CN1245964C - 预防和治疗癌症及治疗炎症的药物组合物 - Google Patents
预防和治疗癌症及治疗炎症的药物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症的药物组合物,其特征在于含有作为活性成分的黄根醇。黄根醇不仅能抑制突变和肿瘤形成、增强致癌物解毒酶活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡,而且可抑制与肿瘤促进和炎症反应相关的COX-2和iNOS的活性。因而,含有黄根醇的药物组合物可用于预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种预防和治疗癌症及治疗炎症的药物组合物,特别地,此药物不仅能抑制突变和肿瘤的产生、增强致癌物解毒酶活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡,而且可抑制与炎症反应相关的环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性。
背景技术
现今,癌症是一种全世界范围的疾病,每年有7百万人死亡癌症。另据报道,1997年美国有超过约1.5百万人成为癌症患者。鉴于这种趋势,癌症在不久之后将被认为是最主要的死亡原因。
众所周知癌症可由各种原因引起。通过形成DNA加合物或引起基因损伤,致癌物可引起突变,并且突变是癌症的主要原因这也是众所周知的。通过身体的新陈代谢致癌物最后转化成为终致癌物,并可直接进入身体。
致癌作用可分为三个时期,即启动期、促进期及演进期。当在细胞或细胞群中的DNA被外源的或内源的致癌物损伤时,初始期开始。如果这种损伤没有修复,那么将导致遗传突变。突变细胞对其小环境的响应可以变化,并相对于正常细胞而言可对突变细胞给出更有利的生长条件。促进期的特征在于癌初始细胞的选择性克隆扩增,并是基因表达变化的结果,基因生产与超增殖、组织改造、及炎症有关。在肿瘤演进期,经克隆扩增过程,癌前期细胞(良性肿瘤)发展成恶性肿瘤,克隆扩增是由渐近的染性体不稳定促成的并可改变基因表达。
如果良性肿瘤发展成恶性肿瘤,那么就是不可治疗的。因此,近来的研究集中于阻止诱导作用、抑制或延缓癌症的演进。
已发展了许多用于治疗癌症的治疗方法,如化学疗法、放射疗法、手术疗法、及基因疗法。其中,使用医药的化学疗法是最普遍的。此前,已有关于开发合成抗癌药物的研究,但近来,研究兴趣已集中到开发对预防及治疗癌症有用的天然材料上。
为开发抑制肿瘤形成的癌症化学预防药剂,美国国家癌症研究院(NCI)已公布了对于临床测试具有化学预防可能性的16个化合物,参照表1。
表1
临床前测试 | 临床测试 | |||
I期 | II期 | III期 | ||
第一代类维生素A维生素A13-顺视黄酸4-HPR钙β-胡萝卜素三苯氧胺非那雄胺 | ++++++ | +++++ | ++++++ | ++++ |
第二代DFMO舒林酸吡罗昔康OltipratzN-乙酰半胱氨酸阿斯匹林布洛芬Carbenoxole18-β-甘草次酸DFMO+吡罗昔康 | ++++++++++ | +++++++++ | ++ | |
第三代S-丙烯基脬胺基酸Phenhexylisothiocyanate姜黄素鞣花酸富马酸Fluasterone4-HPR+Oltipratz4-HPR+它莫西芬 | ++++++++ | + |
在表1所示的原料中,姜黄素(curcumin)是一种颜料成分,是从在印度被用作传统民间医药的姜黄(姜科)中分离出的。众所周知,其具有极好的抗氧化作用和抗炎作用(Elizabath K.和Rao M.N.A.,Int.J.Pharm.,58:237-240,1990、Tonnesan H.H.,Int.J.Pharm.,51:179-181,1989)、极好的抗突变作用、抗癌作用、及对细胞增殖的抑制作用(Nagabhushan M.和Bhide S.V.,J.Nutr.Growth Cancer,4:83-89,1987、Huang M.T.等CancerRes.,48:5941-5946,1988、Soudamini K.K.和Kuttan R.,J.Ethnopharmacol.,27:227-233,1989、Jee S.H.等J.Invest.Dermatol.,111,656-661,1998)。此外,据报道姜黄素可抑制由佛波酯引起的肿瘤增多,并具有可对抗人类白血病、结肠癌、CNS、黑素瘤、肾癌、乳腺癌细胞系的细胞毒性作用(Ramsewak R.S.等Phytomedicine,7:303-308,2000)。NCI已计划了一种将姜黄素开发为化学预防药剂的临床测试(Kelloff G.J.等,CancerEpidemiol.Biomarkers Prev.,3:85-98,1994)。
