CN1254108A - Method for making self-alignment component - Google Patents
Method for making self-alignment component Download PDFInfo
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- CN1254108A CN1254108A CN99121381A CN99121381A CN1254108A CN 1254108 A CN1254108 A CN 1254108A CN 99121381 A CN99121381 A CN 99121381A CN 99121381 A CN99121381 A CN 99121381A CN 1254108 A CN1254108 A CN 1254108A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/027—Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76801—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
- H01L21/76822—Modification of the material of dielectric layers, e.g. grading, after-treatment to improve the stability of the layers, to increase their density etc.
- H01L21/76825—Modification of the material of dielectric layers, e.g. grading, after-treatment to improve the stability of the layers, to increase their density etc. by exposing the layer to particle radiation, e.g. ion implantation, irradiation with UV light or electrons etc.
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/027—Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34
- H01L21/0271—Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34 comprising organic layers
- H01L21/0273—Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34 comprising organic layers characterised by the treatment of photoresist layers
- H01L21/0274—Photolithographic processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76801—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
- H01L21/76802—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76801—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
- H01L21/76802—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics
- H01L21/76805—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics the opening being a via or contact hole penetrating the underlying conductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76801—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
- H01L21/76802—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics
- H01L21/76807—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics for dual damascene structures
- H01L21/76811—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics for dual damascene structures involving multiple stacked pre-patterned masks
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Abstract
The present invention provides for an improved method of creating vias and trenches during microchip fabrication. According to the invention, the vias and trenches are self-aligned during the photolithography process by using two layers of specially selected resists and exposing the resists such that the lower resist is exposed only where an opening has been formed in the upper resist layer. This self-aligning enables the vias to be printed as elongated shapes, which allows for the use of particularly effective image enhancement techniques. The invention further provides a simplified procedure for creating vias and trenches, in that only one etch step is required to simultaneously create both vias and trenches. An alternative embodiment of the invention allows looped or linked images, such as those printed using image enhancement techniques, to be trimmed to form isolated features.
Description
The design and the manufacturing of relate generally to semiconductor microactuator chip of the present invention.Specifically, the present invention relates between each element of semiconductor microactuator chip, set up the method that is electrically connected.
The semiconductor microactuator chip has become ubiquitous in daily life thing.Microchip not only is easy to find in computing machine, and can to automobile, find in the various article of toy for children from garage door opener.Microchip has become an extremely important part in the daily life for each American and most of people in the world.
Microchip is made by silicon or other semiconductor material.By optionally introducing impurity to the specific region of silicon, and optionally deposit and remove other material on silicon, just can on silicon, produce circuit.Chip is to utilize " photoetching " technology to make.Photoetching is included in places chemical substance and the surface is exposed to two steps under the irradiation on the chip surface, irradiation is the light of wavelength through carefully selecting normally, so that the ad-hoc location on chip surface optionally produces chemical reaction.The special compound that is called " photoresist " or abbreviates " resist " as is exactly to make for this purpose.Different photoresists has different chemistry and physical characteristics, in response to different optical wavelength.The position of chemical reaction is controlled by the mask of chip surface, makes to have only the specific part on surface to accept irradiation.The result of chemical reaction allows to remove and revise the specific part of chip surface.By sequentially using these technology, just can make the device layer of electrical interconnection, for example transistor and capacitor.
Single layer of chips is electrical interconnection in many ways.A kind of method that is electrically connected chip layer is optionally deposit and removes metal, produces metal wire at chip surface, thus the connecting circuit element.According to this technology, at first, thin metallic film, normally aluminium is deposited on chip surface.Secondly, apply photoresist layer at film surface.Then, utilize line image with relative narrower to be exposed to mask on the photoresist, photoresist is exposed having under the light of proper wavelength.Then, photoresist is developed and etching, aluminium is stayed in the pattern that exposes on photoresist.This aluminium pattern is that chip layer forms electrical connection.
A kind of newer method that is electrically connected chip layer is called " inlaying " technology.According to mosaic technology, silicon dioxide layer grows is on chip surface.On silicon dioxide layer, apply photoresist layer.Then, with resist exposure, set up suitable interconnection pattern.Then, photoresist is developed, and carry out etching.Etch step is created in the groove that forms interconnection in this layer in silicon dioxide.Then, at the chip surface depositing metal, normally aluminium, copper or tungsten fill up groove.Then, metal is polished, so that remove other metal the metal in being filled in groove on the chip surface.As a result, metal filled in groove, form interconnection pattern.The level connection is commonly referred to " wiring ".Typical chip comprises a device layer and a plurality of wiring layers that are connected these devices.
Although microchip can comprise the individual layer wiring, under actual conditions, need multilayer wiring in order in the current hi-tech world, to obtain enough chip functions.Chip layer is normally isolated by silicon dioxide or other insulating material, disturbs the work of another layer with the one deck that prevents chip.Yet these chip layer must be passed the silicon dioxide electrical interconnection in position.Otherwise each individual layer will be isolated with other layer, and chip can't operate as normal.
