CN1329706A - 具有透光面的导光单元 - Google Patents

具有透光面的导光单元 Download PDF

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CN1329706A
CN1329706A CN99813906A CN99813906A CN1329706A CN 1329706 A CN1329706 A CN 1329706A CN 99813906 A CN99813906 A CN 99813906A CN 99813906 A CN99813906 A CN 99813906A CN 1329706 A CN1329706 A CN 1329706A
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J·克莱恩维赫特尔
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Abstract

具有透光面(2)的导光单元(1),具有一个换能器(3),及透光面(2)是这样构成的,即仅是直射到该面(2)上的光线被对准到换能器(3)上。作为换能器(3)最好使用太阳能电池(3)、流体导管(13)或光导体(16)。该导光单元主要适用于用散射光对室内空间照明。

Description

具有透光面的导光单元
本发明涉及具有透光面的导光单元。
太阳光的光通量通过窗户，玻璃墙壁及屋顶进入室内用于照明。但由于过高强度的眩光效应，经常在室内空间出现不均匀的光分配及过强的温度上升。百叶窗常常导致矛盾的局面，即光通量如此强地被遮挡，以致建筑物内部必需打开人造照明。入射的光将由室外的直射阳光及几乎均匀的半球形散射光组成，后者由半室的所有方向射入，视大气的状态而定其值可达约直射值的10％。
由于在许多办公的高建筑物中需有必要的挡光，由设在室内深处的许多灯及照明体形成了白天电力消耗的主要部分。人造光源以“具有弱发光效果的加热体”著称，由此需要附加的电能，以借助“空调”从室内驱走热量。
已经开发了各种的百叶窗系统，它们相对太阳的位置可透光或反光地调节，以使得干扰的直射外部光被反射，而仅是透过散射光。这里尤其应提及，在市场上出现的可转动棱镜的系统。当它垂直于太阳定位时，该可反射的透光棱镜系统使直射的太阳光反射去，而使散射的光通过。由此可实现可选择透光的百叶窗。
虽然，公知的系统可以改善具有窗户、玻璃墙或玻璃屋顶的室内空间的照明状态，但它具有基本弱点，即遮挡的直射太阳光通过光反射被排斥在外界-虽然它在能量上有价值。
因此，本发明的任务在于，对所述类型的导光单元这样地改进，即它可以利用照射在透光面上的光线。
该任务将通过一个具有透光面的导光单元来解决，它包括一个导能器，其中透光面这样构成，即它仅使直接照射在透光面上的光线对准到导能器上。
因此，在根据本发明的导光单元中由直射光线构成的入射光的大部分被对准在导能器上，以便利用该能量，而散射光从该导能器旁通过并用于照明。作为导能器例如可使用换能器或光导体。
总的太阳光由此可选择地这样处理，即传播散射光分量及由此用作一个室内空间的基本照明，而直射光分量则通过根据本发明的透光面，但到达室内空间前或在室内空间中被聚焦在焦线或焦点上。
有利的是，透光面具有菲涅耳透镜，全息透镜或光折射元件。该光学机构可作到：使直射光聚焦到导能器及可使散射光通过。
根据本发明的系统可设置在焦线或焦点上，它使聚焦的光转换成热(太阳能热收集器)或电流(光电收集器)或通过二次光学机构用于：使聚焦的光通过有目标的偏转照射到导光单元后面的室内深处。一个优选的实施形式是导能器具有太阳能电池。它的热量可主动或被动地输出。
替换地，导能器可具有流体导管。其中吸收的能量接着可输送到热动力或热利用系统。
第三种变换在于，导能器具有光导体。该光导体允许聚集的光继续传播或多个光导体的光被继续聚集。
一个优选的实施例在于，光导体的入射端跟随一个聚焦面的运动，及其出射端位置固定地对准在导能器上。
为了保护导光单元使其防风、雷雨及污染，提出：它被设置在一个透光的保护面的后面。该保护面可为个别构成的清洗简便的窗玻璃，以使得设置在它后面的具有专门光学结构的导光单元不再需要定期清洗。最好该导光单元索性设置在类似双层玻璃的两个透光面之间，它们可对导光单元提供最佳保护。
通常导能器可被设置在一个透光面及另一透光面之间。这里另一透光面可构成保护面或同样仅是使直射到该面上的光线对准到导能器上。
有利的是，这些透光面或这个透光面限定了一个生活空间。该生活空间的特征在于，其中仅有散射光线，因为直射在其面上的光线被对准到导能器上由此在入射前已被该生活空间吸收。