由此,可连续地检测天然产物,此天然产物既没有副作用、又可抑制肿瘤形成和演进成恶性癌症并且可治疗与肿瘤演进密切相关的炎症。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种药物组合物,其不仅可预防肿瘤形成,而且可通过抑制由致癌物引起的突变和肿瘤形成来治疗恶性肿瘤(癌症)及炎症,并可增强去致癌物毒性的酶的活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡、及抑制与肿瘤形成和炎症密切相关的COX-2和iNOS的活性或表达。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供用于预防癌症和治疗癌症及炎症的药物组合物,其含有作为有效成分的黄根醇(xanthorrhizol)。
黄根醇是一种倍半萜化合物,最初是由Rimpler等在1970年从姜黄根中分离出来的,其结构如下面的化学结构式1。
化学结构式1
(+)-黄根醇
据报道,黄根醇可抑制大鼠子宫的刚性收缩并与其浓度相关(Ponce-Monter H.等Phytother.Res.,13:202-205,1999),并表现出对口部微生物如链球菌突变异种的抗菌活性(Hwang J.K.,Fitoterapia,71:321-323,2000、Hwang J.K.,Planta Med.,66:196-197,2000)。所述的黄根醇可从用作印度尼西亚民间药物的姜科植物黄姜根(Curcumaxanthorrhiza Roxb)中提取,可使用诸如有机溶剂提取、超临界液体提取、微波提取、超声波提取等提取方法,这些都已公开在韩国专利公开第2000-73295号和WO 88/05304中。
我们作为发明人已观察了黄根醇对突变、肿瘤形成和炎症的抑制作用。黄根醇可增强致癌物去毒性酶的活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡、抑制与炎症反应相关的COX-2和iNOS的活性或表达。因而,我们的结果表明黄根醇可有效地预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症。
黄根醇预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症的功效详述如下。
大多数致癌物是突变剂,特-丁基氢过氧化物或过氧化氢是公知的氧化性突变剂,其可通过氧自由基的产生导致DNA损伤和突变(Taffe B.G.等J.Biol Chem.,262:12143-12149,1987、Kappus H.,Arch.Toxicol.,60:144-149,1987),特别地,特-丁基氢过氧化物可通过在生理条件下形成活性氧物种而用作小鼠皮肤肿瘤促进剂(Epe B.等Environ.HealthPerspect.,88:111-115,1990)。在本发明的实验中,黄根醇对抑制由特-丁基氢过氧化物或过氧化氢引起的细菌突变作用比姜黄素更有效。
黄根醇可有效地抑制二步小鼠皮肤致癌模型中的肿瘤形成(DiGiovanni J.,Pharmacol.Ther.,54:63-128,1992)。此表明黄根醇是有用的癌症化学预防药剂和抗癌药剂。
此外,黄根醇可引发II期去毒性酶的活性,去毒性酶可在身体内通过去致癌物的活性而抑制肿瘤形成。黄根醇可通过活化QR[(NADP(H):苯醌氧化还原酶)]而增强身体去致癌物毒性的能力,QR是一种II期去毒性酶[Talalay P.等在Cancer Biology and Therapeutics.eds.J.G.Cory和A.Szentivanyi.Plenum Press,New York,NY,pp.197-216,1981]。
NF-κB的活化可提高肿瘤形成(参考Cogswell P.C.等Oncogene,19:1123-1131,2000)。NF-κB的活化被认为是调控COX-2和iNOS诱导的关键。在NF-κB的活化中关键情况之一是通过磷酸化作用和泛素化作用抑制蛋白IκB的分裂及随后的降解。通过抑制IκBα的降解,黄根醇可有效地抑制NF-κB的活化。从上述结果可以理解,黄根醇对于抑制肿瘤形成是一种有用的药剂。
