CN1310585A - 用于促进体重过重的狗减重的方法和产品 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种给予体重过重的犬宠物食物补充品或饮食以促进其体重降低,和/或使瘦弱犬体重增加,和/或提高动物饱满感的方法。补充品和食物中含有有效剂量的L-卡尼汀。
Description
本发明涉及用于促进体重过重的狗减重的方法和产品,更具体地,其涉及补充带有L-卡尼汀的犬饮食以促进体重降低、改善身体构成并提高动物的饱满感。
据估计大约20-40%的犬患有体重过重或肥胖。这意味着有很大数量的动物需要减重的治疗方法。肥胖及体重超重与很多健康危险因素有关,例如糖尿病、血压升高、甘油三酯升高、行动不便、骨骼紧张(stress)、难产增加、甲状腺功能失调等。因此,对于这类动物群体来说,非常需要治疗这种状况的方法。现行最常用的治疗犬肥胖的方法是给予含有高含量纤维的食物以稀释食物中的卡路里。
尽管在某些情况下这些饮食是有效的,但它们通常与几种副作用有关。这些副作用包括:1)粪便排出过量,2)营养消化能力降低,3)皮肤和毛皮(haircoat)质地差,4)口感下降,以及5)便秘和(或)排便频率增加。因此需要交替的营养手段以缓解这些情况。
最近有报道说在新生的猪中发现卡尼汀(一种维生素样的物质)可以增强辛酸酯(盐)的氧化作用(Van Kempen和Odle,J.Nutr.125:238-250(1995)),在生长的鲑中通过肝细胞降低脂肪沉积和增加脂肪酸的氧化(Ji等人,J.Nutr.126:1937-1950(1996)),以及在生长的猪上可以降低身体的脂肪蓄积(Owen等人,J.Anim.Sci.74:1612-1619(1996))。
因此,在提供足够的营养并不带来与先前饮食有关的副作用的同时,仍有需要关注犬类的肥胖问题。
本发明通过使用含有补充L-卡尼汀的饮食解决了犬类的肥胖和超重问题。L-卡尼汀是一种氨基酸辅助因子,其在动物体内由赖氨酸和甲硫氨酸合成得到。我们已经发现,当以极低的补充剂量(100mg/Kg饮食或更少)给予需要治疗的动物L-卡尼汀时,其可以促进动物的减重,改善动物的身体构成,并导致动物饱满感提高。在这里改善的动物的身体构成是指:对于摄入给定量食物的给定动物来说,与摄入同样量但不含L-卡尼汀补充品食物的动物相比,当提供给动物有效剂量补充L-卡尼汀时,动物体脂肪的百分比将降低且瘦体物质百分比提高。L-卡尼汀可以作为补充品也可以含在喂养饮食中给予动物。这类补充品可以药丸或胶囊、治疗剂或饼干的形式存在,也可以任意其它可食用的形式存在。在这里“饮食”是指动物日常消耗的食物或饮料。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种促进犬类减重的方法,其包括给予犬类足够次数的有效剂量L-卡尼汀以使得动物的体重降低。在一个实施方案中,L-卡尼汀可以通过含有补充L-卡尼汀的饮食给予动物,L-卡尼汀量为15-195mg/Kg饮食,优选的是25-150mg/Kg饮食。该饮食优选包含约18-40wt%粗蛋白,约4-30wt%脂肪,约2-20wt%总饮食纤维,并且饮食中存在的L-卡尼汀浓度约为15-195ppm,更优选约25-150ppm,最优选约50-100ppm。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,作为补充品L-卡尼汀的给予量在约1-100mg L-卡尼汀/天,更优选2.5-50mgL-卡尼汀/天。
本发明也可用于增加犬类瘦体物质以及提高犬类的饱满感质和降低主动食物摄取。
因此,本发明的一个特征是提供了一种可用于犬类减重的给予宠物食物补充品或饮食的方法,该方法是在动物饮食中提供有效剂量的L-卡尼汀。本发明的另一个特征是提供宠物食物补充品或饮食,其可增加动物瘦体物质。本发明的另一个特征是提供宠物食物补充品,其可以提高犬类的饱满感质并降低主动食物摄取。下列详细的描述、附图及权利要求将使本发明的这些及其它特征和优点更加明显。
将通过实施例对附图作出说明,其中:
图1说明了消耗L-卡尼汀补充饮食狗相对于非补充饮食狗的比较百分体重变化;
图2说明了消耗L-卡尼汀补充饮食狗的饮食摄取;
图3说明了在随意喂养和L-卡尼汀补充饮食限制喂养期间的狗体重;
图4说明了在随意喂养L-卡尼汀补充饮食前和后49天时超重狗的体脂;
图5说明了在随意喂养和L-卡尼汀补充饮食限制喂养期间狗的体脂;
图6说明了在随意喂养和L-卡尼汀补充饮食限制喂养期间狗的瘦体物质;
图7说明了在随意喂养和L-卡尼汀补充饮食限制喂养期间狗的减重和食物摄入之间的关系。
剂量为15-195ppm,更优选约20-150ppm,最优选约50-100ppm L-卡尼汀的饮食补充量可以促进超重犬类的减重。与给予不含补充L-卡尼汀饮食的动物比较,当给予超重狗有效剂量的L-卡尼汀时,可以导致较大的体重下降。进一步地,喂给L-卡尼汀补充饮食的动物比起喂给同样食物但不含L-卡尼汀补充品的动物来说,其瘦体物质(LBM)的百分比更大一些。同样,喂给L-卡尼汀补充饮食的动物自愿地限制了其本身的食物摄取量。
