CN1262623C - 挡火装置及其用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种复合的挡火制品，能阻挡通孔的火而毋须补充的增强结构，该制品包含一诸如矿物棉的绝热材料内层，它被夹在两层膨胀材料中间。绝热材料和膨胀材料可以被一起封入由聚合物材料制成的袋子中。膨胀材料基本上不含石墨，基本上由填料，粘合剂和一种水合的碱金属硅酸盐膨胀组分组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及挡火制品，更具体地说，涉及包含绝热材料和多层膨胀材料的挡火制品，其作用是在火灾发生时形成一个挡火物。
背景技术
火从建筑物的一个室蔓延到另一个室的一种过程，是通过楼板和墙身一些通道或孔洞，通常称之为通孔。这样的孔洞包括，例如电缆进线孔洞，信号线和输电缆穿它通过。
目前用来防止火的蔓延和防止烟穿过这些孔洞的方法，包括依照穿过的电缆的轮廓外形割两张膨胀片，沿着每张板的周边提供一串可变形的膨胀腻子。尽管这种工艺一般来说能阻挡火的蔓延和防止烟从一个室通往另一个室，但安装费时费力。此外，用这样的方法加工出来的挡火物无法重复穿入使用。
在先前专利的技术中，已知有用于阻挡火焰通孔的技术和材料。例如，授与Bailey的美国专利5,032,447披露了一种用于建筑物的挡火物材料，它是一种夹心结构，第一和第二外层是耐高温的波纹金属，还有至少一层中间层是阻燃纤维材料，波纹被置于两个外层，其排列使得挡火物材料能在实质上垂直于波纹的方向上折叠起来。
授于Knott等人的美国专利5,402,615披露了一种柔性挡火物来防止火在建筑物的各区域蔓延，它包括一层无机纤维材料夹在两块板中间，这两块板的材料有足够高的导热系数，遇到火焰时会散热而不会燃烧起来。板和纤维材料用一拉伸强度和耐热性足够高的细丝连在一起，以保持板与纤维材料层的层合关系。
授于Kiser的美国专利5,681,640号披露了一种被动式的防火体系用来在整个环境大火的情况下保护管道，电缆支架，支杆和钢结构抵挡火与热，它包含一种多层的柔性材料，该材料含有许多层的膨胀材料。
此外，还有各种市售的袋状装置用来阻挡通孔的火。但是每一种这样的先前装置或技术都有某些缺点和不足。例如，目前有售的产品除了对于最小的孔洞外几乎都需要补充的增强结构来支撑膨胀材料。
因此，工业上需要用于阻挡火焰贯穿洞孔的火物，它的价格不高，容易安装，能比常规的装置有效地挡住更大的通道的火，而又毋须补充的增强结构。
发明综述
本发明提供了一种复合的挡火装置，该装置包含一绝热材料内层以及一种膨胀材料，膨胀材料被安置成围住至少一部分的内层材料，且膨胀材料基本上由填充材料、粘合剂和一种水合的碱金属硅酸盐膨胀组分组成。另一方面，膨胀材料包含填充材料、粘合剂和基本上不含石墨的膨胀剂。更具体地说，该膨胀剂一般包含10重量％以下的石墨，典型地石墨少于5％，更典型地石墨少于1％，优选地石墨少于0.5％。
装置被设计成当有许多挡火制品被安置在有钢，木或水泥内壁的隔板的空的孔洞中时，形成了孔洞中的防火墙，该防火墙按照ASTM Test E814的方法测试，并在毋须补充的支撑结构时通过面积至少为300平方英寸的孔洞的测试。内壁是穿过隔板的孔洞的内表面，也是火灾或类似火灾发生时挡火制品膨胀顶着的表面。已发现，通常较大的孔洞在消防水流规范方面通不过ASTM Test E814。孔洞可能是空的，称作”空的孔洞”，或者可能有穿过去的东西，例如电缆，管子等穿过去。因为穿过去的东西一般支持了挡火物体系，还降低了孔洞的有效面积。因此，当有穿过去的东西时，这里所说的孔洞尺寸指的是要挡火的较小有效面积(孔洞总的截面积减去穿过去的东西的截面积)，而不是较大的孔洞的总面积。
在一个实施方式中，膨胀材料还包含有机成焦组分。在另一个实施方式中，内部的绝热材料是无机纤维材料。该无机纤维材料可以是玻璃纤维，矿物棉，耐火陶瓷材料以及它们的混合物。在一个实施方式中，无机纤维材料是标称密度至少为4磅/立方英寸的矿物棉。市售的矿物棉往往是以4，6，和9磅/立方英寸的密度出售的。但其实际的密度往往比标称密度小得多。
一方面，内部的绝热材料有相互背对的第一主表面和第二主表面，膨胀材料片被安置在至少与绝热材料第一和第二主表面之一相邻。膨胀片可以与绝热材料的第一和第二主表面粘合在一起。在一个实施方式中，制品包括一个口袋把膨胀材料包起来，以便安装，同时尽量减少安装者接触在绝热材料中的令人讨厌或刺激性的组分，例如细粒。
