CN1280044C - 半固相金属熔浆制造方法及其制造设备 - Google Patents
半固相金属熔浆制造方法及其制造设备 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1280044C CN1280044C CN 03138148 CN03138148A CN1280044C CN 1280044 C CN1280044 C CN 1280044C CN 03138148 CN03138148 CN 03138148 CN 03138148 A CN03138148 A CN 03138148A CN 1280044 C CN1280044 C CN 1280044C
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[Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloys Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound 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[Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
- B22D17/007—Semi-solid pressure die casting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making alloys
- C22C1/005—Making alloys with holding in the range of the solid-liquid phase
Abstract
一种含有精细、均匀球形颗粒的高质量半固相金属熔浆的制造设备和制造方法，所制得的金属熔浆可直接方便地应用于后续工序，能改善能量效率、提高机械性能、降低成本、增加铸造方便性和缩短生产工艺时间。该半固相金属熔浆制造方法包括施加电磁场到一个容纳一熔浆容器的空间、当电磁场施加到该空间时将熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器、将熔浆容器移出该空间。该半固相金属熔浆制造设备包括至少一个熔浆容器、至少一个含有用于容纳该至少一个熔浆容器的空间并施加电磁场到该空间的搅拌装置、一个至少可向上和向下移动该熔浆容器并将该熔浆容器放置到该空间内的驱动装置、一个能将液态熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器的加注装置。
Description
本专利申请声明了以下四个韩国申请专利的优先权，它们分别是2002年9月25日归档的申请号2002-58163、2002年10月16日归档的申请号2002-63162、2003年1月17日归档的申请号2003-3250、2003年3月4日归档的申请号2003-13517。这四个专利在此经合并后将作为一个整体被引用。
技术领域
本发明是有关一种半固相金属熔浆的制造方法和制造设备，更确切地说，是有关一种含细小、均匀球形颗粒、呈固相和液相混合态的半固相金属熔浆制造方法和制造设备。
背景技术
半固相金属熔浆指浇铸或成型铸造工艺过程中使用的呈固相和液相混合态的金属材料。在半固态特定温度范围，半固相金属熔浆由特定比例的液相和固相组成，其中固相球形颗粒悬浮在液相中。这些金属熔浆具有优良铸造性能，可在很小作用力下很容易改变自己的形状。另外由于它具有很好流动性，可象液体一样很容易实施铸造。此处所提浇铸工艺指通过铸造方法利用具有预定粘度的金属熔浆生产铸锭或铸型产品的一种工艺过程。成型铸造工艺指包括下列两个过程的一种工艺，即重新将浇铸制得的铸锭加热熔化成金属熔浆和将该金属熔浆铸造成最终产品两个过程。
该种浇铸或成型铸造工艺与使用熔融金属的一般铸造成型工艺相比具有很多优点。例如：在该种浇铸或成型铸造工艺中使用的半固相或半熔融熔浆在较低温度下比熔融金属具有更好流动性，这样就可降低浇铸或成型铸造过程中的拉模铸造温度，也就相应保障了拉模使用寿命。另外，当半固相或半熔融金属熔浆受挤压通过拉模圆筒时，因金属熔浆不太容易产生紊流，这就减少了铸造过程空气的吸入量，也就相应预防了最终产品大量气孔的产生。除此之外，使用半固相或半熔融金属熔浆还可降低凝固收缩率、提高工作效率、机械性能、抗腐蚀性能和减轻产品重量。因此，该种半固相或半熔融金属熔浆可作为一种新材料应用于汽车、航空、电子和电信设备领域。
如上所述，用熔融金属按预定方法凝固制得的半固相熔浆应用于浇铸工艺，而通过重新加热铸锭制得的半熔融熔浆应用于成型铸造工艺。本发明说明书所用术语“半固相金属熔浆”指介于该金属固相线和液相线之间，在一定温度范围呈固相和液相混合态，可用浇铸工艺通过熔融金属凝固制得的一种金属熔浆。
传统浇铸工艺实施过程中，当熔融金属处于该金属液相线温度以下某一温度进行冷却时，应搅拌金属以便将树枝状晶结构击碎成适合于浇铸工艺的球形等轴晶颗粒结构。采用的搅拌方法可为：机械搅拌、电磁搅拌、气体鼓泡搅拌、低频、高频或电磁波振动搅拌、电激振动搅拌等。
作为一个实施例，申请号为No.3948650的美国专利声明了一种制造液相-固相混合物的制造方法和制造设备。根据该方法，熔融金属冷却凝固时应对其进行剧烈搅动。该专利中所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备通过一个搅拌装置搅拌具有预定粘度的固相-液相混合物使其流动，以击碎树枝状晶结构，并将破碎的树枝状晶颗粒分散到固相-液相混合物中。根据该方法，冷却时将形成的树枝状晶击碎成细小颗粒后，使该细小颗粒继而成为球形等轴晶颗粒的结晶晶核。但冷却初期会放出凝固潜热，这会导致冷却速度低、制造时间长、盛有混合金属的容器内温度分布不匀、晶体结构不均匀。另外，该半固相金属熔浆制造设备所采用的机械搅动方法也将不可避免地导致混合容器内温度分布不均匀。又因该设备在一空腔内工作，将导致很难连续实施后续工艺过程。