L-卡尼汀可在饮食中提供,该饮食可以包含任何合适的宠物食物配方,它们也可以为动物提供足够的营养。例如本发明中所用的典型的犬饮食可以含有约18-40wt%粗蛋白,约4-30wt%脂肪,约2-20wt%的总饮食纤维。然而无须特定的百分比或比例。优选喂给动物低脂肪L-卡尼汀补充品饮食可以促进减重。典型的低脂肪饮食可以含有约21.1wt%蛋白,约8.6wt%脂肪,约1.7wt%粗纤维。还可以分开的饮食(例如药丸,饼干或治疗剂)将L-卡尼汀提供给犬类。
为了能够更容易地理解本发明,可以参考下列实施例,它们是为了说明本发明,但不限制其范围。
实施例
采用30只卵巢子宫被切除的雌性猎狗进行L-卡尼汀的减重的影响研究。所有的动物均进行了接种和寄生虫预防处理。将狗单个饲养在大体积的围栏中,通过在一个耳朵上刺花纹进行鉴别。在整个研究期间提供新鲜的水可随意饮用。在研究期间根据需要调节食物的摄取量以获得所需的体重。
评价了3种饮食处理。研究由3个阶段组成:体重增长期,保持期和减重期。在11周的体重增长期间,所有的狗均喂给单一的饮食(EukanubaVeterinary DietsNutritional Recovery FormulaTM,其中含有约36.1wt%蛋白,约26.1 wt%的脂肪,约2.1 w%的粗纤维)并可随意食用。
在研究保持期的开始时(基线或第0天),基于体重将狗随机分成三个饮食处理组,每组10只狗,并有3天的喂养过渡期,以0天作为起始。每个处理组随机指定三组低脂饮食中的一组饮食(见表1)。其差别仅仅是分别加入了0ppm,50ppm或100ppm的补充L-卡尼汀。各组之间动物最初的体重或身体状况不存在差异。
表1 低脂饮食的化学组成
营养成分 | 补充卡尼汀的量 | ||
0ppm | 50ppm | 100ppm | |
蛋白质,% | 20.85 | 21.25 | 21.17 |
Ash | 5.54 | 5.47 | 5.64 |
脂肪 | 8.80 | 8.45 | 8.46 |
粗纤维 | 1.55 | 1.63 | 1.82 |
钙 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.81 |
磷 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.69 |
交互能量kcal/g | 4.69 | 4.67 | 4.63 |
卡尼汀,ppm | 21.48 | 73.12 | 126.10 |
从第3天起,喂给狗100%实验饮食,并在研究过程7周的保持期内任意摄食。
在12周的减重研究期间,给予与保持期同样的实验饮食。然而,由于食物的摄取量下降,每周大约出现1.5-2.5%的体重下降。每日在基本相同的时间给予狗准确量的实验饮食,第二天对剩余的喂养物进行称重。相应地在每日和每周测定食物摄取量和体重。在研究期间用Dual能量X-射线吸收计(DEXA)测定整个身体构成,周期性地收集血样用于CBC和化学指标的测定。用Dual能量X-射线吸收法(DEXA)测定整个身体的构成。用Hologic QDR-2000 Plus Dual能量X-射线吸收(DEXA)骨密度计(由Hologic MXA软件8.0版本支持)对狗进行扫描。将所有的狗麻醉后以背躺式置于Dual能量X-射线吸收(DEXA)台上,使腿伸展以避免腿迭盖在身上。用Enhanced Array Whole Body软件扫描狗。身体构成测定记录由表面积(cm2)、骨矿物含量(BMC)、骨矿物密度(BMD)、瘦体物质、脂肪含量、百分脂肪以及评估体重组成。所有的测定均用克来表示,除了百分脂肪和面积(cm2)之外。由来自DEXA结果的瘦体物质、BMC和评估体重等数据可以计算得到百分瘦身物质和百分BMC。
麻醇.在麻醉情况下实施整体身体构成研究。麻醉方案组成如下:阿托品(0.1mg/lb)作为预麻醉剂,甲苯噻嗪/Telazol/Torbugesic(0.8/6.7/0.13mg/kg)作为诱导麻醉剂,Isofiurane(Aerrane,Ohmeda Pharmaceutical Products,Liberty Corner,NJ)作为麻醉保持剂,其采用鼻锥体。
统计分析.采用重复的变异测定分类分析来进行有关“处理”和依赖时间的“处理×时间”作用的研究(Gill和Hafs,J.Animal Sci.33(2):331(1971))。用此分析对来自全血计数、血液化学、身体构成及体重的变量进行了研究。所有的F-检验和用最小方差(LSD)得到的平均离散度(separation)均使用0.05类1误差率。就身体构成和体重等变量计算实验饮食B组对C组(比较1)以及A组对B组和C组(比较2)之间的一级自由度比较。比较1和2形成一个直角。采用α=0.05检验每个配对所指定的两组均值的非零值。通过对整个期间每个处理组进行线性、二次和立方反应检验计算,调查了“处理×时间”的相互作用。然后进行平行、相等二次曲面反应以及相等立方反应检验以检验各处理组反应趋势的同等性。在所有的情况下均采用α=0.05进行F-检验。用SAS(统计分析系统)软件(1989)进行全部的计算。