在一个专门的实施方式中，本发明提供一个复合的挡火装置，包括膨胀材料的第一外层、与膨胀材料第一外层相邻的矿物棉内层(该矿物棉密度至少为4磅/平方英寸)、以及与矿物棉内层相邻的膨胀材料的第二外层；该膨胀材料的第二外层与膨胀材料的第一外层对置，膨胀材料的这两外层基本上都由填充材料、粘合剂和一种水合的碱金属硅酸盐膨胀剂组成；当许多这样的复合挡火制品被安置在有混凝土内壁的隔板的空的孔洞(即没有东西穿过它)中时，形成了孔洞中的防火墙，该防火墙能够通过按照ASTM Test E814规定的对于孔洞大小至少为300平方英寸的消防水流测试。
附图的简要说明
本发明将参照一个附图作进一步的说明，图1为本发明挡火制品的截面图。
详细说明
这里所用的术语”膨胀剂”指的是一种组分，在加热到类似火灾情况下的典型温度时，它的体积膨胀到至少为原来体积的1.5倍。术语”膨胀材料”指的是含有膨胀剂的一种组合物。
试看图1，膨胀制品2包含第一层膨胀材料4、绝热材料内层6、第二层膨胀材料8。粘合剂层10，12被置于第一膨胀层4和绝热材料6之间，以及第二膨胀层8和绝热材料6之间，形成层合的复合结构。合适的粘合剂包括压敏粘合剂，热熔性粘合剂等。或者用另一种方法，膨胀层4，8可被挤压或直接涂覆到绝热材料内层6上而不借助于粘合剂。一个罩子14把两个膨胀材料层4，8和绝热层6包起来。罩子是为了运送和安装的方便，但并不是必须的。
内层绝热材料6最好是非织造织物材料，标称密度至少为4磅/立方英寸，更典型地，标称密度至少为6磅/立方英寸。也可采用标称密度至少为8磅/立方英寸的材料。绝热材料最好能经受高达至少大约1600°F。
合适的材料包括非织造织物，它包含人造玻璃纤维和可用的5-10重量％的有机粘合剂。例子有玻璃纤维，矿物棉，耐火陶瓷材料，以及它们的混合物。这些材料价格便宜，有良好的绝热性能，能有效降低通过安装好了的挡火物的传热。具体绝热材料的选择，取决于若干既与挡火制品本身又与安装好的挡火系统有关的因素。这些因素包括在制品和安装完的系统中纤维绝热材料的总量、材料成本、是否有害健康、和安装的简便与否。
纤维的总量一般由材料的密度、安装时纤维材料的压缩程度、和纤维与未纤维化材料之比例控制。非织造纤维织物较好有高的纤维与未纤维化材料(后者也称之为”细粒”)之比例。细粒少的材料的绝热性好。合适的材料包括人造玻璃纤维。一种优选的绝热材料是矿物棉，因为它与其它的非织造纤维绝热材料相比，成本低且对健康的害处最小。更优选的非织造纤维绝热材料是由玄武岩制成的矿物棉。较不优选的材料包括那些由混合的氧化物(也称为矿渣)制成的材料。
由于矿物棉在火灾温度下一般会烧结，因此在挡火物的热的一边与冷的一边之间从未烧结的状态到烧结的状态有个过程。通常，当材料烧结时，它作为挡火材料的效果就会下降。因此，最好至少一部分的绝热材料暴露在相当于ASTM E814的条件或者火灾或类似火灾条件下仍维持低于大约1600°F。此外，挡火物热的一边与冷的一边之间的平均温度最好低于约1600°F。有可能通过使绝热材料的绝热值最大化而使挡火物冷的一边的温度升高最小。选择较高密度和/或较高纤维与细粒比例的织物就能提高织物的绝热值。
此外，矿物棉的烧结是有害的，因为烧结引起显著的收缩。这会引起绝热值的降低以及制品和安装系统的完整性的降低。收缩还能在已经安装在通孔中组成了挡火物的两个相邻挡火制品之间产生空隙。而这些空隙给热，火焰和烟雾提供了通道穿过挡火物。
一种优选的非织造织物材料是1260 BOARD MINERAL WOOL(一种矿物棉)，由Fibrex Insulation，Sarnia，Ontario提供。对于应用玻璃纤维材料有异议时，一种合适的材料是3M Company，St.Paul，MN提供的ULTRA DAM 4000 STRIPS。
膨胀材料层4，8最好包含实质上不含有石墨的膨胀剂、稳定剂和粘合剂。膨胀材料还可包含填料和有机成焦组分。授于Welna的美国专利5,476,891描述了合适的膨胀材料。一种合适的市售膨胀材料是一种有机/无机防火弹性体片，由3M公司提供，商品牌号为3M FIRE BARRIER FS-195+WRAP/STRIP。一种优选的市售膨胀材料是一种柔性膨胀带，由3M公司提供，商品牌号为EFIS。
按照本发明的特征，膨胀剂基本上应不含有石墨。令人惊讶的是，已发现含有基本上不含石墨的膨胀剂的膨胀材料，在受热时发挥了合乎需要的粘合性和内聚性。粘合和内聚性能使装在通孔中形成了通孔挡火物的挡火制品膨胀并粘附在一起，由此形成了有足够机械完整性的屏障，而毋须补充的增强就通过ASTM E814消防水流要求。
