow poplar of viewing and admiring the landscape tree in the world, same tree performance is tall and graceful, leaf beauty, and tree-like rectifying, the tree preface is neat, spends big and beautiful.Aged branch bar is open and flat, or little letting droop.At every florescence, tree pressed in fine jade English, and emerald green curtain covers ground, beautiful gracefulness.
Ye Peizhong is taught in 1963 and selects for use Chinese Chinese tulip tree and yellow poplar to carry out positive and negative friendship combinatorial artificial hybridization for the parent first, improved variety species hybrid hybridized Chinese tuliptree (L.chinense[Hemsl.] Sarg. * L.tulipifera L. and L.tulipifera L. * L.chinense[Hemsl.] Sarg); Began to carry out the positive and negative friendship combination of hybridized Chinese tuliptree stock growing contrast in 1970.Test shows that the interspecific cross offspring has tangible heterosis, hybrid vigor, and is not only tree-like more perfectly straight than the parent, and floral leaf is deep and remote more beautiful, and many virtues that match in excellence or beauty overlook many grass, and growth are also rapider.As plant in the inferior woods in Fuyang, Zhejiang China forest-science academy hybridized Chinese tuliptree, height of tree when living reached 14 meters in 12 years, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground reaches 37 centimetres; According to another Beijing landscape bureau hybridized Chinese tuliptree is planted experimentally as urban path tree, it is strong to show cold resistance in the Beijing area, the characteristics rapidly of growing; These seeds do not have the disperse fraud of the air pollution that causes of other seeds fruit hair, titbit simultaneously.Therefore, quite urgent in the forestry to the demand of high-quality hybrid Chinese tulip tree nursery stock.
But the natural ripening rate of Chinese tulip tree is very low, and parent and hybridization novel species all only have about 1% the sexual propagation ability; The cuttage technique of Chinese tulip tree requires very high, and survival rate is low, the vegetative propagation difficulty.Therefore, present sapling multiplication technology can't satisfy the needs that large tracts of land is planted trees.
Somatic embryo takes place and plant regeneration technique is one of important content of the high-new forestry biotechnology that forms the nineties in 20th century, can be used for the large-scale breeding of improved seeds and is used for the foundation of genetic conversion system.Somatic embryo is meant dliploid or haploid cell in the process that merges without sexual cell, each stage that the simulation zygotic embryo takes place and grow the form that forms a new individuality and take place and process of reconstruction.Under normal circumstances megarchidium tissue of some plant or synergidae also can spontaneous generation somatic embryos.In a large amount of tissue culture procedures, the cell of many cultured in vitro, tissue and organ form the structure of similar embryo.This structure that is similar to sexual embryo on morphosis and function that forms through the somatic embryo generation is referred to as somatic embryo or embryoid.Asexual embryoid can develop into complete plant under certain conditions as sexual embryo.Embryoid can be divided into two classes by its source: a class is by the dliploid somatic cell generation of the various organs of common plant spore body, is commonly referred to somatic embryo; Another kind of is the embryoid that is produced by haploid cells such as microspore or its cleavage products, abbreviates pollen embryo usually as, can develop into haplobiont, could normally blossom and bear fruit but generally must carry out chromosome doubling.In addition, in some plants, also can cultivate and obtain embryoid, but develop into plant by embryoid with failing from endosperm.Zhu Wei thinks that the definition of embryoid comprises 3 implications: (1) embryoid is the product of tissue culture, is only limited in the tissue culture scope and uses, and is different from apomictic embryo; (2) embryoid originates from non-zygote cell, is different from zygotic embryo; (3) process of the formation of embryoid experience embryonic development, be different from tissue culture in the sprout that breaks up.