For the connection-core lamella, must penetrate the silicon dioxide of isolating wiring layer, by rights the element in the electric connection layer.A kind of commonsense method that is electrically connected chip layer is " dual damascene " method.This method why be called dual damascene because of it be similar to above-mentioned, be used to produce the mosaic technology of the wiring that makes an element electrical interconnection on the chip layer.As mentioned above, at first on silicon dioxide, produce the groove that is used to connect up.Produce then and see through the silicon dioxide arrival hole of chip layer down.The hole utilizes following technology to make, and applies photoresist, mask, exposure, development and etching, as mentioned above.The hole of passing silicon dioxide layer is commonly referred to " through hole ".Through hole normally utilizes the square-mask figure to form, and this figure will be because diffraction effect will form a circle on photoresist.The square-mask figure for example is used to print the figure of through hole, and is not suitable for most figure enhancement techniques of using in the photoetching process, because the elongated figure of these Technology Needs could more effectively be worked.Photoresist is developed and etching silicon dioxide after, conductor, normally aluminium, copper or tungsten are deposited on chip surface, thus filling vias and groove.Conductor in the through hole forms the vertical stratification that is called " embolism " or " interconnection ", and this structure is passed silicon dioxide element above the silicon dioxide and the element below the silicon dioxide are electrically connected.For interconnection work is got better, must form sufficient contact with the proper circuit unit on the chip layer that will be connected.Usually, through hole must pass silicon dioxide, and extends between two grooves on the adjacent layer.
The dual-damascene method that is electrically connected the microchip layer needs carefully aligned through holes and groove.The density that on microchip, can realize of having guaranteed the appropriate tolerance limits of aiming at of through hole and groove.The classic method of preparation through hole and groove is at first to produce groove, produces through hole then, and this carries out as independent process in preparation technology.Each step all needs following substep: apply photoresist, to the surface carry out mask and exposure, to photoresist developing, etching surface then.
Need new technology to improve the aligning of through hole and groove, so that utilize the space on the chip more fully.Improved method will allow traditional figure enhancement techniques is applied to the through hole printing, still can produce compact, non-elongated through hole simultaneously on chip.Also require new technology in the process that generates through hole and groove, to have still less processing step, so that the preparation of facilitating chip reduces preparation cost.
The present invention utilizes the method that produces autoregistration through hole and groove to overcome the problem of finding in the prior art.The present invention uses two-layer photoresist to generate autoregistration through hole and groove, and one deck wherein is used to shelter bottom, so that only print through hole being printed on the position of groove.
Through hole and groove are to utilize a two-layer special selected photoresist that is layered on another layer to realize self aligned.Lower floor's photoresist (being used for the composition through hole) only exposes on the position that upper strata photoresist (being used for the composition groove) also exposes.As a result, through hole only generates on the position that has generated groove.Because through hole and groove are self aligned, so wiring and embolism also are self aligned.Because through hole and groove are self aligned, think and guarantee that through hole and groove successfully intersect and the error ranges of needs are littler.This can produce density and the higher chip design of efficient.The autoregistration characteristic allows to use elongated figure in the process that produces through hole, can use the figure enhancement techniques in the process of printing through hole.The present invention also provides step more efficiently for the chip preparation, and it only needs the single etch step just can generate through hole and groove simultaneously.
The figure enhancement techniques can improve chip density by using more effectively in the present invention, and for example the illumination of alternating phase-shift grating and off-axis can reduce the distance between the adjacent slot, and does not have the risk that short circuit between wiring and the contact causes inefficacy.The present invention is also by using the figure enhancement techniques to realize higher chip density in the process that forms via hole image.Through hole is printed as isolated square usually, and this also is not suitable for the figure enhancement techniques.According to the present invention, through hole can be printed as elongated figure, and this can utilize phase shift, mixed photoresist and/or off-axis lighting engineering to strengthen.
The present invention has overcome owing to the limitations in density of considering that the short circuit factor causes, because interconnection is self aligned with wiring.Thus, can reduce spacing between the wiring.The present invention can also avoid the minimizing of forming of the open-circuit that caused by the dislocation of through hole and groove or contact area, because through hole and groove are self aligned.
Fig. 1 is the method in the preferred embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the top view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the top view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 5 is the top view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 6 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 7 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 8 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to preferred embodiment.
Fig. 9 is the top view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 10 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 11 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 12 is the top view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 13 is the top view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 14 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
Figure 15 is the sectional view of the substrate handled according to second example embodiment.
The invention provides a kind of improvement that in the process of preparation microchip, generates through hole and groove Method. According to the present invention, utilize two-layer special selected photoresist and under different wavelength Photoresist is exposed, can in photoetching process, realize the autoregistration of through hole and groove. This Autoregistration makes through hole can be printed as slender type, and this just allows to use especially effectively, and figure strengthens Technology. The present invention also comprises the simplification step that generates through hole and groove, because only need an etching Step just can generate through hole and groove simultaneously.
Generate the through hole of interconnection and the conventional method of line and unnecessarily take chip space, and sacrificial Domestic animal the performance of chip. Equally, the photoetching process that generates through hole according to standard preparation technology faces Serious restriction, because the size of microchip component is dwindled constantly. At Rayleigh (Rayleigh) in the model,
Resolution ratio=K* (exposure wavelength)/(numerical aperture of exposure tool) Littler K value produces higher resolution ratio. K depends on the quality of optics and is used for composition The technology type of figure. Along with reducing of size of circuit, through hole for example, photoetching process It is more outstanding that the limit becomes.
Utilize figure enhancing technology can expand the limit of photoetching process. Road as known, through hole Utilize typically and circle is printed on square-mask on the photoresist prints. Through hole Built on stilts figure usually can utilize the edge to move (rim-shift) phase-shifted grating or decling phase Shifted raster strengthens. Although these technology reinforced partlies the built on stilts figure of through hole, they are also Not as alternately (Levenson) phase-shifted grating or off-axis means of illumination are effective. Alternating phase-shift side Method can be 0.35 o'clock printed pattern in the value of Rayleigh parameter K, and classic flat-plate is typographic Performance constraint is 0.6 at the K parameter value, and the edge moves or the decay phase mask is operated in 0.5 The K value. The off-axis illumination can strengthen nested lines/space diagram to a certain extent, but does not almost have The enhancing isolation pattern is arranged, for example be generally used for printing the figure of through hole. With decay phase mask one Use when the off-axis illumination of rise using can be between K value be in 0.40 and 0.45. The edge seal The brush method, for example sidewall graph transformation or compound photoresist can also equal 0.35 in the K value The Shi Jinhang operation, but they can not be used for through hole. From above-mentioned discussion as can be known, traditional figure The enhancing technology is to compact graphical, and the help of the figure that for example uses when the printing through hole seldom. By This, the printing through hole has become the major obstacle that continues to dwindle the microchip circuit.
