CN1301428A - 经改良的电动机 - Google Patents

经改良的电动机 Download PDF

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CN1301428A
CN1301428A CN99805093A CN99805093A CN1301428A CN 1301428 A CN1301428 A CN 1301428A CN 99805093 A CN99805093 A CN 99805093A CN 99805093 A CN99805093 A CN 99805093A CN 1301428 A CN1301428 A CN 1301428A
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rotor
electromagnet
stator
motor
permanent magnet
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CN1096740C (zh
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约翰·派屈克·爱屈菊
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    • B60L3/0061—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electrical machines
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    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
    • H02K21/14—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets rotating within the armatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
    • H02K21/24—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets axially facing the armatures, e.g. hub-type cycle dynamos
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
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Abstract

经改良的电动机利用激磁铁心的两侧以对给定的电流产生更多的动力。在一个实施例中,盘形转子(8)沿它的周边等距离地布有永磁体(9),定子是一个装有激励线圈(10)的U形铁心(11),U形铁心的两端与永磁体(9)的中心形成的弧线对齐。在另一实施例中,有两个同心的永磁体转子(6,17),其间置一定子(2)。定子由几个H形铁心(16)构成,在每个H形铁心的中心上装有线圈(5)。所述两个转子(6,17)相互机械地相连,以绕定子旋转。在每个实施例中,线圈的激磁分别在铁心的各端产生N极和S极。因而在驱动转子时利用铁心的每一端。切换系统检测转子永磁体的通过,以同步线圈中电流方向的切换。这是一个比标准电刷或电换向系统更简单的系统。