Haberlandt in 1902 propose the totipotency viewpoint of plant cell, and promptly each cell can both constantly divide, and then forms complete plant.Steward (1958) and Reinert (1959) find simultaneously that almost the carrot root cells of cultivation produces a kind of structure similar to embryo, and observe by this structure and grow up to complete plant.Thereby proof Haberlandt is about the correctness of cell totipotency notion.After this, the botanist has carried out extensive studies to this, and has utilized different organs, tissue, cell and protoplast to cultivate in many plants to have obtained somatic embryo.What success obtained somatic embryo has gymnosperm, dicotyledon and a monocotyledon.Research takes place and starts from the seventies later stage in 20th century in the forest somatic embryo, and developed rapidly the late nineteen eighties, and obtains howling success.At present existing more than the 40 kind of woody plant in the whole world obtained somatic embryo, and especially the acerose body embryo that is difficult to take root with conventional vegetative propagation technique has been obtained the progress that attracts people's attention.According to the preliminary statistics, at least 20 kinds of different acerose explant inductions successes that belonged to from abies, Larch, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and sequoia sempervirens somatic embryo.On deciduous species, observe the somatic embryo generation in the tissue culture of more than 20 seeds such as Salix, Populus, Castanea, santal genus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Corylus, oak genus, Chinese chestnut genus, Camellia, eucalyptus genus, Aesculus, Citrus, teak, cocoa, olive, rubber, paulownia or obtain regeneration plant.Wherein, the Hui Hao company of the U.S., International Paper Company, Wei Siwaku company and more Canadian companies, New Zealand forestry research center etc. are applied to production practices with somatic embryo inducement and the plant regeneration of seeds such as torch pine, Norway spruce, pesudotsuga taxifolia and pine respectively.Only New Zealand a company has just formed the ability of producing 2000000 strain pine somatic embryo regeneration plants per year.The Chinese Academy of Sciences was experiment material in 1988 with the North China dragon spruce, and the somatic embryo that the callus induction that rataria is produced goes out develops into seedling.Heilungkiang agricultural university (1993) carries out elements of black currant end fertilization ovule and cultivates successful inductor cell stage and plant.(1996) such as the king Mi Li of Sichuan agricultural university take place with Eucalyptus urophylla seed hypocotyl inductor cell stage, obtain the complete regeneration plant of offspring.In the research work of decades, the researcher has accumulated a large amount of valuable data, and is mainly as follows:
1. the various organs of plant corpus can produce somatic embryo as filigree, flower pesticide and the pollen of the ovule in root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed, the ovary, stamen.But S.Merkle (1996) thinks that the embryo cultivation of trees can only derive from seed or seedling, and the development degree of zygotic embryo or seed is very important, shows in the research of many seeds, and immature seed has higher inductive potency than mature seed or seedling.
2. explant must (4～8 ℃) refrigerate a period of time under cryogenic conditions before inoculation, will refrigerate 1～2 month as gymnosperm, does not have low temperature treatment not start.But the deepfreeze overlong time, body embryo generating ability can descend.
3. inductor cell stage, the phase I needs the growth hormone of high concentration, as 2,4-D, NAA, this moment, the explant dedifferentiation formed callus, promptly induced the formation cells,primordial; The formation of second stage somatic embryo and growth must reduce the concentration of growth hormone or remove growth hormone fully.
4. the content of nitrogenous source and form are essential condition of inductor cell stage in the medium.Ortho states nitrogen (NH also
4 +) favourable to inducing of somatic embryo, and the MS medium of high nitrogen-containing has induced the somatic embryo of various plants.Reinert (1972) thinks that the formation of somatic embryo is not relevant with the absolute quantity of nitrogen in the medium, but relevant with the ratio of nitrogen and growth hormone.
5. some natural complexes such as caseinhydrolysate (CH), lactoalbumin hydrolysate (LH), soy peptone, brewer's wort, yeast extract and coconut milk, they not only can provide organic nitrogen source, but also pair cell mitogen and inositol work, thereby promote the formation of somatic embryo.But after somatic embryo forms, remove these materials, otherwise can suppress the germination of body embryo.
6. the foundation of suspension culture system.In liquid suspension was cultivated, callus can fully contact with medium, and nutriment than homogeneous, is beneficial to the synchronous growth of suspended tissue in each regional concentration of medium.In addition, suspension culture has been improved the living environment of culture greatly, and gas exchange is smooth and easy here, and illumination condition is superior.
7. osmotic pressure can influence growing of cells,primordial, utilize sucrose, mannitol, sorbierite and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve the osmotic pressure of cell, create the environment of an arid, can suppress early stage sprouting, obviously improve the probability of embryo maturation and obtain the somatic embryo that maturation is good synchronously, quality is high, the level of reserve substance also can significantly increase.
8. at physiological concentration ABA (10
-6With 10
-7Mol/L) under the effect, the abnormal situation of embryonic development such as cotyledon symphysis, precocious germination etc. can be suppressed.
9. illumination and temperature condition.In the tissue culture, except some material require growth in darkness, generally all need illumination.S.Merkle thinks that the embryoid of satin walnut all can be grown, but grows more healthyly under the dark condition under dark and illumination condition.Light source is many with fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp.The light source of different wave length has a significant effect to the propagation and the organ differentiation of cultivating organ.In the group training as Chinese yew, adopt ruddiness more.Generally speaking, cultivation is carried out under 25 ± 2 ℃ constant temperature.