申请号为No.4465118的美国专利声明了一种制造半固相合金熔浆的制造方法和制造设备。该制造设备包括一个产生电磁场的由线圈绕组组成的电磁场施加装置、一个冷却集管和一个容器，这三个组件由外向内顺序排列。熔融液态金属可连续加注到该容器内，与此同时冷却水可流经冷凝集管冷却该容器外壁。在半固相合金熔浆制造过程中，熔融金属加注通过一个上部开口的加注装置完成，冷却通过冷凝集管完成，这将导致该容器内形成凝固区。电磁场施加装置施加电磁场击碎凝固区形成的树枝状晶结构过程和将合金熔浆制成的铸锭从该制造设备下部挤出过程进行时，一直维持对容器的冷却。该制造方法和制造设备的基本技术设想是通过振动方式击碎液态合金凝固时生成的树枝状晶。该方法的缺点是会导致诸如工艺过程复杂化、非均匀颗粒结构之类的许多问题。采用该制造设备时，因液态金属连续加注使铸锭逐渐长大，将导致金属铸锭和整个工艺过程的状态很难控制。且更进一步的问题是，由于在施加电磁场之前，该容器就已受到通有冷却水的冷凝集管的冷却，这会导致该容器边缘区域和中心区域之间存在很大的温度差。
后续述及的其它浇注和成型铸造方法是可行的，但所有这些方法的技术设想均基于击碎凝固时产生的树枝状晶结构，以生成球形颗粒的成核核心，因而也会产生上述专利描述中的类似问题。
申请号为No.4694881的美国专利声明了成型铸造材料的一种制造方法。根据该制造方法，首先将合金加热到可使合金中所有金属组元均呈液态的某一温度，然后将制得的液态金属冷却到液相线和固相线之间的某一温度。此时向液态金属施加足够大的剪切力以击碎液态金属凝固时生成的树枝状晶结构，最终制成成型铸造用材料。
申请号为No.11-33692的日本专利声明了一种生产浇铸用金属熔浆的制造方法。根据该制造方法，首先将温度接近液相线温度或比液相线温度高50℃的液态金属加注到一个容器内，当至少部分液态金属温度低于液相线温度时，即熔融液态金属被冷却到液相线温度区间以下时，开始向该液态金属施加一个作用力，比如可施加超声波振动力。在这种条件下，该液态金属慢慢冷却凝固成含有球形颗粒的金属熔浆。除超声波振动之外，该制造方法也可使用其它物理作用力来击碎凝固初期生成的树枝状晶结构。该制造方法实施过程的问题是，若铸造温度高于液相线温度，液态金属很难形成球形等轴晶颗粒结构，同时也很难对液态金属进行快速冷却。更严重的问题是该制造方法会导致边缘和中心区域的晶粒结构不均匀。
申请号为No.10-128516的日本专利声明了一种制造成型铸造用金属的铸造方法。根据该方法，首先将熔融液态金属加注到一个容器内，然后用一浸入到熔融金属的振动棒振动熔融金属，直接将振动力传递给熔融金属。在低于液相线温度时，会制成一种呈半固相-半液相状态的含有结晶晶核的熔融金属，继续冷却熔融金属到其液相含量为预先设定值的某一温度时，保持30秒到60分钟不等，让熔融合金中的晶核长大，最终制得成型铸造用金属。该制造方法的问题是所制备金属的颗粒尺寸较大(约100微米)，同时工艺过程需耗费较长时间，且不能在尺寸大于预定尺寸的大型容器内实施该工艺。
申请号为No.6432160B1的美国专利声明了一种制造成型铸造用金属熔浆的制造方法。该方法要求同时控制成型铸造用金属熔浆制造工艺的冷却和搅拌过程。尤其是当将熔融液态金属加注到一混合容器后，安装在该混合容器周围的定子组就开始工作并施加一足以快速搅拌容器内熔融金属的磁场力。然后在精确控制该混合容器和熔融金属温度条件下，通过一装配在该混合容器周围的散热套快速降低熔融金属温度。在熔融金属整个凝固过程中，应以一种受控方式一直搅拌该熔融金属。当熔融金属固相含量很低时，应采用高的搅拌速度。随固相含量逐渐增大，所施加的磁场作用力也应逐渐加大。
很多上述的半固相金属熔浆传统制造方法和制造设备是在冷却时采用剪切力将树枝状晶结构击碎成球形颗粒的。由于当至少一部分熔融金属的温度降低到液相线温度以下时才对熔融金属施加诸如振动之类的作用力，最初凝固层的形成将释放出凝固潜热，这会导致诸如降低冷却速度和增加制造工艺时间之类的很多不足。另外由于容器内壁和中心区域的温度不均匀，也就很难形成精细的均匀球形等轴晶金属颗粒。若不控制加注到容器内的熔融金属温度，金属颗粒的这种结构不均匀性就会更大。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的，就是要提供一种解决上述问题的方法。
为达到上述发明目的，本发明提供了一种含精细、均匀球形颗粒半固相金属熔浆的制造方法和制造设备。该方法和设备可提高能量效率、改善机械性能、降低成本、提高铸造方便性并缩短工艺时间。
本发明还提供了一种能够在短时间内制造便于后续工艺使用的高质量半固相金属熔浆的制造方法和制造设备。
本发明提供了一种制备半固相金属熔浆的制造方法，该方法特征在于，包括以下作业：向盛有金属熔浆的熔浆容器所在空间施加电磁场，电磁场具有不会导致在熔融金属中产生树枝状颗粒的强度；当电磁场施加到该空间时将熔融液态金属加注到熔浆容器内；以及将熔浆容器移出该空间，其中，在将熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器之前将电磁场施加到该空间。也就是说，当该空间施加电磁场作用后再将熔浆容器放置到该空间。
接下来的情况是，一直为该空间施加电磁场，直到熔浆容器内金属熔浆的固相百分比达到0.001-0.7，0.001-0.4稍好，最好为0.001-0.1为止。