体重.在保持期的初始,根据体重和身体状况评分使动物随机化,此时各处理组之间的体重没有差异(P>0.05)。在整个研究期间(体重增长期、保持期和减重期),体重曲线保持某种平行(参见图3)。在保持期和减重期,随着时间的推移,所有组的体重减轻均呈线性。饮食B组(50ppm)比饮食A组(对照)得到的线性体重下降要大(P<0.05)。饮食C组(100ppm)的线性下降居中,与饮食A组和B组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。然而,重复的测定分析显示,在减重期的开始、中间和结束时,在全部的处理组之间,体重是有差异的(P<0.05),其中A,C和B处理组相应地具有最高、中等和最低的平均体重,这一结果贯穿研究过程(参见下列表2)。
DEXA得到的整体构成。被实验饮食改变的参数仅有脂肪层和评估体重。用DEXA测定得到的其它参数不受处理的影响。重复的测定分析表明在研究的开始时脂肪层不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着研究的进行,所有的实验饮食均导致了一种非常显著(P<0.001)的依赖于时间的体重和脂肪丧失。在减重期的开始和中间时,所有处理组之间的评估体重和脂肪层存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中实验饮食A组,C组和B相应地具有最高、中等和最低平均值。在减重期结束时,三个实验饮食组之间的评估体重也存在显著性差异(P<0.05),它们与减重期期中实验饮食组之间具有同样的关系。在减重期结束时,实验饮食A组比实验饮食B或C组的脂肪层要显著地大(P<0.05),但实验饮食B和C组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。表2总结了所测定的每个时间点的体脂平均值。
表2基线(保持期起始)处及减重期实验饮食对体脂和体重的影响
(平均值±STD)
饮食 | 基线 | 起始减重* | 中点减重* | 结束减重* |
脂肪(g)ABC体重(kg)ABC | 6196±10695989±14436201±134414.9±1.814.8±2.715.0±1.8 | 5595±994a4871±1150b5244±1244c14.5±2.0a13.4±2.1b14.0±1.6c | 5246±891a4435±932b4824±1312c13.9±1.7a12.7±1.8b13.4±1.6c | 4590±989a3772±819b4028±1445b13.0±1.6a12.1±1.8b12.6±1.6c |
*对同一栏中带有不同标记的平均值是统计的显著性差异(P<0.05)。
脂肪和评估体重相对于基线的百分变化揭示出在实验A与实验饮食B组和C之间存在显著性差异(参见图4)。然而,实验饮食B组和C之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。相对于基线的BMC百分变化表明饮食A组比饮食B组所引起的骨矿物含量的丢失要小一些(P<0.05)。在实验饮食A组和C或实验饮食B组和C之间没有观察到有BMC相对百分变化差异的存在(P>0.05)。
血液学和血液化学。对白细胞(WBC)和红细胞(RBC)计数进行了时间/处理相互作用的测定。随着研究过程的进展,对于所有的实验饮食来说,WBC有降低的趋势,而红细胞没有更多的行为规律。然而,在整个研究过程中,这两个参数保持在正常的范围内。所评价其余血液学参数在各种处理之间不存在显示显著性差异。
还对几种血液化学参数,例如葡萄糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯、磷酸以及LDH酶进行了时间/处理相互作用的测定。在整个研究期间,所有的实验饮食均导致血糖的明显下降(P<0.05)。尽管在几个时间点各实验饮食处理之间的血糖水平不同,但无法清楚地看出各实验饮食处理对其影响的差别。在处理期间,实验饮食B组和C可以降低胆固醇水平,但其在失重研究的结束阶段又再次回到了最初的水平。饮食A组的胆固醇水平没有规律。尽管在几个时间点各饮食组之间胆固醇水平有所不同,但无法清楚地看出各实验饮食处理对其影响的差别,并且在处理期间,胆固醇水平保持在正常的范围内。随着狗体重的减轻,其体内甘油三酯的水平增加。在研究结束时,实验饮食B组导致了最高的甘油三酯水平(P<0.05),随后是实验饮食A组,然后是实验饮食C组。在整个研究期间,除了实验饮食B组外,甘油三酯水平均保持在正常的范围内。在失重期即将结束时,实验饮食B组的甘油三酯水平超出了正常范围。尽管在几个时间点可以观察到各实验饮食处理之间的LDH和磷酸具有统计学差异,但在所有实验饮食处理之间少有规律性的反应方式,并且在整个研究期间,LDH和磷酸的水平均保持在正常的范围内。