尽管不希望受到任何具体理论的限制，可以认为含有石墨的膨胀材料在膨胀时，其粘合性和内聚性有限。有限的粘合性和内聚性接着就限制了能被这样的制品毋须用补充的增强结构能有效挡火的通孔的尺寸。即用含石墨基膨胀材料的挡火制品其挡火效果一般来说较差，用这样的制品挡火只能用于较小的通孔才能通过ASTM E814消防水流要求。例如，表1显示了能被挡火且能通过ASTM E814消防水流要求的最大孔洞尺寸，该挡火制品分成包含常规石墨基膨胀材料的和包含本发明材料的，而该隔墙由三种不同材料即钢材，木材和混凝土构成。
表1-能被挡火且通过消防水流测试的空的孔洞尺寸的比较，采用常规石墨基膨胀材料的挡火制品和本发明的挡火制品
| 石墨基 | 无石墨 | |
| 钢材 | 273平方英寸 | 540平方英寸 |
| 木材 | 174平方英寸 | 540平方英寸 |
| 混凝土 | 144平方英寸 | 300平方英寸 |
对钢材而言，已发现能被依照本发明的挡火制品挡火且毋须补充增强就通过ASTM E814测试的孔洞尺寸，要比用常规挡火制品时大98％，对木材而言，大210％，对混凝土而言，大108％。
合适的膨胀剂包括粒状的水合碱金属硅酸盐，如在授于Langer等人的美国专利4,273,879中描述的。优选的膨胀剂是粒状硅酸钠。一种合适的市售膨胀剂是3M Company，St。Paul，MN以商品牌号EXPANTROL 4BW PLUS提供的一种粒状的水合碱金属硅酸盐膨胀组合物。
适用的稳定剂，包括选自如下面通式I所示的二芳基对苯二胺这组中的化合物，式中的二芳基对苯二胺类的熔点范围为约105℃至约125℃：
通式I
式中R1-R4都是独立选自氢(“H”)和有1至约5个碳原子的烷基，条件是：1)R1以及R2必须是，或者R3以及R4必须是有1至约5个碳原子的烷基；2)稳定剂的熔点范围为约105℃至约125℃。
稳定剂是抗氧化剂和/或抗臭氧剂，它被定义为一种化合物或一些化合物的混合物，能够降低或防止在本发明的组合物暴露在氧或臭氧之下时有机粘合剂的降解。
优选的一种市售的稳定剂是由Goodyear Chemical Co。，Akron，OH提供，商品牌号为WINGSTAY 100 AZ。这是通式I范围内的二芳基对苯二胺类的专利混合物，熔点范围为108°-114℃。
粘合剂宜为有机粘合剂，更优选的是一种弹性体，最好是氯化弹性体，诸如商品牌号为NEOPRENE等的聚氯丁二烯弹性体。弹性体粘合剂最好选自一类有机的成焦弹性体，诸如天然橡胶和合成橡胶，如聚异戊二烯橡胶和氯丁橡胶。氯丁橡胶是一种优选的弹性体，因为它具有优异的老化性质，良好的耐天候性以及它本身在遇到火或热时就是一种成焦剂。
膨胀材料可包含诸如石英砂(二氧化硅)的填料、着色剂、粘土、飞灰、发泡剂、珍珠岩、蛭石、诸如玻璃纤维和矿物棉的无机纤维和有机纤维，用以调节硬度和降低成本。
如果粘合剂是非成焦性的，则最好往组合物中加入成焦添加剂。合适的非成焦性聚合物包括诸如商品牌号为PARACHLOR(Uniroyal Chemical公司)和TYRIN(Dow Chemical公司)的氯化聚乙烯，诸如商品牌号为HYPALON(du Pont公司)的氯磺化聚乙烯、聚丁烯和聚硫聚合物。
可用于组合物的成焦树脂包括酚醛树脂、聚碳化二亚胺树脂、脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺-醛树脂。通用术语”酚醛”包括苯酚-甲醛树脂以及包含其它苯酚衍生物和醛类的树脂。
按照本发明的另一特征，挡火制品的构造是绝热材料6的非织造织物夹在两层膨胀材料4，8之间。另一种方法是膨胀材料4，8完全包围住纤维状的绝热材料6。把膨胀材料包在外表面形成该挡火制品，使得膨胀材料在火灾时膨胀并接触到相邻制品的膨胀材料。由于膨胀了的膨胀材料是有粘性的，于是这些制品就结合起来形成一个构造的挡火物阻止火和烟穿过孔洞，进而提供了一个有足够机械完整性的挡火物，毋须补充的支撑结构或增强，就可通过ASTM E814消防水流测试。
例如，如表1所示，按照本发明的挡火制品可装在像墙、楼板或天花板那样的隔板上的孔洞内，形成了一种挡火物，能够在钢制隔板上的540平方英寸的孔洞内，能够在木制隔板上的540平方英寸的孔洞内，以及能够在混凝土制隔板上的300平方英寸的孔洞内，通过ASTM E814消防水流测试，而都毋须任何补充的增强结构。
本发明能用于比常规技术更大的挡火孔洞而毋须补充增强的能力，减少了安装时间，便于再进入孔洞，降低了成本，减少了安装的复杂性，简化了现场的后勤服务。
包住两层膨胀材料4，8和绝热材料6的罩子14使安装者避免暴露在组合物中令人讨厌的组分面前或使这种暴露减少到最小程度。此外，罩子14使相邻的制品互相之间可滑动，有助于安装。优选的罩子是一个密封的袋子，用合适的聚合物薄膜材料如聚乙烯制成。