In a large amount of research, find, in all conditions that somatic embryo forms, hormone kind in the medium and concentration, the multiple nutritional components of medium all plays an important role.And some physical factors also have tangible influence as illumination and temperature etc.Simultaneously, also notice the source and the physiological status thereof of tissue, growing state the when later stage is cultivated and differentiation have very big influence.Among the various compositions of medium, plant hormone plays obviously and important regulatory role for the body embryogenesis.Wherein influence is the most significant is the growth hormone and the basic element of cell division.Sometimes also be growth regulatory substance with gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethene and other synthetic.Use hormone will note the kind and the concentration of hormone, because the stability of various growth substances, effect and the influence of body embryogenesis had tangible difference.Simultaneously, different hormone-treated orders also have tangible influence.Be used to regulate the growth hormone and the basic element of cell division that embryoid forms in tissue culture, kind commonly used is as follows:
Auxins: heteroauxin (IAA), methyl (NAA), 2,4-D, indolebutyric acid (IBA);
Cytokinin: kinetin (KT), 6-benzamido group purine (BA), isopentyl adenine (2iP), zeatin (ZT).
For induced embryonic callus or suspended culture cell formation embryoid, particularly the hormone composition is very important to continuously change medium.2,4-D plays an important role in the inducing of embryo callus, and the various plants tissue culture induces dedifferentiation all must have 2, and 4-D exists, and must reduce after the dedifferentiation or removes 2,4-D, the normal development of cells,primordial ability and induce.Halperin (1970) gets the petiole segment of Hu Luobu, be incubated on the agar medium that is added with different hormone compositions, moving to then on the minimal medium that does not add any hormone (only has mineral salt, sucrose and vitamin B1), to check the influence that embryoid is formed.The result shows: 4. promote the cultivation of embryo callus propagation and the differentiation that the hormone composition does not promote embryoid thereof; Remove 2 in the medium, 4-D then makes embryoid form; Add BA, hyperblastosis speed increases, but has suppressed the formation of back embryoid on the transport medium, in case and after the embryoid initial cell formed, BA developed into embryoid to it and has no effect.2. add gibberellin, suppress the differentiation of embryoid thereafter fully.3. the hormone environment in the cell proliferation process has tangible influence to next step organ differentiation.
There is experimental result to show, 2,4-D works by changing the metabolism of cell Endogenous IAA, in the early embryo callus of paddy rice, with higher Endogenous IAA level, and add external source IAA at the cells,primordial conversion period and cells,primordial is had necessarily induce effect when occurring with ELISA ELISA proof cells,primordial.
ABA is another important hormone during somatic embryo takes place, and as far back as 1974, Ammirato reported that ABA can promote the Caraway somatic embryo to grow.After the rice callus tissue soaked the ABA processing, free aminoacid content obviously improved, and protein content is close with the embryo contrast, and SDS-PAGE shows, embryo polypeptide bands of a spectrum occur.Measured the Radix Codonopsis cells,primordial with the ELISA enzyme-linked immunoassay method and formed in the process of globular embryo, the content of endogenous ABA, result show that endogenous aba content continues to increase in this course.Kamada etc. are in carrot cell is cultivated, find that endogenous aba content keeps lower level always, but be converted into cells,primordial from non-cells,primordial, the globular embryo that is formed with morphosis is grown by group by cells,primordial, in the stage of qualitative change that this two individual cells embryo takes place, all be accompanied by the increase of endogenous ABA.In caraway body embryo was studied, Ammirato (1973) found under the influence of ABA, and the abnormal embryo that occurs is grown (as forming adventitious embryo on hypocotyl, cotyledon symphysis, seedling is grown etc. in advance) and is suppressed usually; The embryoid that is produced when not adding ABA is compared the developmental state that more approaches zygotic embryo.
Influence as for the inorganic and organic nutrient substance of medium does not have functions of hormones so obvious comparatively speaking.Simultaneously, in medium, comprised necessary for plant growth inorganic elements and nutriment usually,, all contained these materials basically although different culture medium prescriptions varies.Even so, in the cell culture of Hu Luobu, have been found that the substantial connection that is formed with of nitrogen content in the medium and embryoid.Two kinds of medium White medium commonly used and MS medium in the tissue culture, its nitrogen content has very big difference, and the former is at 3.2mM, and the latter is at 60mM.It has been generally acknowledged that the White medium is unsuitable for the differentiation of embryoid.In fact, when the nitrogen content of White medium with potassium nitrate (KNO
3) when bringing up to 40～60mM, can make it all to form embryoid.Ammirato (1969) uses NH
4NO
3Improve the nitrogen content of White medium, also can reach the effect of MS medium.Reinert (1967) has confirmed NH
4 +For the formation of inducing embryoid in the Hu Luobu cultivation, more more effective than other nitrogenous sources.Halperin (1971) also finds in the different nitrogen sources formation for embryoid, NH
4 +Obviously be better than NO with the facilitation of caseinhydrolysate
3 -Or glutamine.