According to traditional handicraft, for guarantee to interconnect with connect up between reliable the contact, must keep sizable error range when generating through hole and groove.In many chip designs, through hole and line have almost equal width.In order to ensure reliable interconnection, overlayer allowance (budget) accounts for 40% of dimension of picture greatly.Therefore, for the groove of 0.20 micron through hole and 0.20 micron, need positive and negative 0.08 micron overlayer tolerance.The dimension of picture tolerance approximately is 20% of dimension of picture usually, and this is positive and negative 0.04 micron in this example.If the figure of line is in 0.16 micron of limit range, the dimension of picture of through hole also is in 0.16 micron limit range so, and overlayer is in 0.08 micron of the limit, also must have enough overlayers to be used for element manufacturing, and overlayer is 0.08 micron in this example.If the overlayer deficiency, circuit can't operate as normal so.For example, circuit may be in the position " open circuit " of needs interconnection.
Similarly, need prevent that adjacent wire is short-circuited has also limited the realized density on the chip.Example is 0.24 micron on through hole very big, is continuous, and when overlayer was 0.08 micron, wiring was in maximum and can allows 0.24 micron of dimension of picture, and tolerance adds up to 0.16 micron.In this example, wire distribution distance can be set at 0.20 micron, will can not be short-circuited like this.This spacing has limited the density that can realize on chip.
Refer now to Fig. 1, process flow diagram illustrates the method 100 according to preferred embodiment.The first step 102 of method 100 is to apply photoresist layer down at substrate surface.The chemical vapour deposition photoresist that following photoresist layer preferably exposes under setted wavelength is called second wavelength at this this wavelength.The photoresist of photoresist layer is Microelectronic Engineering under can being used as, Vol.30,1996, the plasma polymerization polysilane photoresist that pp.275-278 describes.Next step of method 100 104 is down to be applied with photoresist layer on the photoresist layer.
Upper and lower photoresist layer can be respectively positive photoetching rubber, negative photoresist or compound photoresist.The selection of following photoresist layer and following photoresist layer should be avoided the mixing between two-layer.In the example of describing in conjunction with preferred embodiment, the CVD polysilane photoresist of photoresist layer is made up of the silicon net that is similar to polysilane under being used for.This polysilane photoresist is insoluble to the solvent that is generally used for dissolving the photoresist that spin coating applies, and thus, going up the photoresist layer spin coated in lower floor the time, with the mixing minimum that makes between the photoresist layer, makes the deterioration minimum of resolution and graphical form.Other photoresist that is specially adapted to down photoresist layer is water-soluble positive photoetching rubber, and J.M.Frechet for example, people such as C.G.Wilson be at SPIE, Vol.3049, and pp.437-447 describes in 1997.Specifically, the material listed of scheme in this article 2 and scheme 4 is applicable to down photoresist layer.The prescription of these photoresists is DUV materials, and photoresist layer uses on the I-line.These photoresists are attractive especially for the present invention.The commissure that carries out after applying the back baking will prevent to mix.The developing technique that is used to develop can not change the figure on most photoresists, can be used for photoresist layer, and their will prevent deterioration in the process of photoresist layer on their are developing at the insolubility before the exposure.
Last photoresist layer can be traditional I-line or DUV single-layer lithography glue.The developer solution of following photoresist layer preferably has certain difference with respect to last photoresist layer, and like this, during photoresist layer, the figure that develops in the last photoresist layer is with unaffected under developing.For example, the polysilane photoresist (above-mentioned) of photoresist develops as hydrogen fluoride (HF), HF gas or the fluorine ion of positive photoetching rubber utilization dilution under can being used as, and also can be used as negative photoresist and utilizes chlorine plasma to develop.If DUV or I-line photoresist are used as last photoresist, go up photoresist so and will can not develop to descend the HF or the chlorine plasma of photoresist very responsive being used to.Simultaneously, most DUV and I-line photoresist utilize group water solution to develop, for example 0.14 to 0.26N tetramethyl aqua ammonia (TMAH).The polysilane photoresist of photoresist layer is not subjected to the influence of water development liquid under being used as.In addition, following photoresist layer preferably has photonasty to the exposure wavelength that can not see through last photoresist layer.For example, last photoresist layer can be extreme ultraviolet (DUV) photoresist.Most DUV photoresists are opaque for the exposure wavelength of 193 nanometers.Most I-line photoresists as last photoresist layer are opaque for the exposure of DUV and the exposure of 193 nanometers.Those skilled the in art will appreciate that according to the present invention and can use different photoresist combinations.
Using anti-reflection film between photoresist layer and the last photoresist layer down is favourable.If you are using, anti-reflection film will absorb the light that sees through last photoresist layer, prevent down the photoresist layer exposure.Using anti-reflection film is a kind of method that allows down photoresist layer and last photoresist layer selectively same optical wavelength to be responded.Yet,, must remove at least a portion anti-reflection film in order to make down the photoresist layer exposure.
