CN1358936A - Compressor with silencer - Google Patents

Compressor with silencer Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1358936A
CN1358936A CN01109854A CN01109854A CN1358936A CN 1358936 A CN1358936 A CN 1358936A CN 01109854 A CN01109854 A CN 01109854A CN 01109854 A CN01109854 A CN 01109854A CN 1358936 A CN1358936 A CN 1358936A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
vent silencer
freezing mixture
noise
silencer
compressor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN01109854A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李学俊
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Samsung Electronics Co Ltd filed Critical Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Publication of CN1358936A publication Critical patent/CN1358936A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04BPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F04B39/0027Pulsation and noise damping means
    • F04B39/0055Pulsation and noise damping means with a special shape of fluid passage, e.g. bends, throttles, diameter changes, pipes
    • F04B39/0061Pulsation and noise damping means with a special shape of fluid passage, e.g. bends, throttles, diameter changes, pipes using muffler volumes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04BPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B35/00Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
    • F04B35/06Mobile combinations

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed herewith is a compressor with mufflers. The compressor comprises a drive unit, a compression unit, at least a pair of exhaust mufflers, a coolant exhaust conduit, and a connecting conduit. The drive unit generates power. The compression unit sucks, compresses and exhausts coolant using power transmitted from the drive unit. The exhaust mufflers temporarily store coolant exhausted from the compressing unit. The coolant exhaust conduit is connected to one of the exhaust mufflers to guide the exhaust of coolant to the outside. The connecting conduit connects the exhaust mufflers to each other to cancel out noises during the recombination of divided coolant in one of the exhaust mufflers.

