CN1292637A - 用于控制家禽围栏中氨的粘土垫草 - Google Patents
用于控制家禽围栏中氨的粘土垫草 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于控制通风较差的家禽孵化场中腐烂粪便产生的氨的含有硫酸的以粘土为基的垫草产品。生粘土与硫酸接触,制成酸化粘土,然后酸化粘土施用到家禽孵化场中的家禽繁殖地板上,其量足以为每平方英尺家禽孵化场地板提供约0.0175—0.0872磅硫酸。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用作家禽围栏中氨控制剂的粘土产品,并涉及制造这种产品的方法。
发明背景
通常在家禽孵化场中进行商业性家禽饲养,即在不太通风的有限区域内,家禽单独地养在笼子里,或者成群地养在大的围栏里。当幼禽饲养在有垫层或垫草材料的大围栏中的时候,尤其能够增强肉仔鸡的健康和生长。但是,在幼禽饲养中,垫草保养和卫生质量仍然是个问题。
例如,在家禽孵化场拥挤而有限的条件下,幼禽的粪便很快地聚集起来并发出恶臭。粪便的暖和和潮湿造成了有利于细菌在粪便污染的家禽垫草中蔓延生长的环境。反过来,细菌在酶的作用下消化了粪便,这样产生了释放到环境中的副产物氨。当氨量超过约25ppm时,幼禽的正常呼吸功能就受到了损害。
在家禽孵化场中通风较差的条件下,氨的量能够升高到大于百万分之40-90(ppm)的水平,能够降低幼禽的生长性能。另外,当一只或多只幼禽生病时,疾病能够很容易地通过粪便或幼禽不时摄食的污染垫草而在禽群中蔓延。这些问题对于家禽场来说是非常严重的。
为了形成有利于幼禽生长的环境,人们利用许多材料作为家禽垫草,但收效甚微。为了这一目的,人们已经使用了刨花、稻草和锯屑,可是每种材料都容易潮湿并干得慢,因而产生了利于微生物繁殖的环境。还有,如果幼禽吃了这些污染的材料,它们对幼禽来说是致命的。这些材料的另一缺点是必须频繁地移走和补充垫草,这样做非常费时,也费钱。
泥炭土是替代刨花或稻草用作垫草的另一种材料。但泥炭土具有高吸收能力,但它很快地转化成不能用作垫草的粉末。同样地,也尝试过硅藻土,但与泥炭土相同,硅藻土迅速地分解成粉末,这些粉末能够刺激幼禽的肺部系统。还有,这种粉末可使幼禽胸部起疱,还因可在家禽潮湿脚趾上结块而使之变成跛足。
除了垫草本身,还曾研制化学添加剂,这些化学添加剂在混和到垫草中时能够减少在污染垫草中细菌的生长。通过这一抑制细菌繁殖的作用,这些添加剂同时减少了家禽粪便腐烂产生的氨量。这样用于垫草的化学添加剂实例包括磷酸、硫酸氢钠、明矾和磷酸一钙。但是,这些现有技术中的添加剂也有缺点。例如,大多数添加剂很贵,并难以应用到垫草垫层上,或者要求这些添加剂活化使用。例如,含有硫酸氢钠的产品必须通过用水雾来活化,以达到并保持效力。例如,垫草上通常施用磷酸,将50%磷酸水溶液直接喷洒到垫草上,在新鸡放到围栏之前不久垫草才放到家禽孵化场的地板上。这种操作要求特别的设备(例如高压喷洒系统),并对现场工作人员有危险。通常从事这类工作的公司要为这种操作订立合同,这样对于家禽场场主来说成本昂贵。
本发明提供了一种酸化的基于粘土的垫草,当它用于家禽孵化场时,可以控制产生的氨量,提高幼禽的生长性能。
发明简要说明
用硫酸处理过的粘土垫草产品有效地控制家禽孵化场中由于粪便分解而产生的氨。通过干燥或焙烧过的生粘土与硫酸接触,得到含有至少15%(重量)硫酸的酸化粘土,以制成垫草产品。
本发明的酸化粘土产品有利地使家禽饲养者可控制肉仔鸡和家禽禽舍设备围栏中的氨含量,特别是在冷天时,当控制空气通风效果有限或在经济上不能实现时尤其如此。本发明的酸化粘土产品还有利地提高了在酸化粘土垫草产品上饲养的幼禽质量。此外,本发明的酸化粘土产品不需进行任何的活化,可直接使用,还可采用传统设备施用。
附图简要说明
图1是以每平方英尺约0.05磅和约0.25磅施用到家禽垫草上的本发明含硫酸产品与未处理过的垫草对照物,在时间为35天,以百万分之一(ppm)计的氨含量平均减少量的对比示意图。
优选实施方案的具体说明
本发明公开了用于控制由孵化场中家禽粪便分解产生氨的粘土垫草产品。通过干燥或焙烧过的生粘土与硫酸接触制成粘土垫草产品。得到的酸化粘土产品用于控制在家禽孵化场中的氨。
生粘土可来自于海泡石组、蒙脱石组及其混合物。海泡石矿物组包括坡缕石和具有硅酸盐环、条纹或链结构的海泡石种。蒙脱石组包括蒙脱土、montronites、锂皂石和皂石种,它们由氧化铝八面体片的层叠层和一个或多个二氧化硅夹层四面体片构成。生粘土中含有的既非海泡石又非蒙脱石的其他矿物是蛋白石、磷灰石、方解石、长石、高岭石、云母、石英和还有石膏。优选地,生粘土是蒙脱土粘土。
生粘土的粒度可以是约12-100筛目(美国筛制)优选地约16-60筛目(美国筛制)。生粘土含水量可以是约1-15%(重量)。