黄根醇可诱导癌细胞凋亡。在细胞凋亡过程中,被称为白介素-1β转化酶(IL-1β转化酶)的凋亡蛋白酶(caspase)起重要的作用(Martin,S.J.和Green,D.R.,Cell,82:349-352,1995)。Caspase群至少由10个caspase酶组成,并分为亚群ICE(caspase-1,4,5)、Ich-1(caspase-2,9)、CPP32(caspase-3,6,7,8,10)。如果前凋亡蛋白酶(procaspase)被活化成caspase,那么它也可在下一步骤中活化另一个caspase。聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PRAP)和DNA修复酶可被caspase-3分解,并活化DNA断裂-促进因子(DFF)以引起细胞凋亡(Liu X.S.等Cell,89:175-184,1997)。在周黄根醇处理的癌细胞中表现出形态特征,如通常在细胞凋亡时观察到的DNA断裂和细胞核浓缩。
通过抑制COX-2和iNOS的表达,可利用黄根醇有效地治疗炎症。众所周知,肿瘤形成过程的每一步越深,COX-2(环氧合酶-2)和iNOS(诱导性一氧化氮合酶)的表达增加越大(Kitayama W.等Carcinogenesis,20:2305-2310,1999、Takahashi M.Cancer Res.,57:1233-1237,1997)。由此可以理解,在肿瘤形成和炎症反应之间有密切的关系。
环氧合酶(COX)是催化从花生四烯酸中生物合成前列腺素(PGs)的关键性的酶。已确定出COX有两种变体,表示为COX-1和COX-2。在大多数组织中COX-1是基本表达,并且看起来在正常的生理功能中起管家角色(Amiram R.,J.Biol.Chem.,263:3022-2024,1988)。相反,在大多数正常组织中不容易检测到COX-2,但可由在炎症和细胞生长的控制中对于COX-2起作用的前炎症细胞因子、生长因子、致癌基因、致癌物及肿瘤促进因子引起(Subbaramaiah K.,Cancer Res.,56:4424-4429,1996)。在肿瘤中PGs水平的提高至少部分是由于COX-2表达提高的原因。COX-2的过度表达也可抑制细胞凋亡及恶性细胞入侵(Tsujii M.等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,94:3336-3340,1997)。由此,可选择性地抑制COX-2活性或表达的化合物对于癌症的化学预防或抗炎作用是一个重要角色。
一氧化氮合酶(NOS)是另一种重要的酶,并与炎症、血管紧张、神经传导、肿瘤细胞及其他人身体的自我平衡调控相关。NOS也以两种形式纯在,构成形式和诱导形式。过量的一氧化碳(NO)的产生与病态的血管舒张、细胞毒性作用、组织损伤有关。根据最近的结果,NOS可提高血管的渗透性,可引起炎症反应如水肿,可促进COX的活性以刺激炎症介质如前列腺素的生物合成而引起严重的炎症反应。在各种癌症组织中,iNOS都高度增加。因此,可显著抑制COX-2和iNOS活性的黄根醇不仅可用于预防癌症还可用于治疗炎症和癌症。
本发明的药物组合物含有用于预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症的黄根醇,还可含有药物可容许的载体(vector)和稀释剂。可在医药工业领域商用的溶剂、分散介质、吸附延缓剂等可作为载体。
本发明用于预防癌症及治疗癌症和炎症的药物组合物可通过任何常规给药方案而到达靶组织。因此,本发明的组合物可通过对身体有影响的部分给药、口服给药、肠胃外给药、鼻内给药、静脉注射、肌肉注射、皮下注射及巩膜(intrascleral)给药。此组合物也可配成溶液、悬浮液、片剂、药丸、胶囊、及持续性释放剂的形成。优选的制剂是注射剂,并根据疾病的种类和程度、年龄、性别等结合本领域的知识决定组合物的给药剂量。
附图简要说明
图1是曲线图,表明黄根醇对由特-丁基氢过氧化物(a)或过氧化氢(b)引起的细菌突变的抑制作用。
图2是琼脂培养板的照片,表明黄根醇对由过氧化氢引起的突变的抑制作用。