在附图中表示出根据本发明的具有透光面的导光单元的各个实施例及在以下将详细地加以说明。附图为：
图1：根据本发明的具有光电组件的系统的概示图，
图2：根据本发明的具有流体导管的系统的概示图，
图3：根据本发明的具有光导体的系统的概示图，
图4：根据本发明的用于温室的系统的概示图，
图5：一个空调垫的概示图，
图6：对温室使用空调垫的概示图，
图7：空调垫能量流的概示图。
在图1中所示的导光单元1主要由透光面2及导能器3组成。在图示的实施例中导能器3构成光电元件，它被设置在设计为菲涅耳透镜的透光面2及一个窗玻璃4之间。
由太阳5发出的光线6作为直射光线7及散射光线8照在透光面2上。直射在透光面2上的光线7通过菲涅耳透镜聚集在光电收集器3上，而散射光线8则穿过菲涅耳透镜及设在其后面的窗玻璃4。
菲涅耳透镜2可投影成点或线，以使光线聚集在点状或线状的导能器上。此外，菲涅耳透镜2可单轴或双轴地跟随太阳5，以使直射光线的很大分量集中一个焦线或一个焦点上。这里设有导能器3，它将光能转换成电能。太阳5的散射光线部分8穿过该透镜，不产生能量转换，及由此到达窗玻璃4的后面，用于照明室内空间9。
因此，根据本发明的装置可满足条件：一方面使足够的无挡光的光线进入后面的室内空间9，及另一方面使未传送的直射光线部分7的能量被有意义地利用。
条形或圆形的光电组件3必需被冷却，因为它在聚集光线下工作。在此情况下尤其有意义的是使用一种有效的冷却循环(例如水冷却)，以使整个系统除光、电流外还提供低温热量(如约40-50℃的水)。对于线性聚集的光首先考虑使用硅光电池，而对于点聚集的光考虑使用砷化镓光电池。
图1中表示出散热片10，11而不是水冷却，及光电组件2可绕轴12转动，以便跟随太阳5。
图2表示一个类似结构的系统，其中用一个流体导管13取代光电组件。该流体导管13允许附加地获得热能。它是一个外部涂黑的空心吸热管(在使用线性聚光的情况下)或一个外部涂黑的吸热球(在使用点聚光的情况下)。在管或球的内部循环着一种待加热的流体14，它可为一种气体或液体。相应于一维聚焦光学机构的转轴位于吸热管13的中心轴上，及与此类似地，二维聚焦光学机构的焦点位于吸热球的中点上。
为了改善吸热器13的热效率，它可被一个透明的套管或套球15包围。套15及吸热器之间的空间可抽真空，及吸热面的涂黑应这样地实施，即吸收尽可能多的射入的聚焦光通量部分及吸热器的热反射应尽可能地小。
吸热器中得到的热能例如可用作装有根据本发明的系统的建筑物的取暖、供给水或冷却(吸收系统，Stirling式冷却机等)。但基本上也可以用于驱动热动力机(例如蒸气涡轮机或Stirling式发动机)。在线性光的情况下，这里可利用的有意义温度范围约在50℃及400℃之间，而在二维聚焦光光学机构的情况下可达到远超过1000℃。
图3中表示出一种具有柔性光导体16的系统。借助该光导体16可使聚焦在焦点或焦线中的光7以聚集平行光束的形式被传导到室内深处。在此情况下，聚焦成焦线或焦点的光束必需通过由镜和/或透镜组成的合适系统尽可能变成平行光，以致来自焦线或焦点区域的光不过大地偏离所需路径地被传送到所需地点。因为跟随太阳的光学机构其入射角在焦线或焦点的范围中持续地变化，通常这样的偏转的平行的附加光学机构应以此方式被跟随，以致根据光入射及出射条件持续地照明目标地点。在目前的实施例中借助一个柔性的条形(在此情况下为线性聚焦光学机构)或圆形(在此情况下为二维光学机构)光导体来解决。平行的直入射光束7将通过菲涅耳透镜2将以角度17偏转成一个会聚的光束。柔性光导体16在大于或等于角度17的空间角范围上捕捉光束及通过全反射使光在其内部继续传送。
因为光导体16是柔性的，它的光入射端18与跟随太阳的光学机构这样地连接，即一方面入射端持续地与入射光束的光轴相垂直，另一方面该光学系统的转轴或转动点通过该入射端延伸。以此方式可保证，在每个太阳位置上可使聚焦的直射太阳光耦合到柔性的光导体中。
出射端19通过保持装置20这样地定位，即它持续地被指向目标地点21。由光导体出射端19以角22发散的出射光在这里将通过适当的光学装置尽可能地形成平行光，如相应的照明情况所需的那样。在当前情况下通过两个相对放置的凹面镜23，24的组合来实现。但基本上也可用设在出射光束中的纯透镜系统。
上述系统表明，使用了光学系统，它能传输白天散射的光及使白天直射的光在空间上确定地被集中在一个聚焦区域内，既可用于建筑物的舒适、无百叶窗的内部照明也可同时用于该建筑物的取暖、致冷及产生电流，并可对较远的区域照明。由于重量及价格的原因在所述实施例中使用了菲涅耳透镜。但基本上根据本发明的原理也可使用全息透镜或光学折射元件来实现。