半固相金属熔浆的制造方法还可进一步包括将熔融金属加注到熔浆容器后对含熔融金属的熔浆容器进行冷却的工序。在该情况下，一直冷却含熔融金属的熔浆容器直到该容器的熔浆固相百分比达到0.1-0.7为止。冷却含熔融金属的熔浆容器时，冷却速度可保持0.2-5.0℃/秒，最好为0.2-2.0℃/秒。
该发明的另一特征是提供了一种半固相金属熔浆制造设备，该设备特征在于，包括以下组件：至少一个熔浆容器；至少一个包括能容纳至少一个熔浆容器的空间并能向该空间施加电磁场的搅拌装置，其中，电磁场具有不会导致在熔融金属中产生树枝状颗粒的强度；一个至少可向上和向下移动熔浆容器将熔浆容器放置到该空间的驱动装置；以及一个将熔融液态金属加注到熔浆容器的加注装置，其中，在将熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器之前施加电磁场。
作为该半固相金属熔浆制造设备的特定实施例，其特征在于，在将熔融液态金属加注到该至少一个熔浆容器前，至少一个搅拌装置向熔浆容器所在空间施加电磁场。另外，从加注熔融液态金属到该至少一个熔浆容器起经过一段预定时间后，驱动装置可向上移动熔浆容器并将该至少一个熔浆容器移出该空间。
更进一步情况是，该驱动装置可侧向移动该至少一个熔浆容器。在该状况下，该驱动装置包括一个用边缘支撑该至少一个熔浆容器的旋转盘。从加注熔融液态金属到至少一个熔浆容器起经过一段预定时间后，带有旋转盘的该驱动装置可向下移动该至少一个熔浆容器，然后转动旋转盘，将该至少一个熔浆容器移出该空间。
另一种情况是，该移动装置可制成能沿一导轨侧向移动的设备，以便从加注熔融液态金属到该至少一个熔浆容器起经过一段预定时间后，该驱动装置可向下移动该至少一个熔浆容器并将其沿该导轨移出该空间。
作为该半固相金属熔浆制造设备的一个实施例，其特征在于，至少一个搅拌装置一直为该空间施加电磁场，直到该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.7，0.001-0.4稍好，最好为0.001-0.1为止。
在实施例中，用于半固相金属熔浆制造设备的该至少一个熔浆容器可含有一个温度控制元件。该温度控制元件可包括安装在该至少一个熔浆容器内的至少一个冷却器和外部电加热器。该温度控制元件冷却该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆，以便让金属熔浆中的固相百分比达到0.1-0.7。该温度控制元件冷却该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆时，冷却速度可保持0.2-5.0℃/秒，最好为0.2-2.0℃/秒。
附图说明
结合附图，通过对本发明的几个实施例进行详细描述后，本发明上述和其它特征及本发明的优点将会更加清晰明了。附图情况如下：图1表示适用于本发明半固相金属熔浆制造方法的温度-时间关系曲线图2和图3表示作为本发明一个实施例的半固相金属熔浆制造设备结构图图4表示用于本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备的一个熔浆容器剖面图图5表示与本发明另一实施例相关的一种半固相金属熔浆制造设备结构图图6表示与本发明第三种实施例相关的半固相金属熔浆制造设备结构图图7表示图6所示半固相金属熔浆制造设备的工作情况图图8表示与本发明第四种实施例相关的半固相金属熔浆制造设备结构图。
具体实施方式
下面参照附图详细说明本发明几个实施例状态。
与上述所述传统技术不同的是，本发明的半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，包括一个步骤，该步骤指在将熔融液态金属向容器内加注完成前施加一个电磁场对熔融金属进行搅拌。换句话说，就是为防止树枝状晶结构的形成，在将熔融金属加注到容器前或加注过程中对熔融金属进行电磁搅拌。除此之外，还可用超声波搅拌。
该方法与传统技术的区别尤其在于，一个空容器放置在半固相金属熔浆制造设备的一个空间内，对该空间施加电磁场作用，且将熔融金属加注到该容器内。所施加电磁场的强度一定要足以搅动熔融金属。
图1表示适用于本发明半固相金属熔浆制造方法的温度-时间关系曲线。如图1所示，将温度为Tp的熔融金属加注到容器内。如上所述，在将熔融金属加注到该容器前，可对该容器施加一电磁场作用。另外一种方式就是可事先对一空间施加一电磁场，然后将容器放置在该空间内。然而本发明并不仅仅局限于此，也可在开始向容器内加注熔融金属时或加注过程中施加电磁场作用。
由于在熔融液态金属向容器内加注完前就施加了电磁作用力对熔融金属进行搅拌，凝固初期容器内壁附近的熔融金属就不会长大成树枝状晶结构。另外因所有熔融液态金属的温度会很快下降到该金属液相线之下，故在整个容器内会同时生成无数微小结晶晶核。
在将熔融金属加注到容器之前或加注过程中施加电磁场，将搅动该容器中心和内壁附近区域的熔融金属，从而导致整个容器内进行快速热传递，这会抑制冷却初期该容器内壁附近凝固层的形成。另外对熔融金属的这种搅拌作用也会引起高温熔融金属和低温容器内壁之间产生平稳对流热传递，这将引起容器内熔融金属的快速冷却。由于电磁搅拌作用，熔融金属所含颗粒就会在加注时分散开，并作为结晶晶核分布到整个容器内，这样冷却时容器内就不会产生温度差异。然而采用传统技术时，是在液态熔融金属向容器内加注完后再对熔融金属进行搅拌，当熔融金属接触到低温容器内壁时，温度会突然降低，导致在冷却初期会从容器内壁附近所形成的凝固层上长出树枝状晶。