Description

The compressor that has silencing apparatus
The present invention relates to a kind of compressor that is used for refrigerator or similar devices, particularly a kind of compressor with a plurality of vent silencers, wherein vent silencer is in order to be reduced in the pressure surge that is produced during the cryogen discharge.
Usually, compressor is a device, it is applied to, and (wherein freezing mixture experiences a compression process successively in the refrigeration cycle of refrigerator or similar devices, a condensation process, an inflation process and an evaporation process), and the freezing mixture of low temperature and low pressure is compressed into the freezing mixture of high temperature and high pressure.Motion during according to its work can be divided into such compressor straight-line compressor and reciprocal compressor.
Traditional reciprocal compressor comprises a seal casinghousing, and it constitutes the shell of compressor, and one is installed in the driver element that is used to produce power in the seal casinghousing, a compression unit, and its power that utilizes driver element to produce sucks, compresses and the discharging freezing mixture.
Driver element is installed in the upper end part of seal casinghousing inside.Driver element comprises a stator, a rotor, and a running shaft that has an eccentric part in its underpart.Running shaft is inserted the centre of rotor part forcibly, rotates together with rotor thus.
Compression unit is placed on the end portion of seal casinghousing inside.This compression unit comprises a cylinder cap, it has suction chamber and drain chamber, be used to guide the suction and the discharging of freezing mixture, a front end assembles and has the cylinder body of a pressing chamber with cylinder cap, one in the pressing chamber pistons reciprocating, and a connecting rod that links to each other with piston by eccentric shaft, it is used for changing into rotatablely moving straight line motion.
In addition, a suction silencing apparatus is installed directly over cylinder cap, is used to reduce the noise that produces when freezing mixture flows into.A freezing mixture suction lead links to each other with sucking silencing apparatus.Two positions below cylinder body are equipped with two vent silencers that are communicated with drain chamber in order to reduce the noise that produces when pressure coolant is discharged.A cryogen discharge conduit links to each other with one of them vent silencer.Structure with the continuous vent silencer of cryogen discharge conduit is the spatial spread type, and the structure of the vent silencer that does not link to each other with the cryogen discharge conduit is the Helmholtz resonator type.
When the energising of above-mentioned traditional reciprocal compressor, running shaft rotates together with rotor, and the piston that links to each other with eccentric part is by connecting rod to-and-fro motion in pressing chamber.Correspondingly, freezing mixture flows to pressing chamber by the suction chamber in suction silencing apparatus and the cylinder cap and is compressed.The freezing mixture of compression is discharged in the cylinder cap interior drain chamber and vent silencer continuously.
Be compressed by the motion of piston to the low pressure coolant that the motion of bottom dead center is inhaled into by piston, and the freezing mixture of compression is discharged in the drain chamber in the cylinder cap to top dead.Part compresses refrigerant is sent in the vent silencer of spatial spread type and remaining part is sent in the Helmholtz resonator type vent silencer, so the pressure surge of freezing mixture reduces.In this case, because piston is to the pressure difference of its bottom dead center between moving period, the compresses refrigerant in the Helmholtz resonator type silencing apparatus enters the vent silencer of spatial spread type by the drain chamber in the cylinder cap, is discharged into the external world then.
Yet, in conventional reciprocating formula compressor, because the compresses refrigerant in the Helmholtz resonator type silencing apparatus enters the vent silencer of spatial spread type by the drain chamber in the cylinder cap, so freezing mixture again in conjunction with during the peak value of pressure surge change, therefore the problem that causes is to produce the noise with different frequency bands.
In addition, should consider the volume of many vent silencers that influence Helmholtz resonator type silencing apparatus free frequency such as meeting and connect the sectional area of coolant channel of drain chamber and vent silencer and factor such as length so that reduce the noise that produces in the cylinder cap drain chamber, so just make that the adjustment to these factors is difficult to realization.
Correspondingly, the present invention has considered the problem that the prior art field exists, purpose of the present invention just provides a kind of compressor that has silencing apparatus, it can correspondingly reduce the displacement noise of freezing mixture, wherein reducing noise realizes by this way, promptly realize the combination again of freezing mixture, offset in the vent silencer because the noise that pressure surge produces by destructive interference during this period by vent silencer is in direct communication with one another.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of compressor, it comprises: a driver element that is used to produce power; A compression unit, its power that utilizes driver element to transmit suck, compress and discharge freezing mixture; At least one pair of vent silencer, its interim freezing mixture that gives off from compression unit that stores; A cryogen discharge conduit, it connects with the discharging of guiding freezing mixture to the external world with one of them vent silencer; And the connecting duct that vent silencer is communicated with each other, its be used to eliminate therein the freezing mixture that separates in the vent silencer again in conjunction with the time noise that produced.
Connecting duct preferably has certain length so that first noise in one first vent silencer in the vent silencer is opposite with second noise in second vent silencer on phase place after being delivered to second vent silencer.
Under such condition, the frequency band that produces noise in the vent silencer is 350 to 600HZ, and the speed that noise is propagated in freezing mixture is 161m/s, the length range of connecting duct preferably from 13.4 to 23cm.