本发明的一个合乎需要的特征是它发挥了粘合性和内聚性，使得毋须补充的增强就通过ASTM E814消防水流测试。需要补充的增强是用市售材料制成的挡火系统的一个突出的不方便之处。
由于挡火物往往是再进入的，所以本发明的制品最好在常温下不形成粘合的或内聚的粘合。如果制品在常温下就能形成粘合，制品在再进入时会被损坏，使得难以再进入，费钱费时间。本发明最好只在高温下才有粘合/内聚性质。粘合的形成温度可以通过选择常温下不粘合/内聚的膨胀材料的外层来控制，或者通过在膨胀材料的外表面上包上滑动层(如一层聚乙烯薄膜)。如上所指出的，滑动层可通过把膨胀材料罩在一个封闭的袋子中来形成。
挡火材料一般至少是部分烧蚀性的，所以随着火灾的进行，接近热侧的材料会失去它们的效力。因此，无纺织物内层材料和膨胀材料都会烧蚀失去效力。这就有破坏内聚性和/或粘合性粘合的作用。
有两种办法来确保相邻挡火制品有效的粘合。首先，可在低温下形成粘合，从而覆盖了大部分的界面，它超过火灾中会烧蚀的界面。另一种办法是可在热侧或靠近热侧形成粘合区，随着粘合/内聚组分的逐步烧蚀和粘合的被破坏，粘合区逐步移向冷侧。一般来说，粘合线通过膨胀材料的推进比烧结线通过非织造织物的推进快。最好是粘合/内聚组分形成焦，从而保护了粘合区，减缓了制品的烧蚀。焦可以占据与粘合区同样的位置。
膨胀材料的组成最好包含高比例的热塑性聚合物，该聚合物既可以是未交联的，也可以是少量交联的。之所以优选热塑性聚合物是因为它们在火灾温度下一般产生粘性流动。该聚合物材料的流动使它穿过非织造织物绝热材料随即形成粘合。但是，绝大多数的热塑性聚合物在类似火灾的条件下流动得太快。热塑性聚合物的粘性流性质可以通过加入填料和使热塑性聚合物交联来改变。又，适当的填料，如氢氧化铝(ATH)，也给予组合物防火性质。合适的聚合物包括聚氯丁二烯、含氟聚合物，EVA和丙烯酸类树脂。固有阻燃的聚合物尤其适合于这个用途。
本发明的膨胀系统应具有中等程度的膨胀。如果膨胀太厉害，它可能会破坏墙板(或楼板)，或被挤出通孔，由此而失败。此外，膨胀挡火材料通常在膨胀过程中和膨胀之后会变得容易破碎。随着膨胀增加和相应的密度降低，会达到材料的整体性太低而通不过ASTM E814消防水流测试的程度。
实施例
挡火制品的结构如图1所示。每个制品用Fibrex Insulation，Sarina，Ontario提供的1260 BOARD MINERAL WOOL作内层，它是用玄武岩制成的，标称密度为6.0磅/立方英寸，实际密度不低于4.0磅/立方英寸左右，细粒含量约12％，被夹在厚1/16英寸的两层柔性膨胀条的外层4，8之间，该膨胀条由3M Company，St。Paul，MN提供，商品牌号为EFIS。EFIS的外层4，8与内层矿物棉用3M Company，St。Paul，MN提供的9672 HIGH STRENGTH ADHESIVE粘合在一起。挡火制品用3密耳的聚乙烯袋封装。制成的制品的标称尺寸为2.125英寸×6.0英寸×9.0英寸。
五十个上述的挡火制品安装在一个2-hr框架UL400 Series墙板上的一个30英寸×18英寸的框架孔洞中。该框架孔洞有钢内壁供粘附。制品安装时有9英寸尺寸穿过搂板。制品被堆成五列，每列十个制品。垂直压缩为18.0％，水平压缩为0.0％，面积压缩为18.1％。
当接受一小时的ASTM E814着火试验时，此组合件通过了消防水流F级和T级标准。
显然，对于本行业的那些普通的技术人员来说，可以作各种改变和变化，只要不偏离上述本发明的概念。因此，本发明的范围不应限于本申请中描述的结构，但只限于权利要求书中描述的结构和那些结构的等效结构。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于阻挡一隔板孔洞的火焰的挡火装置，它包括许多排列在所述孔洞中而毋须补充的支撑结构的复合挡火制品，每个复合挡火制品(2)包含
(a)内部绝热材料；
(b)膨胀材料，它围绕着至少一部分所述的内部绝热材料，所述的膨胀材料包含填料、粘合剂材料和一种不含石墨的膨胀剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的挡火装置，其特征在于，所述的膨胀材料还包含有机成焦组分。
3.如权利要求2所述的挡火装置，其特征在于，所述的内部绝热材料包含无机纤维材料。