In the middle of all organic compounds, commonly used have vitamin, amino acid, nucleic acid base (purine, pyrimidines), a carbohydrate etc.Commonly used in the vitamin is thiamine, inositol, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine etc., and wherein the effect of thiamine is the most obvious, also thinks always and is good and add inositol in tissue culture.In order to promote the formation of embryoid, natural complexes also commonly used under many circumstances, as caseinhydrolysate or lactoalbumin hydrolysate, soy peptone, brewer's wort, yeast extract and coconut milk etc., wherein coconut milk uses many especially.Now through a large amount of research, the active ingredient of known its influence growth and differentiation is chtokinin material and inositol etc.
Bleeding agent is all being brought into play important effect in each stage that forest body embryo takes place.Generally speaking, bleeding agent all is the polyhydroxy molecule of high degree of hydration, comprises monose, polysaccharide, hexitol and cyclitol.Cyclitol is the hydroxyl compound of hydrogenation of six carbocyclic, and cyclitol commonly used has inositol and stereoisomer scyllitol thereof etc.Sucrose and glucose are two kinds of carbohydrate bleeding agents using always, the straight chain alcohol form of sorbierite, D-mannitol and dulcitol, and ethylene glycol such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol also can be used as bleeding agent.Tang Wei (1998) adds the 9000mg/L inositol and improves osmotic pressure in the research of the embryonic callus induction of torch pine and plant regeneration, to promote the growth of later stage embryo.Huang Jianqiu (1995) goes to the early stage proembryos of masson pine on the DCR medium that contains the 9000mg/L inositol, forms late stage proembryos.As seen, suitably improve osmotic pressure in the body embryogenesis process and can promote the body embryogenesis.
In Plant Tissue Breeding, the inductor cell stage takes place and induces organ to compare to have outstanding feature: 1. have bipolarity: just have radicle and plumule the two poles of the earth in early days in the somatic embryo generation, the cells,primordial division mostly is unequal division, form terminal cell and basal cell, there is less terminal cell to continue division and forms the many cells proembryo thereafter, split into several times and be the suspensor part and bigger basal cell carries out minority, on form, have obvious polarity.2. exist physiology to isolate: somatic embryo forms back and the fibrovascular system of maternal plant or explant and gets in touch lessly, so-called physiological isolation phenomenon promptly occurs.Cells,primordial cell wall thickening separates with other cell, and peripheral cell is in the disintegration state, shows that somatic embryo is similar to zygotic embryo, is exactly the blank of complete plant corpus from the beginning.3. hereditary relatively stable: the regeneration plant that the variability of the regeneration plant that forms by somatic embryo forms less than adventitious organogenesis, because have only those not through the cell of distortion or the cell mass ability organizator blast that makes a variation less, realize the Almightiness type expression.4. recur the morphogenetic feature of fertilized egg: morphogenetic several modes in the Plant Tissue Breeding, though all be the concrete manifestation of totipotency of plant cell, but somatic embryo generation approach is the cell Almightiness type expresses the most a kind of mode, it shows that not only plant soma has a complete set of hereditary information, and has recurred the morphogenetic process of zygotic embryo.
Inductor cell embryogenesis path can reduce two kinds in the Plant Tissue Breeding: direct way and indirect approach.Direct way is directly induced from some position of explant exactly and is differentiated somatic embryo, and when incision produced callus, differentiation produced somatic embryo in cotyledon tissue as the Chinese scholartree cotyledon.Chinese scholartree cotyledon cultured in vitro both can direct way organizator blast, also can form callus by dedifferentiation after, some cell differentiation from callus goes out somatic embryo again, promptly is called indirect approach.The somatic embryo of most of plants takes place how to be undertaken by indirect approach, some somatic cell is converted into cells,primordial in callus, cells,primordial continues the somatic embryo that division forms many cells proembryo and different development stage, as developing into seedling through globular embryo, heart-shape embryo, torpedo embryo and cotyledonary embryos.