喂给超重狗组相对低脂饮食,一共7周。如图1所示,喂给含有50ppm和100ppm补充卡尼汀饮食的狗体重相应地降低了6.4%和5.7%,而对照组的狗(无卡尼汀补充)体重仅下降了1.8%(P<0.05,对照喂养狗)。
这种较大的减重看上去似乎与摄食量的降低有关。如图2所示,在7周的喂养期间,对照组狗的主观摄食量平均为1695g/周,而卡尼汀补充组的主观平均摄食量相应地仅为1574g/周(50ppm)和1567g/周(100ppm)。因此,正如摄食量降低所说明的,卡尼汀补充促进了饱满感。
在狗的饮食中补充卡尼汀进一步的好处的是其可以促进动物身体构成的改善,如图3所示。连续7周喂给实验饮食的结果显示,喂给卡尼汀补充饮食的那些狗中以占总体重的百分比表示的动物瘦体物质(肌肉)增加了。
表3.卡尼汀对狗身体组成的影响
补充卡尼汀 | 身体组成 | 0周 | 7周 |
0 | LBMa | 55.7% | 58.2% |
50 | LBM | 56.0 | 60.5 |
100 | LBM | 55.9 | 59.5 |
0 | 脂肪量 | 42.7 | 40.3 |
50 | 脂肪量 | 42.4 | 37.8 |
100 | 脂肪量 | 42.5 | 38.9 |
0 | BMCb | 1.5 | 1.5 |
50 | BMC | 1.6 | 1.7 |
100 | BMC | 1.6 | 1.6 |
aLBM=瘦物质量
bBMC=骨矿物含量
在重量增加期末,狗的体重平均增长了14%,体脂平均增长了42.5%。在实验的保持期和减重期,动物的体重平均下降了15%。参见图3和图4。如图4所示,当0天和49天之间的体脂差异用0天的百分数来表达时,与补充0ppm L-卡尼汀相比较,补充50和100ppm的L-卡尼汀可使动物丧失更多的体脂(P<0.05)。
随着L-卡尼汀的补充,将丧失更多的脂肪物质(P<0.05)。如图5所示,当0天和随后的每个时间点(49天,92天和133天)之间的体脂差异用0天的百分数来表达时,与不补充(0ppm)L-卡尼汀相比较,补充50和100ppm L-卡尼汀可使动物丧失更多的体脂(P<0.05)。
随着L-卡尼汀的补充,动物的瘦体物质逐渐增加。如图6所示,补充50和100ppm的L-卡尼汀比不补充L-卡尼汀可导致动物产生更多瘦体物质。
L-卡尼汀的补充导致了每单位质量食物消耗能产生更大的减重(P<0.05)。如图7所示,补充50和100ppm的L-卡尼汀比不补充L-卡尼汀可使动物每单位总食物摄取量产生更大的总减重。
尽管这里提供了某些具有代表性的实施方案和细节以便说明本发明,但对本领域内的专门人员来说,显而易见,在不背离附属权利要求中所定义的本发明范围的情况下,可对这里所公开的方法和仪器进行各种变化。
Claims (14)
1.L-卡尼汀用于超重狗(1)促进减重和/或(2)增加瘦体物质和/或(3)提高饱满感和降低主动食物摄取量的用途。
2.权利要求1中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀是通过含有补充L-卡尼汀的饮食给予的,L-卡尼汀量为15-195mg/Kg饮食。
3.权利要求1中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀是通过含有补充L-卡尼汀的饮食给予的,L-卡尼汀量为25-150mg/Kg饮食。
4.权利要求2中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的饮食含有18-40wt%粗蛋白,4-30wt%脂肪,2-20wt%总饮食纤维。
5.权利要求2中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀存在于所述的饮食中,其浓度为15-195ppm。
6.权利要求2中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀存在于所述的饮食中,其浓度为25-150ppm。
7.权利要求2中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀存在于所述的饮食中,其浓度为50-100ppm。
8.权利要求2中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的饮食含有21.1wt%粗蛋白,8.6wt%脂肪,以及1.7wt%粗纤维。
9.权利要求1中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀作为一种补充品,以1-100mg L-卡尼汀/天的量给予。
10.权利要求1中所述的L-卡尼汀的用途,其中所述的L-卡尼汀作为一种补充品,以2.5-50mgL-卡尼汀/天的量给予。
11.促进犬类减重的组合物,其包含含有18-40wt%粗蛋白、约4-30wt%脂肪以及2-20wt%总饮食纤维的饮食,所述的组合物包括15-195ppm的补充L-卡尼汀。