In addition, the invention provides a kind of compressor, it comprises: a driver element that is used to produce power; A compression unit, its power that utilizes driver element to transmit sucks, compresses and the discharging freezing mixture; At least one pair of vent silencer, its interim freezing mixture that gives off from compression unit that stores; A cryogen discharge conduit, it connects with the discharging of guiding freezing mixture to the external world with one of them vent silencer; At least one pair of coolant channel, they are connected compression unit respectively with each vent silencer, and coolant channel has different length so that have opposite phases at freezing mixture by the noise in the freezing mixture after the coolant channel; And its freezing mixture that is used for separating of connecting duct that vent silencer is communicated with each other is offset noise during the combination in a vent silencer therein again.
From below in conjunction with can more being expressly understood above-mentioned and other purpose of the present invention, feature and other advantages the detailed description of accompanying drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 is for having the part sectioned view of the compressor of silencing apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
The sectional drawing that Fig. 2 cuts open for Fig. 1 II-II along the line;
The sectional drawing that Fig. 3 cuts open for Fig. 2 III-III along the line;
Fig. 4 is the run curve figure of compressor of the present invention, and wherein the noise of cryogen discharge is lowered; And
Fig. 5 is for having the worm's eye view of silencing apparatus compressor in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
Present invention is described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, and wherein identical label is represented identical or similar assembly in all different accompanying drawings.
A reciprocal compressor according to the present invention comprises the housing 10 of a sealing, being used within it, the end portion of portion holds oil, one is used to switch on and produces the driver element 20 of power, and power that is used to utilize driver element 20 to produce sucks, the compression unit 30 of compression and discharging freezing mixture.
Seal casinghousing 10 has constituted the shell of reciprocal compressor, and this housing is by formation that a upper casing part 11 and a lower case part 12 are interconnected hermetically.
Driver element 20 is installed in the upper end part of seal casinghousing 10 inside.Driver element 20 comprises that 21, one of the stator that produce magnetic field that are used to switch on is installed in the stator 21 and rotatable rotor 22, and one is forced to be installed in the rotor and the running shaft 23 that has an eccentric part 24 in its lower end.
Compression unit 30 is placed on the end portion of seal casinghousing 10 inside.Compression unit comprises a cylinder body 31, wherein this cylinder body 31 has the pressing chamber 31a that a motion by piston 33 sucked, compressed and discharged freezing mixture, 34, one on connecting rod that connects piston 33 and eccentric part 24 is positioned at the front of cylinder body 31 and has the cylinder cap 32 of a suction chamber 32a and a drain chamber 32b.Spring bearing of label " 25 " expression, it is placed on the rotation that is used for supporting rotating shaft 23 and rotor 22 on the cylinder body 31.Suction silencing apparatus of label " 40 " expression, its be placed on cylinder cap 32 above be used to reduce because the noise that inflow produced of freezing mixture.A freezing mixture suction lead 13 links to each other in order to freezing mixture is imported in the seal casinghousing 10 from the external world with sucking silencing apparatus 40.
Vent silencer 50L and 50R are positioned at the following of cylinder body 31 so that reduce pressure surge during the drain chamber 32b of compresses refrigerant by cylinder cap 32 of discharging.The detailed structure of vent silencer 50L and 50R will be described in detail in conjunction with Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
At first, vent silencer 50L and 50R are placed on two positions below the cylinder body 31 symmetrically, and fixing with cylinder body 31 with bolt.Be formed with a damping space 51 in the lower end of each vent silencer 50L and 50R inside.
Two coolant channel 52L that form in cylinder body and 52R link to each other and link to each other with 50R with vent silencer 50L respectively with drain chamber 32b (with reference to figure 1) in the cylinder cap 32.Cryogen discharge conduit 14 with one among vent silencer 50L and the 50R link to each other with cryogen discharge to extraneous, i.e. cool cycles (in the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 3, cryogen discharge conduit 14 links to each other with the vent silencer 50R on right side).
A connecting duct 60 is connected with each other vent silencer 50L and 50R so that reduce noise by destructive interference during the combination again at freezing mixture.Therefore, an end 61 of connecting duct 60 links to each other with left side vent silencer 50L and the other end 62 links to each other with right side vent silencer 50R, and therefore two vent silencer 50L and 50R communicate with each other by connecting duct 60.
In this case, connecting duct 60 should have certain length, and this length can make noise in the vent silencer 50L of left side opposite with noise in the vent silencer 50R of right side on phase place.
Below with detailed description determining to connecting duct 60 length.
By behind the connecting duct 60, opposite with noise in the vent silencer 50R of right side on phase place in order to make noise in the vent silencer 50L of left side, the length of connecting duct 60 should satisfy following equation:
L=λ/2
Wherein L is the length of connecting duct 60, and λ is c/f, and c is the frequency of noise, and f is the velocity of propagation of noise in freezing mixture.
Illustrate, the frequency of the noise that produces in vent silencer 50L and 50R " c " is 350 to 600HZ, and the velocity of propagation in the freezing mixture R134a that refrigerator is usually used is under the condition of 161m/s (at 100 ℃ time), the length L of connecting duct 60 preferably 13.4 to 23cm.
Therefore, the noise in the vent silencer 50L of left side is delivered to by connecting duct after the vent silencer 50R of right side, becomes opposite with the phase place of noise in the vent silencer 50R of right side from the phase place of the noise in the vent silencer 50L of left side.Noise on the left of this makes in the vent silencer 50L is by the noise in the destructive interference counteracting right side vent silencer 50R.