Fig. 2 shows the substrate part 200 with following photoresist layer 205 and last photoresist layer 210.Silicon dioxide layer 215 or similarly insulation material layer be positioned at photoresist layer 205 down below.It below silicon dioxide layer 215 silicon substrate 217.According to the present invention, used the photoresist different with above-mentioned photoresist, if but not using anti-reflection film, the employed photoresist of so just essential selection makes that the response wave length of photoresist layer 205 is different from photoresist layer 210 significantly down.Like this, the exposure of last photoresist layer 210 will can not influence photoresist 205 down, and vice versa.In addition, last photoresist layer 210 preferably uses different developer solutions with following photoresist layer 205, makes the development operation of one deck can not influence another layer.According to preferred embodiment, following photoresist is the CVD polysilane photoresist that the HF solution that can utilize dilution, HF gas or fluorine ion develop.Although the HF solution of dilution is a kind of developer solution that can adopt, known that the HF solution of dilution will stick problem with some photoresist that can be used as last photoresist layer.These problems can be avoided as developer solution by using HF gas.Last photoresist layer is opaque for second wavelength of photoresist layer response down.For example, last photoresist layer is the conventional lithography glue that can develop with group water solution, for example tetramethyl aqua ammonia (for example 0.26N), potassium hydroxide or sodium silicate.In this example, last photoresist layer does not develop in the HF solution of dilution, and following photoresist layer does not develop in water base developing liquid.The chlorine plasma developer solution is the RIE with directivity, and this has relaxed the requirement to the last photoresist that is used as photomask.Yet as will be seen, following photoresist layer 205 and last photoresist layer 210 are preferably in response to identical etching technics and chemicals.
Permission is that the polysilane photoresist must react with airborne oxygen with the polysilane photoresist as a key element descending photoresist layer and upper and lower photoresist layer to have identical exposure wavelength, so that form figure.The polysilane photoresist of exposure and oxygen reaction form silicon dioxide.The chlorine plasma developing process is removed polysilane, keeps silicon dioxide.If oxygen can not arrive the polysilane photoresist, can not form figure so.Last photoresist layer hinders oxygen at least in part and enters down photoresist layer.Another key element that permission is used as photoresist layer and upper and lower photoresist layer to have identical exposure wavelength the polysilane photoresist is that the chlorine plasma RIE developing process of polysilane is directive, even as photomask, it can not be used as physical mask to last photoresist yet in the RIE developing process.Therefore, under the polysilane that last photoresist layer is kept perfectly, can not form figure in the photoresist layer, but the position of photoresist layer can form figure on having removed.
Sometimes expect two photoresist layers are used identical exposure wavelength, because exposure tool of these needs.The polysilane photoresist is particularly useful, because it allows upper and lower photoresist layer is used identical exposure wavelength.Yet,, also can use other photoresist according to the present invention.
Now return Fig. 1, next step of method 100 106 is by having first mask of first exposure figure, and utilizing to influence down that first wavelength of photoresist layer does not carry out mask and exposure to the surface.First exposure figure will be defined in the wiring that forms in the insulating material.According to preferred embodiment, exposure is to utilize traditional I-line or DUV exposure tool to carry out.These exposure tools utilize the wavelength of 248 or 365 nanometers usually.Although according to preferred embodiment as the polysilane photoresist of following photoresist layer in some photonasty of 248 nanometers, approximately slow three times of this photonasty than most DUV photoresists, for example those are used as the photoresist of last photoresist layer.Because photonasty is lower, last photoresist layer is photoresist layer under the exposure of 248 nanometers substantially can deterioration, when photoresist layer comprises the polysilane photoresist instantly.Certainly, can use other exposure tool, for example the x-ray according to the present invention.Because following photoresist layer 205 does not respond first wavelength, the influence that do not exposed of following photoresist layer 205.Next step of method 100 108 is develop to go up photoresist layer.After developing, the lines that are exposed in the photoresist layer 210 become the opening that allows photoresist layer 205 under the light arrival, and upward the unexposed portion of photoresist layer 210 will prevent that light from arriving photoresist layer 205 down.Therefore, following photoresist layer 205 is merely able to receive in the place that last photoresist layer exposes the light of the wavelength that makes its response.
Now forward Fig. 3 to, show the upper surface of substrate part 200 after step 108.Surface 250 has been subjected to the exposure of first wavelength of selecting into last photoresist layer 210.First exposure figure that is imprinted on the photoresist layer 210 becomes opening through developing.Fig. 3 shows the example exposure figure of wafer part 215 and final opening.The exposure of last photoresist layer 210 and be developed in the photoresist layer 210 and form lines 310,320,330 and 340, and make part photoresist layer 205 exposures down.As seeing, these lines 310,320,330 and 340 will be used for defining corresponding groove at insulation material layer 215, and wiring just is formed in the groove.
Return Fig. 1, next step of method 100 110 is to use second mask with second exposure figure, and second optical wavelength of utilizing photoresist layer down to respond is exposed to the surface.Be imprinted on down the interconnection structure that figure on the photoresist layer will be used to define the extend through insulation material layer.Although interconnect normally square structure, second exposure figure can comprise elongated figure, because down photoresist layer can only and be imprinted on the crossover location of the lines in the photoresist layer at second exposure figure and exposes.Obviously, be used to expose second wavelength of photoresist layer 205 down depends on down the characteristic of photoresist.Most optimum wavelengths with photoresist layer 208 uses down also depends on the wavelength that is used for photoresist layer 210, because these two wavelength preferably have enough big difference, so that prevent photoresist layer 210 exposure that meets accident of photoresist layer 205 at present in exposure.For example, following photoresist layer 205 can utilize the exposure system (are photoresists of 248 or 365 nanometers if go up photoresist layer 210) of 193 nanometers, perhaps utilizes the exposure system (are photoresists of 365 nanometers if go up photoresist layer 210) of 248 nanometers.