当结合凝固潜热描述完凝固过程后，本发明的基本原理将变得更清晰明了。在本发明所采用的半固相金属熔浆制造方法中，凝固初期，容器内壁附近的熔融金属不会凝固，也就不会放出凝固潜热。熔融金属冷却所需散发的热量也仅为熔融金属比热，该比热约为凝固潜热的1/400。因而传统方法冷却熔融金属时冷却初期经常在容器内壁附近生成的树枝状晶结构在采用本发明方法时就不会出现，且容器内所有熔融金属会均匀冷却。从熔融金属加注到容器算起，冷却过程约持续1-10秒。此时无数结晶晶核就会生成并均匀分布到容器内所有熔融金属中。晶核浓度的增加会缩短晶核之间距离，结果是不再生成树枝状颗粒，而是生成球形等轴晶颗粒。
在将熔融金属加注到容器期间施加一电磁场作用，也可获得同样效果。换句话说就是即使在将熔融金属加注到容器的过程中间才开始进行电磁搅拌，容器内壁附近也不太可能形成凝固层。
熔融金属加注到容器内时，熔融金属温度Tp最好处于该金属液相线温度到高于液相线温度以上100℃范围内(即熔融过热区间＝0-100℃)。对于本发明所用制造方法来说，由于含熔融金属的整个容器会均匀冷却，故允许在高于该金属液相线温度100℃以上时将熔融金属加注到容器，而不必再将该熔融金属冷却到接近其液相线温度。
另一方面，在传统方法中，由于是在熔融金属加注到容器且部分熔融金属温度降低到低于其液相线温度之后再施加电磁场作用，这样在凝固初期就会因容器内壁附近形成凝固层而放出凝固潜热。凝固潜热要比该熔融金属比热大400倍左右，此时需很长时间才能将所有熔融金属温度降低到液相线温度以下。故在传统方法中，需在熔融金属加注到容器前将该熔融金属的温度降低到接近其液相线温度或降低到高于该金属液相线温度50℃左右。
在本发明中，当容器内至少一部分区域的熔融金属温度降低到低于其液相线温度T1后，即熔融金属中已形成结晶晶核，且熔融金属中固相含量达到约0.001后，见图1所示，可随时停止电磁搅拌。例如：可在熔融金属整个冷却过程一直对容器内的熔融金属施加电磁场作用，但应在冷却工艺后的诸如拉模铸造和热锻造成型工艺之前停止。这归因于一旦结晶晶核在整个容器内均匀分布后，电磁搅拌就不再影响金属熔浆中以晶核为核心的晶体颗粒长大过程。故可持续电磁搅拌直到熔融金属中固相百分比至少达到0.001-0.7为止。若考虑到能量效率，应在熔融金属固相百分比达到较好范围0.001-0.4，更好范围0.001-0.1时就停止电磁搅拌。
电磁搅拌结束后，可将含金属熔浆的容器从电磁场作用空间移出，以便完成后续工艺工程，比如：拉模铸造、热锻造、铸锭成型。含金属熔浆的容器从电磁场作用空间移出过程与电磁搅拌是否停止没有关系，即无论是否施加电磁搅拌均可进行将容器从电磁场作用空间移出的操作过程。
根据本发明制造方法，施加电磁场作用时间应在熔融金属加注到容器之前，以便在熔融金属中形成并均匀分散结晶晶核。在随后的冷却过程中，晶核会逐渐长大。该冷却过程也可与熔融金属加注到容器过程同时进行。
如上所述，电磁场作用时间可持续整个冷却过程。换句话说就是，当含有金属熔浆的容器处在电磁场作用空间时，即该容器移出电磁场作用空间之前，可一直对熔融金属进行冷却。结果是在电磁场作用空间内制成了半固相金属熔浆，并可对其进行后续加工成型工序。
冷却过程可持续到后续成型工序之前，最好是到熔融金属固相百分比达到0.1-0.7为止，即到图1所示的t2时刻为止。熔融金属冷却速度可保持0.2-5.0℃/秒，具体数值取决于期望达到的晶核分布情况和成核颗粒尺寸。
通过上述工艺过程制得的含预定固相百分比的半固相金属熔浆可直接用于铸锭成型，也可通过快速冷却后用于成型铸造或拉模铸造、锻造、或挤压成最终产品。
根据上述本发明所述情况可知，可在短时间内制得半固相金属熔浆，即从熔融金属加注到容器内以形成固相百分比为0.1-0.7的金属熔浆算起仅需要30-60秒。另外根据本发明制得的半固相金属熔浆可用于制作含均一、致密球形等轴晶颗粒结构的产品。
上述本发明半固相金属熔浆制造方法可通过如图2和图3所示的作为本发明一个实施例的制造设备来实现。
图2所示为本发明一个实施例的半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该制造设备包括一个要施加电磁场的空间13、装配有线圈绕组11用于向该空间13施加电磁场的搅拌装置1、至少一个能被空间13容纳的熔浆容器1、至少可向上和向下移动熔浆容器2的一个驱动装置3、一个将熔融金属加注到熔浆容器2的加注装置4和一个控制器5。
搅拌装置1安装在含有中心孔洞14a的底盘14的上部。底盘14装配在从地面算起一预定高度并借助支撑部件15支撑。产生电磁场的线圈绕组11环绕孔洞14a安装在底盘14上，并借助一内部含空间13的支撑框12支撑。线圈绕组11电连接到控制器15并施加一个预定强度电磁场到空间13以便电磁搅拌放置在空间13中的熔浆容器2内的熔融金属。尽管未在图2中标出，搅拌装置1也可采用超声波搅拌装置。
制造熔浆容器2的材料可为金属材料或绝缘材料，只要搅拌装置1所围成的空间13能容纳的下，该熔浆容器2可为任何尺寸和任何形状。然而制造熔浆容器2所用材料的熔点最好高于所加注熔融金属的熔点。熔浆容器2上可制作一个能够装配到后续章节所述及的容器接受器33中的阶梯式下半部分21，通过该下半部分21将熔浆容器2锁定到空间13中。尽管图2中没有标出，在熔浆容器2中还可装配一热电偶，并将该热电偶连接到控制器5，以便向控制器5传送熔浆容器2的温度信息。
如图2和3所示，熔浆容器2可为仅容纳熔融金属的简单结构。熔浆容器2也可进一步包括一个温度控制元件20，如图4所示。该温度控制元件20包括一个冷却器和/或一个加热器。如图4所示实施例中，一水冷却管道系统23埋设在容器壁22内。尽管没有标出，熔浆容器2的外围还可进一步包括一个装配有加热线圈的电加热器。冷却器除了可采用水冷却管道系统23形式外，还可采用水冷却套形式附着在熔浆容器2的外围。冷却器、加热器或两者组合可安装在熔浆容器2中，目的是以合适的速度冷却熔浆容器2中盛有的熔融金属。很明显，这种熔浆容器2可适用于下列本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备的所有实施例。