透镜系统可被设置在一个现有的建筑物窗户、玻璃墙或玻璃屋顶的前面或后面。对于在玻璃后面、即建筑物内部的情况，由焦线或焦点中光线接收器及光转换器散发出的不希望要的热负荷可通过相应的热隔离及流体携带到室外而减少到最小。
基本上安装在相应窗户、玻璃墙或玻璃屋顶的后面的透镜系统是有利的，因为在这里它们可满足光功能，但也不会被风及雨吹打。尤其是，这将导致所需太阳跟随系统的实质性简化，因为材料、传动部分及机械装置均设置在窗户后而受到保护，实际上可以更廉价、更轻便、更节能及更长寿命地实施。
设置在一个透明保护面31后面的根据本发明的导光单元30的实施例被表示在图4中。该图示的温室32具有一个玻璃外壁，它构成透明的保护面31。在它下面置有透镜33，它被用点划线表示。
该透镜33将直射的太阳光24聚集到管道35上。在管道35中流动着流体，该流体被收集到热存储器36中。例如在夜间可借助泵37从热存储器36中取出被加热的流体，以使温室32通过管路系统38被加热。在温室32中生长的植物39实际上仅获得透过透镜进入的散射光，-当需要时-也可透过未被透镜覆盖的屋顶面进入一些直射光。为了使该从透镜之间入射的光转换成散射光，在该区域中可设置高透光性的、最好是纺织的透光织物，它通过高效的向前散射使直射光转换成散射光。
图5表示一种轻组件型的单元40。根据本发明在该垫中即在气动成形的透明垫系统42中设有光学透镜系统41及光收集和转换系统。该垫42由高透明的、机械稳固及抗风化的含氟聚合物薄膜构成。它将由两个透明的通过内部过压空气形成垫状的薄膜42及44构成，它通过机械上稳定的型材45沿其圆周保持。透镜系统41的转轴及流体导管也通过该型材延伸。借助该型材45可以使垫42这样地跟随太阳46，即，使得直射的光线47尽可能垂直地照射在上垫壳上。
图6中表示，如何由多个气动垫单元50构成一个温室51的外壳。在温室51内的植物52由此可在舒适的温度上获得足够的光。透镜系统53产生出热的流体，它通过导管54输入热动力机55。在这里产生电流56，及被冷却的流体通过导管57再送回透镜系统53。通过一个可选用的热存储器58的中间连接，可在气候差的时期分接一个能量发生系统55，并基本上在白天及夜晚均可工作。
这种温室尤其适于使用在半干燥及干燥的气候区域。该空气调节的内部气候允许最佳的植物生长。在其壳内产生的能量可用于对这种模件式可扩展的“绿洲”所需能量的供能。
但也可以构建完全新型的太阳能发电厂用于发电及配电。在此情况下它所需的占用面积不会流失，而相反地会自动地增长，因为如所述的，它创造了对于植物及人类最佳的生长及工作条件。
图7概要地表示在该能量及气候壳体内外的能量流。入射的太阳总光线60由光谱区域A，B，C组成。A是不可见的短波长的UV光谱，B是可见光光谱，及C是长波长的不可见的红外光光谱。总光线将在该能量及气候壳体61内通过透镜系统及导能器转换成热、冷、电流及定向聚集的光62。在此情况下，所指出的能量类型可单独地或与其它能量类型任意的组合来产生。
入射总光线中的散射分量63将不被透镜系统聚集及由此作为散射的不耀眼的光到达能量气候壳体(Energieklimahülle)后面或下面的室内空间64。
根据本发明的系统体现为可具有多种应用的太阳能结构单元。它可由作为传统结构的窗户、墙壁或屋顶单元的应用一直到结构复杂的、多种构型的建筑壳体的应用。这些建筑的室内空间在热能及光技术方面被形成空调化及壳体本身可产生所需的附加能量。

Claims (10)

1.具有透光面的导光单元，其特征在于：具有一个导能器，及透光面是这样构成的，即仅是直射到该面上的光线被对准到导能器上。
2.根据权利要求1的导光单元，其特征在于：透光面具有一个菲涅耳透镜、全息透镜或光反射元件。
3.根据以上权利要求中一项的导光单元，其特征在于：导能器具有一个太阳能电池。
4.根据权利要求1或2的导光单元，其特征在于：导能器具有一流体导管。
5.根据权利要求1或2的导光单元，其特征在于：导能器具有一光导体。
6.根据权利要求5的导光单元，其特征在于：光导体是柔性的。
7.根据权利要求5或6的导光单元，其特征在于：光导体的入射端跟随一个聚焦面的运动，及其出射端位置固定地对准在导能器上。
8.根据以上权利要求中一项的导光单元，其特征在于：它被设置在一个透光的保护面的后面。
9.根据以上权利要求中一项的导光单元，其特征在于：导能器被设置在该透光面及另一透光面之间。
10.根据以上权利要求中一项的导光单元，其特征在于：透光面限定了一个生活空间。
CN99813906A 1998-10-05 1999-10-01 具有透光面的导光单元 Pending CN1329706A (zh)

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