采用本发明方法酸化的有用的粘土产品实例是,但不局限于LowVolatile Matter Mississippi(LVM-MS)密西西比低挥发性物质、LowVolatile Matter Georgia(LVM-GA)乔治亚低挥发性物质、RegularVolatile Matter Georgia(RMV-GA)乔治亚通用挥发性物质等。
生粘土通过添加硫酸而酸化,硫酸通常是硫酸水溶液或浓硫酸溶液。硫酸水溶液的浓度优选地是约50%(重量),浓硫酸的浓度优选地是约93-95%(重量)。得到的酸化粘土的硫酸含量是至少约15%(重量),优选地约25-35%(重量)。可以采用常见的方式,例如混合、喷洒等方式,让硫酸与粘土接触。酸化粘土产品的pH(5%泥浆)优选地不大于约1.5,更优选地不大于约1。
然后,酸化粘土产品可直接施用到在家禽孵化场围栏中已有地板垫层或垫草上。优选地,采用肥料喷洒器或类似设备或采用手工(戴手套)播撒,把酸化粘土产品充分均匀地播撒在地板垫层或垫草上表面上。酸化粘土优选地可以以约0.05-0.25磅/平方英尺的量施用到家禽围栏中,从而提供约0.0175-0.0875磅硫酸/平方英尺家禽孵化场地板。
下述实施例进一步说明了本发明产品和方法,但并不限制本发明产品和方法。
实施例1控制氨量的酸化粘土垫草
本实施例是在模拟家禽场条件下,用两种剂量水平的本发明酸化的以粘土为基础的垫草产品,与未处理的垫草对照物进行对比,说明在市售肉仔鸡(Gallus domesticus)围栏中由家禽垫草产生氨的含量减少的情况。
将47.75磅生粘土与约75镑基本浓硫酸(93%)混合,生产出酸化硅镁土/蒙脱土Low Volatil e Matter-Georgia(LVM-GA),12×48筛目(美国筛制),得到了硫酸含量约36%(重量)、pH约1.3(5%含水泥浆)的含硫酸的粘土。
在本试验中,把从市售孵化场(Cobb-Vantress)得到的正常、健康、鸡龄为一天的雄性肉仔鸡,放到环境得到控制的禽舍设备的饲养围栏中。禽舍设备大小是38×43英尺,有20个围栏,每个围栏大小是3.5×12英尺,混凝土地板。这个设备分成三个任意的围栏区:1个区是10个未处理过的垫草对照物围栏,1个区每5个围栏一组,共两个分开的垫草经处理的围栏组。未处理对照围栏组的区以交通和空气流动分开的方式,与垫草经处理过的围栏组在实体上分开。垫草经处理过的围栏组分享共同的空气源,但有一个“蒸汽”屏障来分开各个围栏。
使用正压通风系统,通过在每个围栏中的家用气体加热器和煤气育雏器提供热量,必要时调整热量使鸡保持舒适。另外,通过达到试验前初始氨含量约80-100ppm,使鸡舍条件模拟鸡场条件。用8014KA型Matheson毒气探测器(Matheson Toxic Gas Detector)和精确气体探测管#105SC(5-260ppm)测量氨含量。
每个育雏栏有两个悬挂式喂料管,直径各为约17英寸,有一个自动悬挂式锥形口饮水器,直径约14英寸。通过在离地板约第一个18英寸处放置胶合板屏障,确保围栏之间在约18英寸高度上不存在大于约1英寸的开口,以防止鸡在围栏之间移动。每只鸡的地板区间是约0.7平方英寸。
在每个围栏中放置使用过的家禽垫草(即含有家禽粪便)。在鸡到达的前一天,通过用肥料喷洒器在垫草顶部上喷洒酸化的粘土产品,为试验围栏中的垫草施用本发明产品。对照围栏中的垫草不做顶部料理。对于试验围栏来说,通过每平方英尺围栏地板表面施用约0.05磅(1bs/ft2),以制备磺化过的硅镁土/蒙脱土粘土垫草(试验A),通过每平方英尺围栏垫草地板表面施用约0.25磅(1bs/ft2),以制备第二种类似的垫草(试验B)。围栏分配和使用的鸡的数量总结在在表1中。
表1*围栏编号分配由计算机产生。
在垫草处理前一天(-1天)、接下来的放鸡前垫草处理当天(0天)和放鸡后试验的4天、7天、11天、14天、21天、28天、35天和48天,测量每个处理组和对照组中四个有关围栏中空气中氨的含量。结果列于表2,35天内的平均值于图1所示。
表248天期间在不同间隔以ppm计的氨含量
在试验过程中,鸡从自动锥形口饮水器随意地喝到水。在鸡龄的约头三天,还在每个围栏里放置了地板上放置的加仑饮水器。每天检查饮水器两次,需要时清理,确保总是为鸡提供干净水。在试验过程中,鸡通过每个围栏两个悬挂式喂料管随意地吃饲料,在大约头5天,也在每个围栏内放置一个喂料托盘。从0到21天,所有的鸡得到起动饲料,从21到42天得到促长饲料,从42到49天得到修整饲料。这些鸡以前在孵化场进行过马立克氏病预防接种,在约15天鸡龄时通过饮用水以1.5x的正常速度进行了鸡瘟和传染性支气管炎(NCB)的预防接种。在研究中,除了加入饲料添加剂之外没有进行其他的预防接种或处理。
每天两次观察设备、围栏和鸡的整群情况、灯光、水、饲料、通风和未预料到的事情。记录0天到研究结束时的死亡率或移走情况,检查死鸡以确定可能的死亡原因。在NCB接种后约7天和49天结束时,每个栏移走6只鸡并验尸,给胸部气囊的情况打分。结果总结在表3中。表322天和49天各鸡胸部气囊得分总结
胸部气囊得分
处理 | 22天 | 49天 | 平均 |
无(对照)AB | 1.650.200.20 | 1.230.230.33 | 1.440.2150.265 |