12.权利要求11中所述的组合物,其包括约25-150ppm的补充L-卡尼汀。
13.权利要求11中所述的组合物,其中所述的饮食包含21.1wt%粗蛋白,8.6wt%的脂肪,以及1.7wt%的粗纤维。
14.用于犬类的食物补充品,所述的补充品包括1-100mg的L-卡尼汀。
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US9392814B2 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2016-07-19 | Nicholas J. Singer | Delivery system for drinks |
JP6905933B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-25 | 2021-07-21 | ソシエテ・デ・プロデュイ・ネスレ・エス・アー | 除脂肪体重を高め、体脂肪の増加を最小化し、かつ体重を管理するための方法及び組成物 |
WO2016126683A1 (en) * | 2015-02-02 | 2016-08-11 | Benemilk Oy | Animal feed composition and method of making same |
USD773313S1 (en) | 2015-06-23 | 2016-12-06 | Nicholas J. Singer | Package |
CA3070913A1 (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2019-03-21 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Methods for mimicking chronic caloric restriction and for imparting health benefits to an animal |
WO2019123185A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-27 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Systems for managing weight loss and body mass |
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IT1119854B (it) | 1979-09-21 | 1986-03-10 | Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceuti | Composizione farmaceutica comprendente l-carnitina per il trattamento di disfunzioni cardiache |
US5030458A (en) | 1989-11-27 | 1991-07-09 | Shug Austin L | Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats |
IT1219448B (it) * | 1988-02-12 | 1990-05-18 | Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceuti | Alimento per animali domestici carnivori, in particolare per cani integrato con l-carnitina |
US4883672A (en) | 1988-04-29 | 1989-11-28 | Shug Austin L | Method for preventing diet induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats |
JPH0394655A (ja) * | 1989-09-06 | 1991-04-19 | Otsuka Pharmaceut Co Ltd | 栄養補給用組成物 |
JP2667055B2 (ja) | 1991-03-22 | 1997-10-22 | ロンザ インコーポレイテッド | スターターピッグ用カルニチン−追加飼料 |
US5192804A (en) | 1991-03-22 | 1993-03-09 | Lonza Inc. | Carnitine-supplemented diet for starter pigs |
CA2098167C (en) | 1992-06-24 | 2006-12-19 | Dorothea Isler | Foodstuffs and feedstuffs containing a lipase inhibitor |