驱动装置3能够移动熔浆容器2，目的是将该熔浆容器2移入移出空间13。该驱动装置3可包括一个驱动马达和一个齿轮传动装置或一个液压缸等。例如：驱动装置3可包括一个电连接到控制器5的的动力系统31、连接到动力系统31并受动力系统31驱动可在空间13中向上和向下移动的活塞32、附着在活塞32靠近空间13一端并支撑熔浆容器2的容器接受器33。熔浆容器2放置到空间13时就装配在容器接受器33内。
当驱动装置3工作并提升活塞32以便将熔浆容器2放置到空间13时，加注装置4可将液态熔融金属加注到熔浆容器2中。加注装置4可采用一个电连接到控制器5的一般的桶，且任何可将熔融金属加注到熔浆容器2中的工具均可用作加注装置4。
在图2所示本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备的实施例中，当驱动装置3工作将熔浆容器2放置到空间13后，具有预定频率的电磁场就会通过搅拌装置1的线圈11以预定的电磁场强度施加给空间13。另一种方式是当电磁场施加给空间13后再将熔浆容器2放置到该空间13。接着就可将单个电炉内的熔融金属通过加注装置4加注到处在电磁场中的熔浆容器2内。除了上述所述在加注前对空间13施加电磁场之外，还可在开始将熔融金属加注到熔浆容器2时或在加注过程中间对空间13施加电磁场作用。
从熔融金属加注到熔浆容器2算起经一段预定时间后，如图3所示，驱动装置3开始工作提升熔浆容器2，以便将熔浆容器2移出空间13并将一空容器移入空间13(此时可采用一个诸如自动机械之类的传送装置)。接着，就可按预定冷却速度冷却从空间13移出的熔浆容器2，直到所制得的半固相金属熔浆的固相百分比达到0.1-0.7为止。熔浆容器2中的熔融金属冷却速度可保持0.2-5.0℃/秒，最好为0.2-2.0℃/秒。另外也可在驱动装置3将熔浆容器2从空间13移出之前就对熔浆容器2内的熔融金属实施冷却，在该种情况下，熔浆容器2中的熔融金属冷却结束后才将熔浆容器2移出空间13并更换成另一空容器。
在整个冷却过程进行时可一直保持对空间13的电磁场作用，即：从驱动装置3将熔浆容器2移出空间13之前到所制得的半固相金属熔浆固相百分比含量达到0.001-0.7为止。然而，如上所述，考虑到能量效率，线圈11对空间13施加的电磁场作用可仅发生在从熔融金属加注到容器2到金属熔浆固相百分比达到至少0.001-0.4，最好为0.001-0.1为止。达到该种级别固相百分比所需时间可通过试验测定。很明显，如上所述，在电磁场施加到空间13的同时可维持对熔融金属的冷却过程。
图5所示为本发明的第二个实施例，该实施例中半固相金属熔浆制造设备至少包括能同时制造金属熔浆的两个熔浆容器2a和2b。在该实施例中半固相金属熔浆制造设备的基本结构与前一实施例相同，故此处略去详细描述部分。在图5所示实施例中，用于容纳至少两个熔浆容器2a、2b的2个容器接受器安装在接受器盘34上。容器接受器33a和33b的高度最好等于空间13a和13b的高度，以便让安装在容器接受器33a、33b内的2个熔浆容器2a、2b能提升到空间13a和13b的顶部，并能分别从其所在空间移出。
图6所示为本发明第三个实施例中的半固相金属熔浆制造设备，该制造设备与前两个实施例的区别在于驱动装置3能侧向移动熔浆容器2。以下描述的着重点将集中在该实施例与前两个实施例的区别上。
如图6所示，该发明第三个实施例的半固相金属熔浆制造设备的特征在于，该设备包括一个安装在驱动装置3活塞32一端的旋转盘35。活塞32大致安装在旋转盘35中心位置。至少两个容器接受器33a和33b装配在旋转盘35边缘，且熔浆容器2a和2b分别装配到容器接受器33a和33b内。动力系统31可向上、向下并能旋转活塞32。如图6所示，当动力系统31旋转旋转盘35时，熔浆容器2a就会侧向移动移出空间13。下面将结合图7详细描述图6所示半固相熔浆制造设备的工作情况。
图7按顺序描述了图6所示半固相熔浆制造设备的工作情况。如图7(a)所示，活塞32提升将第一个熔浆容器2a放置到空间13，然后通过搅拌装置1的线圈11将电磁场施加到空间13。另外一种方式是将电磁场施加到空间13后再将第一个熔浆容器21放置到空间13。
然后，如图7(b)所示，可将熔融金属通过加注装置4加注到第一个熔浆容器2a并在电磁场内放置一段预定时间。如上所述，可在开始将熔融金属加注到第一个熔浆容器2a时也可在加注过程中间施加电磁场作用。
接下来，如图7(c)所示，活塞32向下移动，将第一个熔浆容器2a从空间13中移出。然后如图7(d)所示，活塞32转动，将第一个熔浆容器2a换成第二个空的熔浆容器2b。以合适的冷却速度冷却第一个熔浆容器2a中的熔浆，以便制得含有预定固相含量的半固相金属熔浆。活塞32重新提升，如图7(e)所示，对第二个熔浆容器2b重复上述工艺过程。含有半固相金属的第一个熔浆容器2a经诸如自动机械之类的传送装置传送后进入下一个成型工序。
利用本发明上述所述制造设备可很方便地连续制取下道工序所需的大量半固相金属熔浆，这将大大提高整个工艺的生产效率。
除上述实施例中所描述的方法外，可通过很多其它方式侧向移动熔浆容器。例如：如图8所示，驱动装置3可沿导轨36侧向移动熔浆容器。
本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备和制造方法可适用于各种各样的金属和合金，如：铝、镁、锌、铜、铁及用于浇铸的锻造金属合金。
利用本发明制取的半固相金属熔浆含有平均直径为10-60微米均匀分布的微小球形等轴晶颗粒，即使对合金来说，该种晶体结构也能改善其机械性能。利用本发明，在所处理金属液相线温度以上某一温度对熔融金属施加电磁场作用，可在整个熔浆容器内产生更多的结晶晶核，并可在短时间内制取均匀球形等轴晶颗粒。