Because the opening part exposure that following photoresist layer 205 can only expose at last photoresist layer 210, the following photoresist layer 205 of institute can only expose on the position of the intersection of the respective openings in the last photoresist opening and second mask.Therefore, a part that only is included in the exposure figure on second mask just can be printed onto down on the photoresist layer 205.
Fig. 4 example have the following photoresist layer 205 that exposed as mentioned above and a substrate part 200 of last photoresist layer 210.Surface 250 utilizes second mask with second exposure figure, and the second wavelength place that can respond at following photoresist layer 205 exposes.Fig. 4 shows the second exemplary exposure figure.250 410,420,430,435,440,445 and 450 exposures in surface in the zone.As shown in Figure 4, exposure area 410,420,430,435,440,445 and 450 shape are elongated rectangles.This shape helps to guarantee to intersect fully with the previous zone 310,320,330 and 340 of exposing in last photoresist layer and developing.Second exposure figure can comprise permission with the figure enhancement techniques, for example replaces the Any shape that (Lenenson) phase-shifted grating, off-axis illumination and compound photoresist are applied to second exposure figure.Recall at this, the optical wavelength that last photoresist layer 210 can respond for the following photoresist layer 205 in the unexposed area is not too transparent.Therefore, last photoresist layer 210 is as mask, make down photoresist layer 205 can only be in imbrication the exposed portion of photoresist layer 210, i.e. the zone 410,420,430,440,445 of the lines 310,320,330 and 340 and second exposure figure and the 450 parts exposure of intersecting.As described in preferred embodiment, following photoresist layer can positive photoetching rubber.In this case, the point of crossing of the development lines of second exposure figure and last photoresist layer will be removed in developing process.Yet the present invention also can be used as photoresist layer down with bearing photoresist or compound photoresist.Compound photoresist is not described following the authorization in the patented claim, transfer IBM, by people such as Hakey on September 10th, 1996 submit to, sequence number is 08/715,287, be entitled as the not authorization patented claim of " Frequency Doubling Hybrid Photoresist ", with transfer IBM, by people such as Chen on October 13rd, 1998 submit to, sequence number is 09/170,756, be entitled as the not authorization patented claim of " Optimization of Space Widthfor Hybrid Photoresist ".Utilize the polysilane photoresist to allow upper and lower photoresist layer is used identical exposure wavelength, as previously mentioned as negative photoresist.If negative photoresist is as photoresist layer down, so second exposure figure will comprise with last photoresist layer in the elongated opaque figure that the lines that come out intersect that develops.If compound photoresist is as following photoresist layer, the elongated pattern edge of second exposure figure will develop at the infall of the lines that develop out with last photoresist layer so.
Fig. 5 illustrates the result of photoresist layer down that develops.205 of following photoresist layers in second exposure figure zone 410,420,430,435,440,445,450 and the opening of last photoresist layer 210, here be lines 310,320,330,340 and 350, the position exposure of intersecting.205 510,520,530,535,540,545 and 550 exposures of photoresist layer under this makes in the zone.As shown in Figure 5, this forms point-device autoregistration between the figure of through hole and groove, saved the surface 250 on the chip 215 thus.
Fig. 6 is illustrated in after the photoresist developing, but the substrate part before etching.Fig. 6 is the sectional view of substrate 215 6-6 along the line shown in Figure 5.Last photoresist layer 210 has exposed and has developed, and forms opening on position 630,635,637,638 and 639.Following photoresist layer 205 has exposed and has developed, and forms opening on position 530 and 535.
Again with reference to figure 1, next step of method 110 114 is etching through hole and grooves in insulating material.According to preferred embodiment, whether etching depth has been exposed on ad-hoc location by one deck or two-layer photoresist determines.If last photoresist layer 210 and following photoresist layer 205 expose and development at same position, the situation of for example making through hole, etching will be carried out on insulating material immediately so.Yet if having only last photoresist layer 210 exposures, the situation of for example making groove so must be before the etching insulating material, and etching is descended photoresist layer 205 thoroughly.Thus, in the etching process in setting-up time cycle, insulating material all exposes and the position etching of developing must be darker at two-layer photoresist, and photoresist layer 210 exposures and the position etching of developing must be more shallow on having only.Like this, through hole and groove can one the step in etching.Certainly, person of skill in the art will appreciate that the photoresist that can use in response to the different etching agent.Although the etch step that this need add, it can independently control the etching depth of through hole and groove.In some cases, expect independently etch step.After intact through hole of etching and groove, remove remaining photoresist from substrate surface.
Fig. 7 illustrates the substrate part of finishing etch step 114.Through hole 730 and 735 is etched in down the position that photoresist layer 205 and last photoresist layer 210 all expose.Groove 737,738,739 has been etched in the position of having only last photoresist layer 210 exposures.Through hole 730,735 passes the silicon layer 217 that insulating material 215 arrives chip.On silicon layer 217, the wiring 794,796 that through hole 730,735 connects in the lower floor 690.This allows the interconnection between the chip layer.
Again with reference to figure 1, next step of method 100 116 is depositing metals on chip surface, so that filling vias and groove form wiring and interconnection.Usually metals deposited is copper, tungsten or aluminium.The final step 118 of method 100 is to remove unnecessary metal, only stays wiring and interconnection.This can realize by planarization technology.
Fig. 8 illustrates the result of this technology.Interconnection 830,835 sees through insulating material 215 arrival silicon substrates 217 and links to each other with wiring 794,796.Wiring 837,838,839 is formed in the groove 737,738,739 that is etched in the insulating material 215.Now, any various technologies that can utilize this area to adopt are carried out the chip preparation.