Description

此文本是一完整的说明书，其发明名称为“经改良的电动机”， 临时申请号PP 3010，优先权日期为1998年4月16日。
经改良的电动机
通用的电动机(图1，图2)，不论直流或交流的都采用同性磁极相斥、异性磁极相吸的磁原理。通过改变流过激磁线圈电流方向的这一原理和知识改变着穿过激磁线圈的金属的、铁氧体的或酚醛铁心的磁极。按照电动机的设计要求通过转子或定子的推和拉作用，利用这种方法产生转动。当今的所有设计都存在相同的设计缺陷，即只利用激磁铁心的一端来产生转子或定子的旋转运动。虽然只利用永磁体的一端并无不适，但只利用激磁铁心的一端却是十分低效。仅仅用了电动机潜力的一半。本发明的目的在于利用激磁铁心的两端。这可以通过采用定子、转子、永磁体和激磁线圈的各种配置(都为了利用激磁线圈的两端的同一目的)加以实现。
附图说明：
图1表示标准电动机，转子(3)由从转子中心辐射的T形部分(3)构成，T形的顶部(2)形成转子(3)的外周，只利用激磁线圈(5)的一侧来产生转子(3)的转动。
图2表示标准的辐射状电动机，转子(3)由从转子中心面朝外的T形部分(2)构成，只利用激磁线圈(5)的一侧来提供定子(1)中永磁体(6)的旋转。
图3表示永磁体(9)装在周边附近的圆盘转子(8)的平面图。图中转子(8)绕固定轴(4)旋转。单个U形铁心(11)和激磁线圈(10)装在顶部。
图4表示图3的侧视图，固定在定子(1)的一侧的带激磁线圈(10)的U形铁心(11)与永磁体(9)形成的弧线对齐，并装有防尘罩(21)。
图5表示装有轮子(18)的转子(8)的侧视图，带有激磁线圈(10)的两个铁心(11)置于转子(8)顶部的各一侧。
图6表示轴支承架(14)内转子的侧视图，激磁铁心(11)和线圈(10)装到定子上并置于转子(8)底部的两侧，与转子(8)的永磁体(9)对齐。
图7表示转子(8)的部分平面图，U形铁心(11)和激磁线圈(10)置于转子(8)的一侧，永磁体的N极都朝向转子(8)的同一侧。铁心(11)两端间的长度是装于转子(8)中的永磁体(9)之间的长度的1.5倍。
图8表示转子(8)的部分平面图，U形铁心(11)和激磁线圈(10)置于转子(8)的两侧，磁极交替地朝向转子(8)的一侧，激磁线圈(11)的两端与转子(8)中的永磁体(9)对齐。
图9表示用于有激磁线圈两端的图2的辐射状电动机，铁心(16)为H形而非T形，激磁线圈(5)装在中央。有固定于外部永磁体转子(6)上的内部永磁体转子(17)，因此一起转动。
图10表示在其周边上有永磁体(9)的转子(8)，磁极交替地朝向外边，定子(1)沿其周围有线圈绕组(5)，利用磁心(19)的两侧在定子(1)的内表面上给出两个磁极。
图11表示在其周边上有永磁体(9)的转子(8)，相同磁极朝向外边，定子(1)沿其周围有线圈绕组，利用磁心(19)的两侧在定子(1)的内表面上给出两个磁极。
图12表示装于自行车前轮上的经改良的电动机应用的侧视图，带有防尘罩(21)。
图13表示装于自行车前轮上的经改良的电动机应用的前视图，带有防尘罩(21)。
本“经改良的电动机”意在克服标准电动机(图1、2)的缺陷，标准电动机只利用转子的激磁部分(图1、2中的2)的外侧来吸引或推斥定子(图1、2的1)的磁铁(图1、2的6)。转子由从转子中心(图1、2的4)辐射出去的T形部分(图1、2的2)构成，T形的顶部形成转子的外周。T形部分具有绕在T形的杆上(图1、2的3)的绕组(图1、2的5)(绕组通常为铜线)，T形的杆连到直流电动机的换向器(图1、2的7)，但交流电机或其他型电机不需要换向器。每当电流流过绕组(图1、2的5)时，T形部分(图1、2的2)就成为有N和S极的电磁铁。T形顶部(图1、2的2)由定子中的磁铁(图1、2的6)所吸引或排斥，但是靠近转子(图1、2的4)中心的T形部分的下部杆子(图1、2的3)也被磁化，不过没有以任何方式被用来产生对转子提供转动动力。本发明是解决这一问题的电动机，它利用激磁线圈的两端，对所用的相同电功率提供更多的动力和更高的效率。
本发明的最简单形式(图3)是由转子(8)和轴(4)构成，轴(4)与转子(8)的平面成90度通过转子(8)的中心，套筒(13)装在转子(8)的中心，作为安装轴承(15)的装置并控制转子(8)的外周的侧向移动。靠近转子(8)的外周并在离转子(8)的中心的相等距离上，等间隔地装有永磁体(9)，使永磁体(9)的N、S极轴线与穿过转子(8)的轴相平行。所有永磁体(9)被固定得使N极都朝向转子(8)的一侧，S极都朝向转子(8)的另一侧。定子(1)上安装一马蹄形电磁铁(11)，使激磁铁心(11)的两端与转子(8)中永磁体(9)所形成的弧线对齐。绕制电磁铁(11)上的线圈(10)使适合电动机的预定用途。当电流流过线圈(10)时，电磁铁(11)的两端就被磁化而具有彼此相邻的S、N极。转子(8)中永磁体(9)的中心线通过被激磁磁极(11)的两端的中心线，仅有一气隙容限。装有受转子(8)中永磁体(9)激励的霍尔效应电切换(12)系统，以改变电流方向，并在预定时刻改变磁极以引起转子(8)的转动。下面说明转子(8)中单个永磁体的作用。当永磁体(9)的N极转向电磁铁(11)的S极时，异性磁极相吸，永磁体(9)被吸到电磁铁(11)的N极。当它通过激磁磁极(11)端头的下面时，切换开关(12)受激，改变电流方向，继而改变S极为N极，它推斥永磁体(9)上的N极，迫使转子旋转，这个过程被重复进行着。虽然本发明用一个电磁铁(11)来表示，但可用与永磁体(9)一样多的电磁铁(11)，只要它们像单个电磁铁(11)相对于转子(8)中的永磁体(9)所要求的方式那样来定位就可。永磁体(9)的数目可以是一个或多个，依设计要求而定。转子(8)可以是具有适当的磁性特性的材料，从而磁极可永久地定位在该材料中而不用单独的永磁体(9)。不管用来改变电流方向的电磁铁(11)的数目多少，只需要一个切换装置(12)。如果电磁铁(11)被串联接线，则在任何给定时刻在所用的全部线圈(10)中的电流方向都是相同的。为了激励切换开关，使用带线性霍尔效应和低压放大器的电子线路来改变适合于磁铁心的电流方向。如果转子(8)的永磁体(9)如此安排，使转子(8)的一边上的磁体为N、S、N、S地交替改变，那么每个磁极与前面极性相反。代替单端电磁铁(11)，带有其激磁线圈(10)的U形磁铁(11)适配于转子(8)的两侧。转子(8)中永磁体(9)的中心与适配于转子(8)两侧的U形电磁铁(11)之间的长度是相同的，双端电磁铁(11)能产生有效的输出。
图10和11示出本发明的各种组合。其主要之点是绕定子周围设置激磁线圈(11)，而不是在定子(1)中形成的T形部分，这不仅节省绕组所需的铜线用量，而且产生近似一半电流的两个磁极。也可以在定子(1)中放置永磁体并结合所说明的永磁体(9)，这将给出3个U形铁心(11)，以及绕中心置放激磁线圈(10)，然后将激磁线圈(10)连接到换向器或电子切换系统(12)，这将给出应用本发明的更多的配置例子。
这一新电动机的应用之一是适合于固定在转子(8)上的套筒(13)上的自行车轮(图12、13)。最合适的轮子是前轮(图12,13)，因为这使后轮保持链驱动的原样，从而骑行者能正常蹬踏，或者接通前轮中电动机的电源而停止蹬踏。电动机将在前进方向上推进自行车。功率的大小以至车速受安装在车架或车把上的开关(24)的控制。电动机需要配合防尘罩(21)和尘密封(22)，以防止金属粒和尘粒附到永磁体上，限制激励磁铁(11)和永磁体(9)之间的气隙。使用适当的电子设备以便当电动机击被使用和自行车以脚踏动力使用或下山坡时，使电动机起发电机的作用，并且给电池充电。显然，本说明书中所述的电动机可以用作固定的电动机，这时电动机的轴固定到转子上，轴承装配到外壳(21)或架子(14)上，轴(4)转动并提供动力输出。
本专业熟练的人士将知晓，按照要求设计指标，可以使用本发明上述说明的任意组合来实行本发明。