利用本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备可简化熔浆生产的整个工艺过程，还可大大缩短电磁搅拌和成型(铸造)时间，因此可节约搅拌能量并降低成本。采用本发明半固相金属熔浆制造设备能使后续工艺过程变得更方便，从而可增加成型产品的生产率。
虽然本发明已以数个不同实施例阐述如上，然而任何熟悉此技术者，在不脱离本发明之精神和范围内，可进行少许更动和润饰，因此本发明之保护范围以权利要求界定者为准。
Claims (23)
1.一种半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，该方法包括：施加电磁场到放置有熔浆容器的一个空间，电磁场具有不会导致在熔融金属中产生树枝状颗粒的强度；该空间处在电磁场作用下时，将该熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器；以及将该熔浆容器移出该空间，其中在将熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器之前将电磁场施加到该空间。
2.如权利要求1所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，在将该熔浆容器放置到该空间之前将电磁场施加到该空间。
3.如权利要求1所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，对该空间施加的电磁场一直维持直到该熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.7为止。
4.如权利要求3所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，对该空间施加的电磁场一直维持直到该熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.4为止。
5.如权利要求4所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，对该空间施加的电磁场一直维持直到该熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.1为止。
6.如权利要求1所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，该方法可进一步包括：熔融金属加注到熔浆容器后，冷却含熔融金属的熔浆容器。
7.如权利要求6所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，冷却含熔融金属的熔浆容器直到该熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.1-0.7为止。
8.如权利要求6所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，含熔融金属熔浆容器的冷却速度可保持0.2-5.0℃/秒。
9.如权利要求8所述半固相金属熔浆制造方法，其特征在于，含熔融金属熔浆容器的冷却速度可保持0.2-2.0℃/秒。
10.一种半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该设备包括：至少一个熔浆容器；至少一个搅拌装置，包括用于容纳至少一个熔浆容器的空间且能对该空间施加电磁场作用，电磁场具有不会导致在熔融金属中产生树枝状颗粒的强度；一个驱动装置，至少可向上、向下移动熔浆容器，并将该熔浆容器放置在空间内；一个加注装置，将液态的该熔融金属加注到熔浆容器，其中在将熔融金属加注到该熔浆容器之前施加电磁场。
11.如权利要求10所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，在将熔融金属加注到该至少一个熔浆容器之前，该至少一个搅拌装置施加电磁场到该空间。
12.如权利要求10所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，从将熔融金属加注到该至少一个熔浆容器算起经一段预定时间后，驱动装置向上移动该熔浆容器，以将该至少一个熔浆容器移出该空间。
13.如权利要求10所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，驱动装置可侧向移动该至少一个熔浆容器。
14.如权利要求13所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该驱动装置包括一个旋转盘，该旋转盘利用边部支撑该至少一个熔浆容器，从将熔融金属加注到该至少一个熔浆容器算起经一段预定时间后，驱动装置向下移动该至少一个熔浆容器，然后驱动装置旋转旋转盘以将该至少一个熔浆容器移出该空间。
15.如权利要求13所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该驱动装置可沿一个导轨侧向移动，从将熔融金属加注到该至少一个熔浆容器算起经一段预定时间后，驱动装置向下移动该至少一个熔浆容器，然后驱动装置沿该导轨移动以将该至少一个熔浆容器移出该空间。
16.如权利要求10所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该至少一个搅拌装置对该空间一直施加电磁场作用直到该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.7为止。