每天每次处理代表每个围栏6只鸡。
胸部空气囊:
0=清晰
1=模糊
2=形成斑点
3=严重形成斑点
结果表明两种酸化粘土都改进了胸部空气囊的得分值。
在研究结束时,每个垫草处理围栏和对照围栏中所有的鸡都进行了处理,以评定质量,即以美国农业部标准为基础的畜体等级和判弃,并且给胸部水疱和足部肉垫损害打分。结果列在表4中。
表4褥草处理对胸部水疱和足部肉垫损害发生率的影响
等级=美国农业部标准
胸部水疱得分:0=无,1=小(≤1/4英寸),2=大(>1/4英寸),NS*=未打分
足部肉垫得分:0=正常(无灼伤、结疤或损伤),1=肉垫灼伤(仅真皮),
2=一足或双足肉垫有疤(痊愈),3=双足肉垫损伤(有疮)
总的来说,结果显示本发明的两种酸化粘土产品均成功地降低了围栏中氨的含量,并通过改进胸气囊得分和胸部水疱得分而提高了在这些垫草上饲养的鸡的等级质量。磺化硅镁土/蒙脱土粘土处理A组的正常足部肉垫损伤得分高于对照组的得分,而磺化硅镁土/蒙脱土粘土处理B组的得分与对照组得分基本相等。
实施例2通过使用各种粘土垫草产品减少家禽粪便产生的氨
本实施例说明用本发明酸化粘土产品处理的一系列粘土,与市售粘土产品、市售含硫酸氢盐的粘土垫草处理和负控制(未处理过的)垫草相比,在控制由家禽粪便产生的氨的量方面的有效性。
如图6所示,市售粘土产品是Flo-Fre Mississippi(#1组)和Flo-Fre Georgia(#2组)。酸化粘土处理产品是Low Volatile MatterMississippi(LVM-MS)(8/16粒度,美国筛制),丙酸含量35%(重量)(#3组);Regular Volatile Matter Georgia(RVM-GA)(8/16粒度,美国筛制),硫酸含量3%(重量)(#3组);Low Volatile MatterMississippi(16/30粒度,美国筛制),硫酸含量17.5%(重量)(#4组);Low Volatile Matter Mississippi(16/30粒度,美国筛制),已老化两周的硫酸含量17.5%(重量),(#5组);Low Volatile MatterMississippi(16/30粒度,美国筛制),“新鲜”硫酸含量17.5%(重量)(#5组)。含有硫酸氢钠的商业家禽垫草处理产品是PLTTM(NaHSO4),由俄亥俄州Wallbridge的Jones-Hamilton出售。
在这些评定试验中,来自商业养殖场的家禽粪便在一组分开的一立方英尺的环境箱中放到深两英寸。如表4的试验组#1-4所示,一个小箱装有负控制(没有垫草处理),其他每一个选定的小箱分别地装有表面处理的以约0.125-0.5lbs/ft2施用的以粘土为基的垫草。在表4的试验组#5中,九个选定的小箱分别地装有表面处理的新鲜或老化两周的酸化的以粘土为基的垫草,以约0.25lbs/ft2施用或含有硫酸氢盐的商业对照物(PLTTM(NaHSO4)),其以约0.05lbs/ft2施用,试验干燥的产品,根据商品对照产品的生产商说明书用水“活化”,三个选定的小箱分别装有一个前述施用量的混于家禽粪便内的垫草处理产品。
来自商业孵化场的四只雌性小鸡,放到各个小箱中,在14天时间内任意地喂食和喝水。使用正压通风系统以在各个小箱内达到均匀的空气条件。通过从各个小箱中小鸡高度以上约六英寸处取出空气样品,使用GastecTM剂量测定管监测氨浓度(ppm)。结果显示在表6中。表6家禽粪便中氨含量减少试验结果
1如果没有其他说明是14天内测定值的平均值。
2非常强的丙酸气味。
组#4和#5的上述数据表明本发明的酸化粘土、硫酸含量17.5%(重量)的LVM-MS(16/30粒度),在把小箱中的氨含量减少到不大于约26ppm方面是有效的,随着时间的推移比含硫酸氢盐的市售PLTTM产品更有效(参见例如#5组,20小时数据),另外,与市售产品相比,本发明垫草不需额外的水用于活化。最后,本发明的垫草即使混合入家禽粪便中也能有效地控制氨。
实施例3酸化粘土产品的稳定性
本实施例根据本发明的酸化粘土产品的pH说明其酸性稳定性。
Low Volatile Matter Mississippi(LVM-MS)粘土通过与稀释的(50%)硫酸混合得到常规磺化蒙脱土粘土产品(Regular SulfonatedMontmorillonite Clay,RSMC),或者与浓硫酸(约94%(重量))混合得到浓缩磺化蒙脱土粘土产品(Concentrated SulfonatedMontmorillonite Clay,CSMC),使其达到约36%(重量)硫酸的最大容量。初始分析这两种酸化粘土产品的pH(5%含水浆料)(0天),然后储藏在室温和室内湿度下17天,在此储藏期间,再在3天、10天和17天分析这些酸化粘土产品的pH。得到的结果列在表7中。
数据表明RSMC产品的初始pH值略高于CSMC产品的初始pH值,但在10天和以后与CSMC产品的pH值基本上相同。因此,证明本发明的这两种酸化产品在储藏期间在酸性上都是稳定的(即保证高酸性)。