图3是曲线图,表明姜黄根(A)的甲醇提取物和黄根醇(B)对由7,12-二甲基苯[a]蒽(DMBA)和12-邻-十四酰-佛波醇-13-乙酸酯(TPA)引起的二步小鼠皮肤致癌中的皮肤肿瘤形成的抑制作用。
图4中小鼠的照片,表明黄根醇对由DMBA和TPA引起的二步小鼠皮肤致癌中的皮肤肿瘤形成的抑制作用。
图5是表明由黄根醇引起的苯醌还原酶(QR)活性增长的图。
图6是西方墨点法(western blotting)形成的照片,表明黄根醇可抑制由TPA引起的COX-2蛋白的表达。
图7是曲线图,表明黄根醇对脂多糖(LPS)活化的PGE2产物(COX-2活性)的抑制作用。
图8是曲线图,表明黄根醇对LPS活化的一氧化氮产物(iNOS活性)的抑制作用。
图9是western blotting照片,表明黄根醇对IkBa分解的抑制作用。
图10是琼脂糖凝胶的照片,表明由黄根醇引起的DNA断裂。
图11是流式细胞分析,表明黄根醇对细胞凋亡的诱导。
图12是western blotting照片,表明黄根醇对procaspase-3的活化。
实施方案
结合优选实施方案可最佳地更详细地理解本发明的说明。但是本发明的优选实施方案可有各种变化,并且本发明的范围也不限于下面的实施方案。本发明的实施方案是为对本领域所属技术人员更全面地阐明而提供的。
实验结果表示为均数±SE和IC50,IC50是抑制反应到50%时的浓度。通过t-test评估在各亚群平均值之间的差值。统计显著性为P<0.05。
黄根醇的分离和纯化实施例
用75%的甲醇提取姜黄根的干燥根茎后,用乙酸乙酯、丁醇、水分馏提取物。用己烷/乙酸乙酯(10∶1,v/v)的混合物洗脱硅胶柱色层来纯化源于乙酸乙酯馏分的一种原料。使用EI-MS测其分子量及分析其1H-NMR、13C-NMR及IR光谱以表征经纯化的原料是否黄根醇。
IR(CDCl3,Vmax)3402、2915、1708、1620、1599cm-1;
EI-MS(m/z)218、148、136、135、121;
1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)1.18(3H,d,J=7.1Hz)、1.52(3H,s)、1.57(2H,dt,J=7.1、7.2Hz)、1.67(3H,s)、1.85(2H,dt,J=7.0、7.2Hz)、2.20(3H,s)、2.59(1H,qt)、5.08(1H,t,J=7.0、7.2Hz)、6.59(1H,br s)、6.66(1H,br d)、7.01(1H,d,J=7.6Hz);
13C-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)147.16、113.50、153.51、120.86、130.74、119.42、38.98、38.32、26.10、124.48、131.39、15.31、25.67、17.64、22.3。
实施方案1
对由活性氧物种引起的突变的抗诱变作用
在和活性氧物种共同引起突变的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonellatyphimurium)TA102的菌株中检测黄根醇的抗诱变作用(Levin,D.E.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,79;7445-7449,1982)。
在Oxoid营养培养基中培养鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA102菌株11小时。将100μl上述培养基加入到600μl含有特-丁基氢过氧化物(100μg/培养板)或过氧化氢(50μg/培养板)的反应混合物中,反应混合物可含有或不含有黄根醇,并在37℃孵育30分钟。在阳性对照组中加入姜黄素以代替黄根醇。在测定黄根醇对由特-丁基氢过氧化物和过氧化氢引起的突变的抑制作用的实验中,黄根醇或姜黄素的浓度分别是0、10、20、40、60nmol/培养板、及2、4、8、10、20、50nmol/培养板。将反应混合物转移到2ml含有0.5mM组氨酸和生物素的软性琼脂溶液中并混均。将其倒在最低营养需求培养板(minimal glucose plate)上,将此板在37℃下孵育48小时,计算His+的回复突变菌落数目。