17.如权利要求16所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该至少一个搅拌装置对该空间一直施加电磁场作用直到该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.4为止。
18.如权利要求17所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该至少一个搅拌装置对该空间一直施加电磁场作用直到该至少一个熔浆容器内金属熔浆固相百分比达到0.001-0.1为止。
19.如权利要求10所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该至少一个熔浆容器包括一个温度控制元件。
20.如权利要求19所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该温度控制元件包括至少一个装配在该至少一个熔浆容器内的冷却器和一个外部电加热器。
21.如权利要求19所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该温度控制元件冷却该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆，以让该金属熔浆的固相百分比达到0.1-0.7。
22.如权利要求19所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该温度控制元件冷却该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆时冷却速度保持0.2-5.0℃/秒。
23.如权利要求22所述半固相金属熔浆制造设备，其特征在于，该温度控制元件冷却该至少一个熔浆容器内的金属熔浆时冷却速度保持0.2-2.0℃/秒。
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| KR200258163 | 2002-09-25 | ||
| KR20020058163 | 2002-09-25 | ||
| KR20020063162 | 2002-10-16 | ||
| KR200263162 | 2002-10-26 | ||
| KR20033250 | 2003-01-17 | ||
| KR20030003250 | 2003-01-17 | ||
| KR200313517 | 2003-03-04 | ||
| KR10-2003-0013517A KR100445643B1 (ko) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-03-04 | 반응고 금속 슬러리 제조장치 |
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| CN1485169A CN1485169A (zh) | 2004-03-31 |
| CN1280044C true CN1280044C (zh) | 2006-10-18 |
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| CN 03138148 CN1280044C (zh) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-05-26 | 半固相金属熔浆制造方法及其制造设备 |
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| US (1) | US20040055735A1 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1445044A3 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP3549054B2 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1280044C (zh) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7255151B2 (en) * | 2004-11-10 | 2007-08-14 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Near liquidus injection molding process |
| DE102005021891B4 (de) * | 2005-05-04 | 2011-12-22 | Evgenij Sterling | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Masseln und Massel |
| US20080295989A1 (en) * | 2007-05-30 | 2008-12-04 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Near-Liquidus Rheomolding of Injectable Alloy |
| WO2009111536A2 (en) | 2008-03-05 | 2009-09-11 | Rundquist Victor F | Niobium as a protective barrier in molten metals |