Claims (10)
1、一种制造能有效控制家禽粪便产生氨的粘土垫草产品的方法,该方法包括让选定的生粘土与以粘土重量计至少约15%(重量)硫酸接触,制得酸化粘土。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中生粘土选自海泡石、蒙脱石及其混合物。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中生粘土是蒙脱土粘土。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中生粘土的粒度是美国筛制约12-100筛目。
5、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中生粘土湿度是约1-15%(重量)。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中硫酸以水溶液使用。
7、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中加到粘土的硫酸量是约15-40%(重量)。
8、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中加到粘土的硫酸量是约35%(重量)。
9、根据权利要求1所述的方法生产的粘土垫草产品。
10、一种控制家禽围栏中氨的方法,该方法包括在家禽围栏地板上铺一层含有硫酸的粘土,其量足以向每平方英尺地板提供约0.05-0.25磅含硫酸的粘土,含硫酸的粘土含有以粘土重量计至少约15%(重量)的硫酸。
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US09/003,936 US5960743A (en) | 1998-01-07 | 1998-01-07 | Clay litter product for ammonia control in poultry pens |
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CN118318740A (zh) * | 2024-06-13 | 2024-07-12 | 延边大学 | 一种黏土基猫砂的制备方法 |
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US6887570B2 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2005-05-03 | Nestec Ltd. | Coated clumping litter |
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- 1999-01-07 WO PCT/US1999/000362 patent/WO1999034665A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 1999-01-07 CN CNB998037613A patent/CN1134210C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-01-07 JP JP2000527137A patent/JP2002500024A/ja active Pending
- 1999-01-07 TR TR2000/01814T patent/TR200001814T2/xx unknown
- 1999-01-07 EP EP99901366A patent/EP1045633A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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CN1306865C (zh) * | 2003-11-20 | 2007-03-28 | 黄山青 | 清粪方法 |
CN118318740A (zh) * | 2024-06-13 | 2024-07-12 | 延边大学 | 一种黏土基猫砂的制备方法 |
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US5960743A (en) | 1999-10-05 |
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EP1045633A4 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
MXPA00006771A (es) | 2002-09-18 |
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