4.如权利要求3所述的挡火装置，其特征在于，所述的无机纤维材料包含玻璃纤维、矿物棉、耐火陶瓷材料以及它们的混合物中的至少一种。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的挡火装置，其特征在于，所述的内部绝热材料具有相背的第一和第二主表面，又其中的膨胀材料片(4，8)被安置成各自与所述的第一和第二表面相邻。
6.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的挡火装置，其特征在于所述复合挡火制品还包含一个罩子(14)，围绕着所述膨胀材料。
7.如权利要求6所述的挡火装置，其特征在于，所述的罩子是聚乙烯口袋。
8.如权利要求1所述的挡火装置在阻挡一隔板孔洞的火焰中的用途，所述孔洞的面积大于0.193平方厘米且有混凝土内壁可供粘附，所述挡火装置能够通过按照ASTM Test E814的消防水流测试。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/925,553 | 2001-08-09 | ||
| US09/925,553 US7018699B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2001-08-09 | Fire stop article |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1539002A CN1539002A (zh) | 2004-10-20 |
| CN1262623C true CN1262623C (zh) | 2006-07-05 |
Family
ID=25451897
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB028155866A Expired - Fee Related CN1262623C (zh) | 2001-08-09 | 2002-05-16 | 挡火装置及其用途 |
Country Status (6)
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| US (1) | US7018699B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1414928B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1262623C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE318878T1 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE60209489T2 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2003014260A1 (zh) |
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| CA2714099C (en) * | 2008-02-08 | 2016-04-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multi-layer intumescent fire protection barrier with adhesive surface |
| US8191330B1 (en) * | 2008-11-17 | 2012-06-05 | Cornwall Kenneth R | Firestop drain assembly |
| AU2009245873A1 (en) * | 2008-12-10 | 2010-07-01 | Ig6 Pty Ltd | Fire containment devices and components therefor |
| US20110016808A1 (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2011-01-27 | Balco, Inc | Fire barrier |
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| WO2011130048A2 (en) * | 2010-04-13 | 2011-10-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Inorganic fiber webs and methods of making and using |