In reciprocal compressor, can easily eliminate noise with certain frequency band by the length L that changes connecting duct 60.In addition, if clearly the internal diameter of connecting duct 60 is carried out suitable adjustment, also can easily eliminate noise with certain frequency band as the length L that changes connecting duct 60.
Below, the running and the effect of reciprocal compressor of the present invention is described in detail.
After reciprocal compressor energising of the present invention, rotor 22 is together with the running shaft high speed rotating.This rotatablely moves and changes the straight line motion of piston 33 by connecting rod 34 into.
Correspondingly, piston 33 is reciprocally by pressing chamber 31a.When piston 33 was shifted to its bottom dead center or is in sucting stage, the freezing mixture of low pressure was inhaled into pressing chamber 31a by sucking silencing apparatus 40 and suction chamber 32a; When if piston 33 is shifted to its top dead or is in discharge phase, the freezing mixture of compression just is discharged in the interior damping space of drain chamber 32b and vent silencer 50L and 50R, and is discharged out seal casinghousing 10 by cryogen discharge conduit 14 continuously.Running shaft 23 rotates a week and should operation realize once.
During this period, the a part of freezing mixture that is discharged in the drain chamber 32b is sent in the vent silencer 50L of left side by left side coolant channel 52L, and remainder is sent in the vent silencer 50R of right side by right side coolant channel 52R, so pressure surge reduces.In this case, freezing mixture is discharged into the external world by cryogen discharge conduit 14.The compresses refrigerant that is sent in the vent silencer 50L of left side is discharged in the vent silencer 50R of right side by connecting duct 60.In this process, the noise of compresses refrigerant is cancelled.
As shown in Figure 4, produce one during the drain chamber 32b in compresses refrigerant is discharged into cylinder cap 32 (with reference to figure 1) and have sine-shaped first noise " A ", and when compresses refrigerant is sent to left and right side vent silencer 50L and 50R, produce and have also vent silencer 50L and the 50R transmission to the left and right of first noise " A " of certain frequency band by pressure surge.In other words, when compresses refrigerant is sent to left and right sides vent silencer 50L and 50R, can produce the second and the 3rd noise " B " and " C " that has same frequency band with first noise " A ".
Thereafter, the compresses refrigerant that is sent to right side vent silencer 50R directly is discharged into the external world by cryogen discharge conduit 14; And the compresses refrigerant that is sent to left side vent silencer 50L is sent to right side vent silencer 50R by connecting duct 60, and with right side vent silencer 50R in remaining compresses refrigerant combine again.
When the noise " B " in the vent silencer 50L of left side was sent to right side vent silencer 50R by connecting duct 60 together with compresses refrigerant, " B " became " D " and compares the phase difference with 180 ° with the noise " C " in the vent silencer 50R of right side.
Therefore, when the compresses refrigerant in the vent silencer 50L of left side by connecting duct 60 when compresses refrigerant in the vent silencer 50R of right side combines again, noise is cancelled by destructive interference.Therefore, the whole displacement noise of compresses refrigerant also correspondingly reduces.
During this period, although noise can be cancelled by the length L of adjusting connecting duct 60, yet, purpose of the present invention can also realize that wherein coolant channel 52L is connected with vent silencer 50L drain chamber 32b respectively with 52R with vent silencer 50R by length L 1 and the L2 that adjusts coolant channel 52L and 52R.
In more detail, in order after compresses refrigerant is sent to vent silencer 50L and 50R by coolant channel 52L and 52R, to make the phase place of noise opposite, drain chamber 32b and the left side discharging length that the length L 2 of the length L 1 of left side coolant channel 52L that device 50L is linked to each other and right side coolant channel 52R that device 50R is linked to each other that drain chamber 32b and right side discharging are eliminated the noise designs each other of eliminating the noise is different (in this embodiment, the length L 2 of the ratio right side coolant channel 52R of length L 1 design of left side coolant channel 52L is long, i.e. L1>L2).
Correspondingly, discharge the noise that produces during the freezing mixture from cylinder cap 32 interior drain chamber 32b and be delivered to vent silencer 50L and 50R, so the noise in left and right side vent silencer 50L and the 50R has opposite phases by coolant channel 52L and 52R with different length L1 and L2.
The compresses refrigerant that is sent in the vent silencer 50L of left side is sent in the vent silencer of right side by connecting duct 60, and combine again with residue freezing mixture in the vent silencer 50R of right side, be discharged out seal casinghousing 10 together with the residue freezing mixture in the vent silencer of right side then.In this case, noise and compresses refrigerant in the vent silencer 50L of left side are delivered in the vent silencer 50R of right side by connecting duct 60 together, therefore transmit the noise that comes and the noise in the vent silencer 50R of right side in the vent silencer 50L of left side and are cancelled by destructive interference.Correspondingly, the whole displacement noise of compresses refrigerant all correspondingly reduces.
As mentioned above, the invention provides a kind of compressor that has silencing apparatus, wherein a pair of vent silencer be installed in symmetrically its cylinder body below, cryogen discharge conduit connects with one of them vent silencer and two vent silencers communicate with each other by a connecting duct.In this case, in the noise that makes freezing mixture in one of them vent silencer of the Design of length of connecting duct and another vent silencer the noise transfer of noise in previous vent silencer of freezing mixture phase place is opposite afterwards.Therefore, when the compresses refrigerant that is sent to a pair of vent silencer by connecting duct each other again in conjunction with the time noise be cancelled by destructive interference, so the whole noise of compresses refrigerant correspondingly reduces.In addition, can easily eliminate noise by the length that changes connecting duct with any frequency band.
Although for the purpose of illustration the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail, for those skilled in the art, in not breaking away from thought of the present invention and scope, can make many modifications, add and displacement.