Claims (6)

1．一种直流或交流电动机，其转子安装在定子中的轴承中，其特征在于，所述定子具有2个或更多的电激磁铁心，每一个激磁铁心产生N极和S极，电动机利用激磁铁心的两个磁极来产生转子或定子的转动，不管激磁铁心是在转子或定子中，永磁体适配在相对的转子或定子中，所述电动机使用换向器或电子切换系统控制对激磁铁心的电流切换以适合技术指标要求。
2．一种电动机，其特征在于，它由转子、马蹄形电磁铁和换向器或电子线线霍尔效应传感器和放大器构成，所述转子装于一固定轴的轴承上，在转子的外周附近，离转子中心等距离处等间距地置有一个或多个永磁体，磁体的N、S极轴线平行于转子的轴，所有的N极都朝向转子的同一侧，所述的一个或多个马蹄形电磁铁装在定子上，其两极位于转子的任一侧，并与转子中永磁体的中心形成的弧线对齐，所述电子线性霍尔效应传感器和放大器由转子中的磁体移动通过来操作，以改变电磁铁上激磁线圈的电流方向，电磁铁被同步以运用相同磁极相斥、相异磁极相吸的磁原理，通过对转子上永磁体的两侧起作用而提供旋转运动，可通过将其固定轴装到框架上，将轮子装到转子上形成一个单元。
3．一种电动机，其特征在于，它由转子、马蹄形电磁铁、换向器或电子切换电路以及提供动力传输的附加轴构成，所述转子装在轴上，所述轴装在有底座的壳子上的轴承中，在转子的外周附近，离转子中心等距离处等间距地置有一个或多个永磁体，磁体的N、S极轴线平行于转子的轴，所有的N极都朝向转子的同一侧，所述一个或多个马蹄形电磁铁装在定子上，其两极位于转子的任一侧，并与转子中永磁体的中心形成的弧线对齐，所述电子切换电路有线性霍尔效应传感器和放大器，它们通过转子中的磁体移过开关来操作，以改变电磁铁上激磁线圈的电流方向，电磁铁被同步以运用相同磁极相斥、相异磁极相吸的磁原理，通过对转子上永磁体的两侧起作用而提供旋转运动。
4．一种电动机，其特征在于，它由转子、马蹄形电磁铁以及换向器或电子切换电路构成，所述转子装于一固定轴的轴承上，在转子的外周附近，离转子中心等距离处，等间距地置有一个或多个永磁体，磁体的N、S极轴线平行于转子的轴，从N极到S极交替改变的磁极在转子的同一侧上，所述一个或多个马蹄形电磁铁装在定子上并定位在转子的两侧上，电磁铁两极中心之间的距离与永磁体的中心之间的距离相等，并与转子中永磁体的中心形成的弧线对齐，所述电子切换电路具有线性霍尔效应传感器和放大器或一机械磁体，它们由转子中的磁体移动通过来操作，以改变电磁铁上激磁线圈的电流方向，电磁铁被同步以运用相同磁极相斥、相异磁极相吸的磁原理，通过对转子上永磁体的两侧起作用而提供旋转运动。
5．一种电动机，其特征在于，它由转子、马蹄形电磁铁、换向器或电子切换电路以及提供动力传输的附加轴构成，所述转子装在轴上，所述轴装在有底座的壳子的轴承中，在转子的外周附近，离转子中心等距离处，等间距地置有一个或多个永磁体，从N极到S极交替改变的磁极在转子同一侧上，所述一个或多个马蹄形电磁铁装在定子上，配到转子的两侧，电磁铁两极中心之间的距离与永磁体的中心之间的距离相等，并与转子中永磁体中心形成的弧线对齐，所述电子切换电路有线性霍尔效应传感器和放大器，它们由转子中的磁体移动通过开关来操作，以改变电磁铁上激磁线圈的电流方向，电磁铁被同步以运用相同磁极相斥，相异磁极相吸的磁原理，通过对转子上永磁体的两侧起作用而提供旋转运动。
6．一种在电动机上适配轮子的简单方法，其特征在于，通过将轮子滑到套筒上，轮子使用电动机的轴承，电动机装到尽可能远的一个给定区域中，这样即使轮子弯曲，也不使电动机受到影响，因为保持转子和电磁铁之间的恒定气隙而不使相接触这一点是重要的，如果像装圆盘闸那样将转子固定到轮子上，将会发生接触，轮子的弯曲造成转子不对准，而损坏电动机。
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