Somatic embryo takes place owing to can obtain more nutrition propagule in the shorter time, and the bigger genetic gain of acquisition, and because the body embryogenesis culture also is the important source of separating protoplast, can be used for genetic transformation and the somatic hybridization research of forest, in theory and application research, have important effect.Distinguishing features such as somatic embryo has that quantity is many, speed is fast, structural integrity, and the advantage of somatic cell regeneration plant is that differentiation efficiency height, reproduction coefficient are big, well developed root system, proliferative speed are faster than other approach, thereby be particularly suitable for a large amount of breedings of plant; Because easily in culture in vitro, and can more external non-zygotic embryo and the similarities and differences of the zygotic embryo of seed, so be widely used in the growth and development process of studying plant corpus; In gene engineering research, the gene that is separated to is imported in the single cells,primordial, grow up to by this cells,primordial in the tissue of plant, just contain the gene of integrating.
In the at present relevant all kinds of documents of plant tissue culture technique, except that there was the report of the relevant patented technology of yellow poplar (Liriondendron tulipifera L.) group training in the U.S., Shang Weijian had the complete set technology that hybridized Chinese tuliptree (Liriondendron hybrid) somatic embryo takes place to deliver.
Three, summary of the invention
Main purpose of the present invention is low at the natural ripening rate of Chinese tulip tree, the cuttage difficulty, the sapling multiplication technology can't satisfy the present situation of large tracts of land afforestation needs, seek a kind of hybridized Chinese tuliptree cell stage technology with plant regeneration takes place, for the extensive asexual multiplication seedling of hybridized Chinese tuliptree provides the method that a kind of cycle is short, reproduction rate is high, with low cost.
Major technique of the present invention is characterised in that, on the basis that the Chinese tulip tree hybrid strain is selected, hybridize, with quadrature, reciprocal cross and the hybridization rataria that the production of hybrid seeds obtained of backcrossing, plant on the medium of proprietary formula respectively, realize the generation and the plant regeneration of hybridized Chinese tuliptree scale cell stage.Concrete grammar is as follows:
One, immature embryo produces
Selected father, maternal good plant.Arrive early May at the bottom of April, select on the maternal plant of full-bloom stage that the corolla top is loosening slightly, pistil stigma is covered with mucus and sparkling and crystal-clear bright spot and be about to open bud, the strip off petal is castrated, press from both sides stamen down with tweezers from the male parent flower then, touch pistil stigma from top to bottom gently, till being coated with the flavous pollen of full one deck on the column cap, at last petal is closed up.July is collected the polymerization samara, produces the acquisition immature zygotic embryos,
Two, the different minimal medium prescriptions of different developmental phases needs
1. the embryo callus subculture induction period adopts the 1/2MS minimal medium, is about to MS (Murashing andSkoog medium) medium macroelement and reduces by half, and all the other compositions remain unchanged.Additional concentration is 2 of 0.5～5.0mg/L, 4-D, the 6-benzamido group purine (BA) of 0～0.5mg/L, the natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L and the vitamin C of 1～5mg/L.
2. the multiplicative stage of embryo callus, continue to use the 1/2MS minimal medium.Additional concentration is 2 of 0～0.5mg/L, 4-D, the 6-benzamido group purine (BA) of 0～0.25mg/L, the natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L and the vitamin C of 1～5mg/L.
3. the state adjusting stage of embryo callus, use the MS minimal medium instead, and improve sucrose concentration, additional concentration is 2 of 0～0.5mg/L, 4-D, the 6-benzamido group purine (BA) of 0～0.25mg/L, the natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L and the vitamin C of 1～5mg/L.
4. the stage of development of embryoid adopts the MS minimal medium, suitably improves the basic element of cell division, the particularly concentration of zeatin ZT.Promptly additional concentration is the ZT of 0.5～5.0mg/L, the IAA of 0～1.0mg/L.
5. globular embryo forms with after-stage, adopts the MS improved culture medium, adjusts the nitrogen content in the MS medium, develops into seedling until embryoid.
6. in the seedling development stage, adopt the White medium.