US5730988A (en) | 1995-04-20 | 1998-03-24 | Lynntech, Inc. | Nutritional supplements for improving glucose metabolism |
US5626849A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-05-06 | Reliv International, Inc. | Weight loss composition for burning and reducing synthesis of fats |
FR2735331A1 (fr) | 1995-06-19 | 1996-12-20 | Mania Venance | Premix nutritionnel augmentant la digestibilite des nutriments (proteines et lipides) chez les animaux d'elevage |
US5895652A (en) | 1996-07-29 | 1999-04-20 | Longevity Institute International | Method of metabolic adjuvanation and cellular repair |
US5869528A (en) | 1997-07-22 | 1999-02-09 | Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.P.A. | Therapeutical method for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorders |
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1999
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- 1999-06-22 CN CNB998088889A patent/CN1229032C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1999-06-22 JP JP2000556633A patent/JP2002519005A/ja active Pending
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- 1999-06-22 KR KR1020007014796A patent/KR20010071603A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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PL345113A1 (en) | 2001-12-03 |
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BR9911556A (pt) | 2001-03-20 |
US20010000786A1 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
UA44940C2 (uk) | 2002-03-15 |
WO2000000039A1 (en) | 2000-01-06 |
EP1104247B1 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
CN1229032C (zh) | 2005-11-30 |
AR019713A1 (es) | 2002-03-13 |
HUP0102783A2 (hu) | 2001-11-28 |
JP2002519005A (ja) | 2002-07-02 |
ZA200007513B (en) | 2002-03-14 |
NZ508798A (en) | 2003-03-28 |
CA2335451C (en) | 2005-10-18 |
RU2203556C2 (ru) | 2003-05-10 |
AU752217B2 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
ID28173A (id) | 2001-05-10 |
IL140477A0 (en) | 2002-02-10 |
KR20010071603A (ko) | 2001-07-28 |
HUP0102783A3 (en) | 2001-12-28 |
AU4957399A (en) | 2000-01-17 |
CA2335451A1 (en) | 2000-01-06 |
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