In another change example of preferred embodiment, last photoresist layer is to utilize the figure enhancement techniques that produces " ring-type " or " connection " structure patterned.These technology comprise phase edge graph transformation and compound photoresist.These technology have the advantage that improves graphics resolution, but have the shortcoming that causes the ring-type figure.Because need make parts discretely, mask step is divided into discrete parts with the ring-type figure so these figure enhancement techniques can not be utilized independently.This variation is adjusted into discrete parts with endless member, to allow not make use figure enhancement techniques under the too complicated condition of technology.
In this variation, the polysilane photoresist is used as photoresist layer down, and the photoresist compatible with the figure enhancement techniques is as last photoresist layer (for example traditional I-line or UV photoresist, compound photoresist or the like).Polysilane preferably is used as down, and photoresist layer has following reason.The first, it is difficult for mixing with last photoresist layer in applying process.The second, the plasma that is used for the polysilane photoresist develop substantially not can deterioration on the figure of photoresist.The 3rd, the water base developing liquid that is used for photoresist substantially can deterioration polysilane photoresist.The 4th, the polysilane photoresist can work during for 193nm at exposure wavelength, and photoresist is as mask (when last photoresist is DUV or I-line) on this moment.
Preferably, the polysilane photoresist is used for negative photoresist pattern, and chlorine plasma is used to remove the photoresist zone that does not have exposure.In this case, polysilane can be on being used for exposes under the identical wavelength of photoresist, the chlorine plasma developing process will allow down photoresist layer only not by on develop in the zone that covers of photoresist layer, cover and the following photoresist layer that does not cover all to obtain exposing although go up photoresist layer.Utilize wet development photoresist conduct photoresist layer down, any exposure area, even having covered the exposure area of last photoresist layer all will develop, the feasible adhesion failure of going up photoresist.
Should be noted that in preferred embodiments between last photoresist layer and following polysilane photoresist layer and do not need anti-reflection film (ARC).This compares with classic method, has reduced the complicacy of technology significantly.
Utilize the lower and upper photoresist of deposit, the figure enhancement techniques exposure that last photoresist utilization is suitable.The operation that adopts is decided by the technology that adopts.After the exposure, to last photoresist developing.Owing to used the figure enhancement techniques, so will in last photoresist layer, form endless groove.This demonstrates out circle polysilane photoresist down.
Utilize the mask grating and the last photoresist that have defined the following photoresist zone that to expose that following photoresist is exposed then.Preferably, the mask grating comprises the stop portions endless groove and exposes the figure of another part endless groove.Therefore, with last photoresist in endless groove and the corresponding photoresist zone down of part that figure intersects that do not stop in the grating obtain exposure.The following photoresist that figure stops that stops in last photoresist or the grating does not partly expose.
Then, utilize photoresist under chlorine plasma or other the suitable developing liquid developing.This has removed and has not been subjected to the unexposed portion photoresist protection, following polysilane photoresist.Therefore, only removed with the endless groove and the second exposure mask grating in stop corresponding that part of part that figure intersects photoresist down.Therefore, utilize mask grating stop portions endless groove selectively, just can form discrete groove in the polysilane photoresist down.These discrete grooves can be used for forming discrete parts on substrate.
Now forward Fig. 9,10 and 11 to, example according to preferred embodiment, utilize compound photoresist, be formed on the ring-type figure on the polysilane photoresist layer.Specifically, Fig. 9,10 and 11 examples be positioned at graphical compound photoresist layer 1806 and polysilane photoresist layer 1804 on the substrate part 1802, wherein Figure 10 is the sectional view of Fig. 9 substrate 19-19 along the line, Figure 11 is the sectional view of Fig. 9 substrate 20-20 along the line.A benefit using compound photoresist is to utilize current extreme ultraviolet (DUV) offset printing instrument can print live width less than 0.2 μ m, and the design resolution of this instrument is 0.35 μ m.Therefore, utilize edge defining slot 1808 in compound photoresist of mask pattern, can realize the littler part dimension of size that allows than conventional offset printing.Link slot 1808, this expects in some applications, isolation moat structure for example is a problem, for example grid conductor or wiring for the parts of other type.For these application, link slot 1808 may cause unexpected short circuit.
According to the present embodiment, substrate partly utilizes the mask grating to expose once more, and the exposed portion that connects figure is in compound photoresist.Now forward Figure 12 to, example exemplary second time of exposure, wherein exposed in zone 1910 and 1920, and zone 1915 does not have.Described as the front embodiment, this exposure comprises the irradiation that utilizes UV light to carry out, or ion injects.In another case, those exposed portions of polysilane photoresist 1804 are insoluble to the chlorine plasma developer.Therefore, corresponding with the intersecting area of groove 1808 and exposure area 1910,1920 following polysilane photoresist zone obtains exposure.Stop by last photoresist layer, perhaps be in the partly not exposure of following polysilane photoresist of unexposed area 1915.Then, utilize chlorine plasma developer development polysilane photoresist down.This has removed the unexposed portion by compound photoresist 1806 protections of residue.
Now forward Figure 13,14 and 15 to, show the substrate part 1802 after utilizing the chlorine plasma developer to remove not to be subjected to the unexposed portion that remains compound photoresist 1806 protections.This is forming two grooves 1950 discrete, that do not connect in polysilane photoresist down.Then, these parts can be used for forming discrete parts on substrate part 1802.One of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that this embodiment can be used for defining many dissimilar parts, comprises wiring, grid conductor etc., but is not limited thereto.