More than the concrete prescription of related all kinds of medium as follows:
1.MS minimal medium (Murashing and Skoog medium, 1962) standard recipe
NH
4NO
3?????????????1650?mg/L
KNO
3????????????????1900?mg/L
CaCl
2·2H
2O?????????440?mg/L
MgSO
4·7H
2O?????????370?mg/L
KH
2PO
4??????????????170?mg/L
KI???????????????????0.83?mg/L
H
3BO
3???????????????6.2?mg/L
MnSO
4·H
2O?????????16.9?mg/L
ZnSO
4·7H
2O?????????8.6?mg/L
Na
2MoO
4·2H
2O?????0.25?mg/L
CuSO
4·5H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
CoCl
2·6H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
FeSO
4·7H
2O????????27.8?mg/L
Na
2-EDTA????????????37.3?mg/L
Inositol 100 mg/L
Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/L
Thiamine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/L
Puridoxine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/L
2.1/2MS medium, i.e. MS medium (Murashing and Skoogmedium, the 1962) standard recipe that reduces by half of macroelement
NH
4NO
3??????????????825?mg/L
KNO
3?????????????????950?mg/L
CaCl
2·2H
2O?????????220?mg/L
MgSO
4·7H
2O?????????185?mg/L
KH
2PO
4???????????????85?mg/L
KI???????????????????0.83?mg/L
H
3BO
3???????????????6.2?mg/L
MnSO
4·H
2O?????????16.9?mg/L
ZnSO
4·7H
2O?????????8.6?mg/L
Na
2MoO
4·2H
2??????0.25?mg/L
CuSO
4·5H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
CoCl
2·6H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
FeSO
4·7H
2O????????27.8?mg/L
Na
2-EDTA????????????37.3?mg/L
Inositol 100 mg/L
Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/L
Thiamine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/L
Puridoxine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/L
3.MS improved culture medium prescription
NH
4NO
3?????????????1200?mg/L
KNO
3????????????????1000?mg/L
CaCl
2·2H
2O?????????440?mg/L
MgSO
4·7H
2O?????????370?mg/L
KH
2PO
4??????????????170?mg/L
KI???????????????????0.83?mg/L
H
3BO
3???????????????6.2?mg/L
MnSO
4·H
2O?????????16.9?mg/L
ZnSO
4·7H
2O?????????8.6?mg/L
Na
2MoO
4·2H
2O?????0.25?mg/L
CuSO
4·5H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
CoCl
2·6H
2O???????0.025?mg/L
FeSO
4·7H
2O????????27.8?mg/L
Na
2-EDTA????????????37.3?mg/L
Inositol 100 mg/L
Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/L
Thiamine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/L
Puridoxine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/L
4.White medium (1964) standard recipe
Ca(NO
3)
2·4H
2O??????300?mg/L
KNO
3???????????????????80?mg/L
MgSO
4·7H
2O??????????740?mg/L
NaH
2PO
4·H
2O???????16.5?mg/L
KI????????????????????0.75?mg/L
KCl?????????????????????65?mg/L
Na
2SO
4???????????????200?mg/L
H
3BO
3????????????????1.5?mg/L
MnSO
4·4H
2O????????????7?mg/L
ZnSO
4·7H
2O????????????3?mg/L
MoO
3????????????????0.001?mg/L
FeSO
4·7H
2O?????????27.8?mg/L
Na
2-EDTA?????????????37.3?mg/L
Inositol 10.0 mg/L
Nicotinic acid 0.1 mg/L
Thiamine hydrochloride 1.0 mg/L
Puridoxine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/L
Four, description of drawings
Fig. 1 is 2, the relation curve of 4-D concentration and embryo callus subculture inductivity.Axis of abscissas among the figure represents 2, the concentration of 4-D, and unit is mg/L, ordinate is inductivity (%).
Fig. 2 is the relation curve between basic element of cell division ZT and the embryoid induction efficient.Axis of abscissas among the figure is represented the concentration of basic element of cell division ZT, and unit is mg/L, and ordinate is inductivity (%).
Five, embodiment
Below be to adopt exemplary embodiments of the present invention:
1. adopt immature zygotic embryos to carry out inducing of embryo callus.The polymerization samara is collected in the artificial pollination in spring midsummer, with the deepfreeze 4～6 days under 4 ℃ of conditions of the polymerization samara under adopting, cuts and cut off wing open.Clean seed with liquid detergent, to remove its surperficial greasy dirt, running water flushing 30 minutes, distilled water flushing 3 times, 75% Ethanol Treatment 20 seconds, 0.1% mercury chloride 4 minutes and 30 seconds, aseptic water washing 4 times.Under the germ-free condition, peel off kind of a skin, immature embryo is inserted inducing culture.
The embryo callus subculture induction period adopts the 1/2MS medium, and additional hormone is that concentration is respectively 2, and 4-D 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0mg/L, and 6-BA 0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.5mg/L.Add the natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L.Vitamin C 5mg/L contains sucrose 4% in the medium, agar 0.65% transferred to 5.7,121 ℃ of high temperature of pH, autoclaving 16 minutes with pH before the sterilization, 24～26 ℃ of cultivation temperature, and dark condition is cultivated down, and per 20 days successive transfer culture are once.