| EP2561129B1 (en) | 2010-04-13 | 2017-06-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Methods of enhancing fire protection |
| KR101818692B1 (ko) | 2010-04-13 | 2018-01-16 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 캄파니 | 두꺼운 무기 섬유 웨브 및 그의 제조 및 사용 방법 |
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| AU2015203202A1 (en) * | 2011-03-28 | 2015-07-09 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Fire protection cuff |
| GB2513292A (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2014-10-29 | Fire Prot Coatings Ltd | Fire Barrier |
| US9365017B2 (en) * | 2013-09-25 | 2016-06-14 | William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. | Moldable fire resistant composites |
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-
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- 2001-08-09 US US09/925,553 patent/US7018699B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-05-16 DE DE2002609489 patent/DE60209489T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-16 EP EP02739290A patent/EP1414928B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-16 CN CNB028155866A patent/CN1262623C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-05-16 WO PCT/US2002/015770 patent/WO2003014260A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2002-05-16 AT AT02739290T patent/ATE318878T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1539002A (zh) | 2004-10-20 |
| DE60209489T2 (de) | 2006-08-31 |
| ATE318878T1 (de) | 2006-03-15 |
| WO2003014260A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
| US7018699B2 (en) | 2006-03-28 |
| US20030049406A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
| EP1414928A1 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
| DE60209489D1 (de) | 2006-04-27 |
| EP1414928B1 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
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