| JP5032422B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-11 | 2012-09-26 | 有限会社ティミス | 電磁撹拌式鋳造方法とその装置 |
| JP5299258B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-21 | 2013-09-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | ダイカスト鋳造装置及びダイカスト鋳造方法 |
| US8652397B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-02-18 | Southwire Company | Ultrasonic device with integrated gas delivery system |
| US8574336B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2013-11-05 | Southwire Company | Ultrasonic degassing of molten metals |
| CN102651429A (zh) * | 2011-02-24 | 2012-08-29 | 常州泰和光电科技有限公司 | 液态金属片的制作设备 |
| CN102288028A (zh) * | 2011-08-03 | 2011-12-21 | 马忠臣 | 电磁搅拌与机械振动复合的中频感应加热熔炼装置 |
| CN103128248B (zh) * | 2013-02-01 | 2015-06-03 | 武达兼 | 一种半固态离心分离铸造磨球工艺、工艺装备及铸球机 |
| EP3333273A1 (en) | 2013-11-18 | 2018-06-13 | Southwire Company, LLC | Ultrasonic probes with gas outlets for degassing of molten metals |
| CN104107885A (zh) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-10-22 | 南昌大学 | 半固态浆料洁净制备装置 |
| JP5919359B1 (ja) * | 2014-11-18 | 2016-05-18 | 有限会社ティミス | 自動鋳造装置におけるカップ内半凝固スラリの振動投入機構 |
| PL3256275T3 (pl) | 2015-02-09 | 2020-10-05 | Hans Tech, Llc | Ultradźwiękowa rafinacja ziarna |
| US10233515B1 (en) | 2015-08-14 | 2019-03-19 | Southwire Company, Llc | Metal treatment station for use with ultrasonic degassing system |
| CA2998413A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2017-03-16 | Southwire Company, Llc | Ultrasonic grain refining and degassing procedures and systems for metal casting |
| CN108588591B (zh) * | 2018-05-17 | 2020-10-30 | 沈阳工业大学 | 机械结合电磁搅拌制备短碳纤维增强金属基复合材料方法 |
| CN111394601B (zh) * | 2020-03-25 | 2021-05-25 | 广东领胜新材料科技有限公司 | 一种大尺寸无铅易切削铝合金铸棒的铸造方法 |
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2003
- 2003-04-04 JP JP2003102319A patent/JP3549054B2/ja active Active
- 2003-05-12 EP EP03252949A patent/EP1445044A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-05-26 CN CN 03138148 patent/CN1280044C/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-05-29 US US10/447,233 patent/US20040055735A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3549054B2 (ja) | 2004-08-04 |
| EP1445044A2 (en) | 2004-08-11 |
| JP2004114153A (ja) | 2004-04-15 |
| US20040055735A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
| EP1445044A3 (en) | 2005-11-30 |
| CN1485169A (zh) | 2004-03-31 |
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