About 15 days begin to start behind the rataria access inducing culture, and the callus look that grows is light, sparkling and crystal-clear, transparent.About 25 days, a little brown stain takes place in some, and behind subculture, brown stain stops, and begins to grow the embryo callus of white fast breeding, the time about 10 days, can cover with whole blake bottle.This callus is observed under anatomical lens, mostly is spherical shape, and moisture is many, the parenchyma cell that cytoplasm is thin.
2 of various concentration, 4-D all can produce by induced embryonic callus, but concentration is low excessively, and the cells,primordial growth is too slow, and excessive concentration, growing way are too swift and violent, and the cells,primordial state is difficult for adjusting.The result shows, 2, and 4-D1.5,2.0,3.0 three kinds of concentration are comparatively suitable.
2,4-D to the influence of embryonic callus induction referring to accompanying drawing 1.
Simultaneously, compared the influence of zygotic embryo developmental stage (polymerization samara acquisition time) to the generation of body embryo.Table 1 explanation polymerization samara acquisition time is the rataria developmental stage, and inducing of somatic embryo played crucial effects, and globular stage is all effective to the body embryonal induction to the rataria of cotyledon period.It is bad that but the too early rataria of acquisition time is grown, and gathered slow embryo and reach maturity, and all is unfavorable for inducing of body embryo.
The influence that the rataria developmental stage takes place somatic embryo is referring to table 1.
The influence that the table 1 rataria developmental stage takes place somatic embryo
| Acquisition time | Embryo callus subculture | Embryoid |
| June 28 | ????- | ????- |
| July 6 | ????- | ????- |
| July 13 | ????- | ????- |
| July 19 | ????+ | ????+ |
| July 26 | ????+ | ????+ |
| August 2 | ????+ | ????+ |
| August 9 | ????- | ????- |
| August 16 | ????- | ????- |
| August 23 | ????- | ????- |
+ expression can take place by the inductor embryo
-expression can not take place by the inductor embryo
2. the multiplicative stage of embryo callus, continue to use the 1/2MS minimal medium, in time reduce growth hormone 2,4-D concentration is 0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.5mg/L, and the concentration of basic element of cell division BA is 0,0.1,0.25mg/L, caseinhydrolysate concentration remains unchanged.Studies show that in a large number, the inductor cell stage, the phase I needs the growth hormone of high concentration, as 2,4-D, NAA, this moment, the explant dedifferentiation formed callus, promptly induced the formation cells,primordial; The formation of second stage somatic embryo and growth must reduce by 2, the concentration of 4-D or remove fully.Reduce the content of exogenous auxin, the callus cell growth rate is controlled, helps the formation of original cells,primordial.
3. the state adjustment of embryo callus, minimal medium is used the MS medium instead, and improves sucrose concentration to 50～60g/L to improve osmotic pressure, and hormone concentration is identical with the multiplicative stage.Evidence, osmotic pressure plays an important role to the formation of somatic embryo, forms the stage at embryoid, and osmotic pressure may reach about 200～400mM/kg.In test, we find, along with the raising callus water content of osmotic pressure reduces gradually and becomes dry, closely.Cultivate after one month, form granular callus, and then develop into embryoid.Explanation is along with the raising of osmotic pressure, and body embryonal induction ability strengthens.But osmotic pressure is too high, exceeds certain limit, and the ability of its inductor cell stage descends on the contrary, and in the present invention, the osmotic pressure during sucrose concentration 60g/L is the suitableeest osmotic pressure.
Sucrose concentration sees Table 2 to the influence that the body embryo takes place.
The influence that table 2 sucrose concentration takes place the body embryo
4. the generation of embryoid, the MS minimal medium, additional hormone combinations is respectively 0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0, the ZT of 5.0 mg/L, 0,0.1,0.5, the IAA of 1.0mg/L, at this moment the sucrose concentration in the medium is reduced to 30g/L.
Basic element of cell division ZT plays an important role to the formation of somatic embryo.Under the effect of the growth hormone of high concentration, the cell growth rate is very fast, form the formation that a large amount of parenchyma cells does not help somatic embryo like this, and basic element of cell division ZT, can in and the follow-up effect of growth hormone, adjust cell state, the cell growth rate slows down, after after a while, callus becomes graininess by water soaking mode gradually, grows to form embryoid.Cells,primordial is oval, cell nucleus is big, kernel is obvious, move in the nuclear, organelles such as mitochondria, plastid, ribosome, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum increase, starch grain, fat drip accumulation, and active autophagy phenomenon is arranged, and at positions such as cell nucleus, tonoplast, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum higher atpase activity are arranged.And in containing the medium of ZT, along with ZT concentration raises, inductivity also rises in gradient, ZT concentration is described and induces efficient to have positive correlation, but the ZT excessive concentration also has side effect.