Claims (4)

1. compressor, this compressor comprises:
A driver element that is used to produce power;
A compression unit, its power that utilizes described driver element to transmit sucks, compresses and the discharging freezing mixture;
At least one pair of vent silencer, its interim freezing mixture that gives off from described compression unit that stores;
A cryogen discharge conduit, it links to each other with the discharging of guiding freezing mixture to the external world with one in the described vent silencer; And
A connecting duct, its described vent silencer is communicated with each other in case in the freezing mixture that separates in described vent silencer again in conjunction with during eliminate noise.
2. compressor according to claim 1, wherein said connecting duct have certain length so that one first noise in one first vent silencer in the described vent silencer is opposite with noise in described second vent silencer on phase place when being passed to one second vent silencer.
3. compressor according to claim 1, wherein the frequency band of the noise that promptly in described vent silencer, produces under such condition be 350 to 600HZ and the velocity of propagation of noise in freezing mixture be 161m/s, so described connecting duct has one 13.4 length range to 23cm.
4. compressor, this compressor comprises:
A driver element that is used to produce power;
A compression unit, its power that utilizes described driver element to transmit sucks, compresses and the discharging freezing mixture;
At least one pair of vent silencer, its interim freezing mixture that gives off from described compression unit that stores;
A cryogen discharge conduit, it links to each other with the discharging of guiding freezing mixture to the external world with one in the described vent silencer;
At least one pair of coolant channel, wherein each coolant channel is communicated with described compression unit respectively with described each vent silencer, and described coolant channel has different length so that have opposite phases at freezing mixture by the noise in the freezing mixture after the coolant channel; And
A connecting duct, its described vent silencer is communicated with each other in case in the freezing mixture that separates in described vent silencer again in conjunction with during eliminate noise.
CN01109854A 2000-12-11 2001-03-21 Compressor with silencer Pending CN1358936A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020000075129A KR20020045741A (en) 2000-12-11 2000-12-11 Compressor with discharge muffler
KR200075129 2000-12-11

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1358936A true CN1358936A (en) 2002-07-17

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CN01109854A Pending CN1358936A (en) 2000-12-11 2001-03-21 Compressor with silencer

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US (1) US20020071774A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002202055A (en)
KR (1) KR20020045741A (en)
CN (1) CN1358936A (en)
IT (1) ITRM20010144A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100342134C (en) * 2003-08-22 2007-10-10 三星光州电子株式会社 Hermetic compressor
CN102168665A (en) * 2011-05-03 2011-08-31 芜湖欧宝机电有限公司 Cylinder seat of piston type refrigerating compressor
CN105332889A (en) * 2015-10-26 2016-02-17 无锡市圣科不锈钢气动自控阀门厂 Reciprocating compressor

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KR100448547B1 (en) * 2001-08-17 2004-09-13 삼성광주전자 주식회사 Hermetic reciprocating piston compressor
KR100816833B1 (en) * 2002-06-28 2008-03-26 엘지전자 주식회사 A frame for hermetic compressor
BR0306180A (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-08-16 Brasil Compressores Sa Compressor discharge system
KR100575829B1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2006-05-03 엘지전자 주식회사 Suction-muffler assembly structure for reciprocating compressor
KR20050121053A (en) * 2004-06-21 2005-12-26 삼성전자주식회사 Compressor
KR100714578B1 (en) * 2006-01-16 2007-05-07 엘지전자 주식회사 Discharge structure for linear compressor
JP4983158B2 (en) * 2006-08-30 2012-07-25 ダイキン工業株式会社 Refrigeration equipment
KR100795186B1 (en) 2006-12-27 2008-01-16 엘지전자 주식회사 Discharging noise system of a hermetic compressor
US8133038B2 (en) * 2008-12-30 2012-03-13 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Hermetic compressor
ES2623063T3 (en) * 2013-07-04 2017-07-10 Arçelik Anonim Sirketi Thermally improved alternative hermetic compressor
BR102019017126A2 (en) * 2019-08-16 2021-03-02 Embraco Indústria De Compressores E Soluções Em Refrigeração Ltda. suction muffler thermal insulation system in compressors

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JPS6460783A (en) * 1987-08-28 1989-03-07 Matsushita Refrigeration Enclosed motor compressor
US5173034A (en) * 1991-07-18 1992-12-22 White Consolidated Industries, Inc. Discharge muffler for refrigeration compressor

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100342134C (en) * 2003-08-22 2007-10-10 三星光州电子株式会社 Hermetic compressor
CN102168665A (en) * 2011-05-03 2011-08-31 芜湖欧宝机电有限公司 Cylinder seat of piston type refrigerating compressor
CN105332889A (en) * 2015-10-26 2016-02-17 无锡市圣科不锈钢气动自控阀门厂 Reciprocating compressor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ITRM20010144A1 (en) 2002-09-20
JP2002202055A (en) 2002-07-19
KR20020045741A (en) 2002-06-20
US20020071774A1 (en) 2002-06-13
ITRM20010144A0 (en) 2001-03-20

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