Although described the present invention according to a preferred embodiment, person of skill in the art will appreciate that, can under the condition that does not depart from the invention aim, make amendment.For example, can use more kinds of different photoresists.In the future, probably develop and be particularly suitable for realizing novel photoresist of the present invention.Can also use exposure tool and the exposure wavelength different with example given herein.Equally, can use the multiple etching step, with a step etching that replaces adopting in preferred embodiments.Can use other insulating material isolated core lamella except that silicon dioxide.Although described the preferred embodiment that will interconnect and link to each other with wiring on the silicon substrate, the present invention can be used for connecting microchip layer and other any layer.Can be with other conductor except that aluminium, copper or tungsten as wiring or interconnection.Interconnection in addition can with element alignment, rather than be electrically connected the wiring of chip layer.
Claims (53)
1. in the method for substrate upper bound limiting-members, comprise step:
A applies photoresist layer down on substrate;
B is being applied with photoresist layer on the photoresist layer down;
C utilizes photoresist layer on first mask exposure;
Photoresist layer in the D development is so that form opening in last photoresist layer;
E utilizes second mask and last photoresist opening exposure photoresist layer down, and the following photoresist layer corresponding with the cross section of respective openings in the last photoresist opening and second mask partly exposed;
Photoresist layer under F develops is so that forming opening on the photoresist layer down;
G utilizes down, and the photoresist opening forms parts.
2. the process of claim 1 wherein that photoresist layer is negative photoresist.
3. the process of claim 1 wherein that photoresist layer is a positive photoetching rubber.
4. the process of claim 1 wherein that photoresist layer is compound photoresist.
5. the process of claim 1 wherein down that photoresist layer is a positive photoetching rubber.
6. the process of claim 1 wherein down that photoresist layer is negative photoresist.
7. the process of claim 1 wherein down that photoresist layer is compound photoresist.
8. the process of claim 1 wherein down that photoresist layer is the polysilane photoresist.
9. the method for claim 8 wherein develops to descend the step of photoresist layer to comprise the directive chlorine plasma etching of execution.
10. the method for claim 9, wherein the step of photoresist layer and the exposure identical exposure tool of step use of photoresist layer is down gone up in exposure.
11. the process of claim 1 wherein down that photoresist layer and last photoresist layer are in response to different optical wavelength.
12. the process of claim 1 wherein and make down in second mask transparent part of photoresist layer exposure comprise elongated figure.
13. the method for claim 12 wherein utilizes the step of photoresist layer under second mask exposure also to comprise the step of using the alternating phase-shift grating.
14. the method for claim 12 wherein utilizes the step of photoresist layer under second mask exposure also to comprise the step of using the off-axis illumination.
15. the process of claim 1 wherein that the step that applies down photoresist layer comprises applies the polysilane photoresist, the exposure and the step that goes up photoresist layer of developing form circular opening in last photoresist layer.
16. the method for claim 15 wherein goes up photoresist layer and comprises compound photoresist.
17. the method for claim 15, the step that goes up photoresist layer of wherein exposing comprises use phase shift exposure.
18. the method for claim 15, the step of the photoresist layer down of wherein developing with last photoresist layer in circular opening and the corresponding following photoresist layer of the intersection of the exposure figure of second mask in form discrete opening.
19. the method for claim 15, wherein development step comprises and utilizes chlorine plasma to develop, following photoresist layer with last photoresist layer in circular opening and unexposed part intersects in the step of photoresist layer under exposure regional corresponding following photoresist layer in the discrete opening of formation.
20. the method for claim 1 also comprises step:
The photoresist opening forms second parts in the H utilization.
21. on Semiconductor substrate, form the method for groove and through hole, comprise step:
A applies photoresist layer down on substrate;
B is being applied with photoresist layer on the photoresist layer down;
C utilizes photoresist layer on first mask exposure;
Photoresist layer in the D development is so that form opening in last photoresist layer;
E utilizes second mask and last photoresist opening exposure photoresist layer down, and the following photoresist layer corresponding with the cross section of respective openings in the last photoresist opening and second mask partly exposed;
Photoresist layer under F develops is so that forming opening on the photoresist layer down;
G utilizes down, and the photoresist opening forms through hole.
The photoresist opening forms groove in the H utilization.
22. the method for claim 21, wherein going up photoresist layer is negative photoresist.
23. the method for claim 21, wherein going up photoresist layer is positive photoetching rubber.
24. the method for claim 21, wherein going up photoresist layer is compound photoresist.
25. the method for claim 21, wherein descending photoresist layer is positive photoetching rubber.
26. the method for claim 21, wherein descending photoresist layer is negative photoresist.
27. the method for claim 21, wherein descending photoresist layer is compound photoresist.
28. the method for claim 21, wherein descending photoresist layer is the polysilane photoresist.
29. the method for claim 28, wherein the step and the identical exposure wavelength of step use of photoresist layer down that exposes of photoresist layer gone up in exposure.
30. the method for claim 29, wherein developing down, the step of photoresist layer comprises the directive chlorine plasma etching of execution.
31. the method for claim 21 wherein descends photoresist layer and last photoresist layer in response to different optical wavelength.
32. the method for claim 21, wherein the transparent part of second mask comprises elongated figure.
33. the method for claim 21 wherein utilizes the step of photoresist layer under second mask exposure also to comprise the step of using the alternating phase-shift grating.
34. the method for claim 21 wherein utilizes the step of photoresist layer under second mask exposure also to comprise the step of using the off-axis illumination.
35. the method for claim 21, the photoresist opening forms through hole and utilizes the step that goes up photoresist opening formation groove to comprise the single etching under wherein utilizing.