Relation between ZT and the embryoid induction efficient is referring to accompanying drawing 2.
5. the growth of embryoid and maturation.After globular embryo forms, change the MS improved culture medium over to and make it continue to grow, globular embryo can develop into seedling through globular embryo, heart-shape embryo, torpedo embryo and cotyledonary embryos stage successively through nearly bimestrial growth.
On improved culture medium of the present invention, successfully adjusted the upgrowth situation of cells,primordial, make somatic embryo take place in the most difficult key technical problem---being effectively controlled of lopsided seedling, and can constantly be differentiated to form new embryoid on the embryo callus, reproduction coefficient is big, be on 1 centimetre the embryo callus, can see 10～20 cotyledon embryonic developments usually at diameter.
In addition,,, become complete seedling, solved the difficult problem of taking root in the tissue culture well so embryoid forms bud and root simultaneously because somatic embryo has dipolar characteristics.
6. seedling develops into plantlet on the White medium, and continuing to reduce sucrose concentration is 20g/L.An another one difficult problem was to be difficult to form flourishing root system during somatic embryo took place, the way that solves is to fall to ooze, and promptly reduces sucrose concentration and inorganic salt concentration, suppresses main root and excessively prolongs, the IBA that can add 0.1mg/L in case of necessity can induce the fibrous root system of well developed root system like this.
7. transplant seedlings the field planting stage.After the body embryo germinateed, a bottle seedling grew to 2 centimetres high, and the root leaf takes out flush away seedling root medium when flourishing from bottle, implanted mainly in the matrix that is made of perlite.The back interior humidity of one week of transplanting seedlings remains on 95～100%, and the management in month is careful especially, notes the coordination of humidity and temperature.Transplant seedlings a back week, can begin foliar application, survive the back and just can apply fertilizer by root, and stock growing technology routinely carry out field planting.
Adopt technology provided by the invention, can provide the method that a kind of cycle is short, reproduction rate is high, with low cost for the batch production asexual multiplication seedling of hybridized Chinese tuliptree.It is low to have broken through the natural ripening rate of Chinese tulip tree, and cuttage difficulty, sapling multiplication technology can't satisfy the restriction of large tracts of land afforestation needs.
Claims (3)
1. the hybridized Chinese tuliptree somatic embryo takes place and plant regeneration technique, it is characterized in that gathering the hybridized Chinese tuliptree polymerization samara that the artificial hybridization pollination is grown, and under aseptic condition, separates globular stage to the immature zygotic embryos of cotyledon period and carries out the body embryo and cultivate.
2. hybridized Chinese tuliptree somatic embryo as claimed in claim 1 takes place and plant regeneration technique, it is characterized in that the different culture medium prescription of cultivating of different developmental phases use takes place the body embryo, that is:
A. the embryo callus subculture induction period adopts the 1/2MS minimal medium, and additional concentration is 0.5～
5.0mg/L 2,4-D, the 6-benzamido group purine (BA) of 0～0.5mg/L, 500～
The natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 1000mg/L and the vitamin C of 1～5mg/L;
B. the multiplicative stage of embryo callus, continue to use the 1/2MS minimal medium.Additional concentration
Be 2 of 0～0.5mg/L, 4-D, the 6-benzamido group purine (BA) of 0～0.25mg/L,
The natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L and the vitamin C of 1～5mg/L;
C. the state adjusting stage of embryo callus, adopt the MS minimal medium, sucrose concentration control
Be 50～60g/L, additional concentration is 2 of 0～0.5mg/L, 4-D, 0～0.25mg/L's
6-benzamido group purine (BA), the natural complex caseinhydrolysate of 500～1000mg/L and
The vitamin C of 1～5mg/L;
D. the stage of development of embryoid adopts the MS minimal medium, and additional concentration is 0.5～5.0
The ZT of mg/L, the IAA of 0～1.0mg/L;
E. globular embryo forms with after-stage, adopts the MS improved culture medium;
F. in the body embryo plant regeneration stage, adopt the White medium.
3. hybridized Chinese tuliptree somatic embryo as claimed in claim 2 takes place and plant regeneration technique, it is characterized in that:
A. embryo callus subculture induction period, 2, the optimum value of 4-D is 1.5～3.0mg/L;
B. the state adjusting stage of embryo callus, the optimum value of sucrose concentration is 60g/L;
C. the stage of development of embryoid, the optimum value of zeatin ZT is 2～4mg/L.
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