36. on Semiconductor substrate, form the method for autoregistration wiring and interconnection, comprise step:
A forms insulation material layer at substrate surface;
B applies photoresist layer down on insulation material layer;
C is being applied with photoresist layer on the photoresist layer down;
D realizes the figure of wiring by following steps:
I utilizes the light exposure of first wavelength to go up photoresist layer, and last photoresist layer sees through first mask with first exposure figure this light is responded, and makes a last photoresist layer corresponding with first exposure figure partly receive the light of first wavelength; With
Photoresist layer in the II development makes opening be formed in the photoresist layer;
E realizes the figure of interconnection by following steps:
I utilizes the following photoresist layer of light exposure of second wavelength, following photoresist layer sees through has second mask of second exposure figure and the opening in the last photoresist layer responds this light, make below the opening that only is arranged in photoresist layer and the following photoresist layer corresponding with second exposure figure partly can receive the light of second wavelength; With
Photoresist layer under II develops makes opening form in the following photoresist layer of the light that receives second wavelength;
F is the etching groove on the insulation material layer position corresponding with opening in the last photoresist layer;
G sees through and the corresponding insulation material layer position etching through hole of opening in the following photoresist layer;
H utilizes metal to cross the filling substrate surface, makes groove and through hole add full metal; With
I complanation metal makes metal only be retained in through hole and the groove.
37. the method for claim 36, wherein going up photoresist layer is negative photoresist, and last photoresist opening is formed in the last photoresist layer part of the light that does not receive first wavelength.
38. the method for claim 36, wherein going up photoresist layer is positive photoetching rubber, and last photoresist opening is formed in the last photoresist layer part of the light that receives first wavelength.
39. the method for claim 36, wherein going up photoresist layer is compound photoresist, and last photoresist opening is formed on the marginal portion of the last photoresist layer of the light that receives first wavelength.
40. the method for claim 36 wherein descends photoresist layer not respond the light of first wavelength.
41. the method for claim 36 wherein goes up the light that photoresist layer does not respond second wavelength.
42. the method for claim 36, wherein first wavelength of light is approximately 365 nanometers, and second wavelength of light is approximately 193 nanometers.
43. the method for claim 36, wherein first wavelength of light is approximately 248 nanometers, and second wavelength of light is approximately 193 nanometers.
44. the method for claim 36, wherein first wavelength of light is approximately 365 nanometers, and second wavelength of light is approximately 248 nanometers.
45. the method for claim 36, wherein second exposure figure comprises a plurality of elongated figures.
46. the method for claim 45, the wherein graphical step that interconnects also comprises utilizes the alternating phase-shift grating to strengthen second exposure figure.
47. the method for claim 45, wherein the step of graphical interconnection comprises that also utilizing off-axis to throw light on strengthens second exposure figure.
48. the method in substrate upper bound limiting-members comprises step:
A applies photoresist layer down on substrate;
B is being applied with photoresist layer on the photoresist layer down;
C utilizes photoresist layer on first mask exposure;
Photoresist layer in the D development makes the opening that comprises at least one ring be formed in the photoresist layer;
E utilizes at least one the ring exposure photoresist layer down in second mask and the last photoresist layer, makes only to be positioned at photoresist layer exposure under at least a portion below at least one ring;
Photoresist layer under F develops is so that forming opening on the photoresist layer down;
G utilizes down, and the photoresist opening forms parts.
49. the method for claim 48 wherein descends photoresist layer to comprise the polysilane photoresist.
50. the method for claim 48 wherein goes up photoresist layer and comprises compound photoresist.
51. the method for claim 48 wherein utilizes the step of photoresist layer on first mask exposure to comprise use alternating phase-shift grating.
52. comprising, the method for claim 48, the step of wherein utilizing the figure enhancement techniques to see through photoresist layer on first mask exposure use the off-axis illumination.
53. the method for claim 48, wherein development step comprises and utilizes chlorine plasma to develop, following photoresist layer with last photoresist layer in circular opening and the regional corresponding following photoresist layer that unexposed part intersects in the step of photoresist layer under exposure form discrete opening.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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| US09/183338 | 1998-10-30 | ||
| US09/183,338 US6150256A (en) | 1998-10-30 | 1998-10-30 | Method for forming self-aligned features |
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| CN1327292C CN1327292C (en) | 2007-07-18 |
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| KR (1) | KR100323161B1 (en) |
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- 1999-10-22 SG SG9905326A patent/SG80083A1/en unknown
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002019036A1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-03-07 | Unisearch Limited | Fabrication of nanoelectronic circuits |
| CN101589311B (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2016-11-23 | 柯尼卡美能达精密光学株式会社 | Microchip and the manufacture method of microchip |
| CN101349877B (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2011-05-04 | 乐金显示有限公司 | Method of lifting off and fabricating array substrate for liquid crystal display device using the same |
| CN103365092A (en) * | 2012-03-31 | 2013-10-23 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 | Dual-photoresist and processing method thereof |
| CN103365092B (en) * | 2012-03-31 | 2016-01-06 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 | Dual photoresist and disposal route thereof |
| CN107803229A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-03-16 | 北京工业大学 | Fixed angle multi-layer micro-fluidic chips preparation method based on align structures |
| CN107803229B (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2019-08-23 | 北京工业大学 | Fixed angle multi-layer micro-fluidic chips production method based on align structures |
| CN108107036A (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2018-06-01 | 杭州埃锐晶生物医学技术有限公司 | The preparation method and solid-phase matrix of arrays of immobilized protein detection solid-phase matrix |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1327292C (en) | 2007-07-18 |
| KR100323161B1 (en) | 2002-02-04 |
| US6150256A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
| MY118631A (en) | 2004-12-31 |
| SG80083A1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
| KR20000028683A (en) | 2000-05-25 |
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