对由特-丁基氢过氧化物(a)和过氧化氢(b)引起的突变的抗诱变作用分别由图1中的曲线图(A)和曲线图(B)表示。图2是琼脂培养板的照片,表明黄根醇对由过氧化氢引起的突变的抗诱变作用。如图2所示,与用作阳性对照组的姜黄素相比,黄根醇对由特-丁基氢过氧化物和过氧化氢引起的突变有更好的抑制作用。
实施方案2
在二步小鼠皮肤致癌模型中对肿瘤形成的抑制作用
在由肿瘤引发剂(DMBA)和肿瘤促进剂(TPA)引起的多步小鼠致癌中研究黄根醇和姜黄根的甲醇提取物对肿瘤形成的化学预防作用。
姜黄根的甲醇提取物按如下制备。将干燥的姜黄根切成小片后,在100g的样品中加入400ml 75%甲醇,在室温下反复提取两天。甲醇提取物用过滤纸过滤,并在冻干器中蒸发干燥。
为评估黄根醇和姜黄根的甲醇提取物对肿瘤形成的抑制作用,每个实验组使用30只小鼠(6周龄,雌性)。用电动剪刀对ICR小鼠背部剃毛。于表皮涂抹在0.2ml丙酮中的0.2μmol DMBA之后,于每周三次连续19周每次表皮涂抹在0.2ml丙酮中的10nmol TPA之前,用黄根醇或姜黄根的甲醇提取物处理小鼠表皮30分钟。阴性对照组仅用0.2ml丙酮处理。每两周计数和记录肿瘤。以每只小鼠的平均肿瘤数目(患瘤数)及患有肿瘤小鼠百分比(患瘤率)表达此结果,并表明在图3和图4中。图3的曲线图(A)表明每个实验组的患瘤数,曲线图(B)表明患瘤率。图4是表明19周内黄根醇对肿瘤形成的抑制作用的照片。
如图3和图4所示,黄根醇抑制肿瘤形成与剂量相关。所有用DMBA和TPA处理而没有用黄根醇处理的小鼠皮肤患瘤数平均为15.5个。另一方面,对于在19周内每周三次表皮涂抹6μmol黄根醇的小鼠而言,每只小鼠皮肤患瘤数为4.0个,57%的受处理小鼠有肿瘤。这些结果表明黄根醇是一种极好的化学预防药剂并可明显减小患瘤率和患瘤数。
实施例3
苯醌还原酶活性的诱导
将Hepa 1C1C7细胞(2.5×104/ml)、大鼠肝癌细胞种在96孔培养板中,在37℃下于含有5%CO2的潮湿空气中用10%FBS-α-MEM(Gibco B RL)培养24小时。将190μl的新制培养基和溶在10%DMSO中的10μl黄根醇加到上述的培养基中,并在37℃下于5%CO2中培养48小时。丢弃培养基,用PBS(磷酸盐缓冲液)洗涤后,在每一个孔中加入含有0.8%毛地黄皂苷和2mM EDTA的50μl反应溶液,并培养10分钟以破坏细胞。在轨道摇动器(100rpm)中摇动培养板10分钟后,加入含有甲萘醌和MTT(3-[4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑基]-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑)的200μl反应溶液(最终反应溶液50ml中含:2.5ml 0.5M-tris、0.34ml 1.5%Tween-20、0.034ml7.5mM FAD、0.334ml 150mM G-6-P、30μl 50mM NADP、100μl葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶、33.4mg BSA、15mg MTT、50μl 50mM甲萘醌),并反应10分钟。然后加入含有0.3mM败坏翘摇素的5mM磷酸钾溶液(pH7.4)50μl,结束反应,并用分光光度法测量在595nm处的吸光率。
为评估黄根醇对细胞生长的作用,测量在和上面相同的条件下培养的第二块培养板中的蛋白。除掉培养基后,用0.2%的结晶紫处理细胞10分钟,然后用自来水洗涤,再干燥。在细胞中加入200μl 0.5%SDS并混合,然后用分光光度法测量在595nm处的吸光率。
为评估实验结果,首先,用下面的方程式1计算经黄根醇处理的每一组和对照组的QR比活性(QR specific activity)。由黄根醇引起的QR活性相对水平,即QR诱导比(QR induction ratio,处理/对照),按下面的方程式2定义为经黄根醇处理的组的QR比活性和对照组的QR比活性的比。
[方程式1]
QR比活性=(每分钟MTT的吸光率变化/结晶紫的吸光率变化)×3247nmol/mg
[方程式2]
QR诱导比=经黄根醇处理的测试样品的比活性/对照组的比活性
由黄根醇引起的QR诱导比表明在图5中。如图5所示,在黄根醇为0.4μM和50μM处的QR诱导比分别约为对照组的125%和130%。这些结果表明,通过提高去致癌物毒性的酶的活性,黄根醇可移除身体内的致癌物。
实施方案4
由TPA引起的COX-2表达的抑制
众所周知,COX-2表达可增大用TPA处理的小鼠皮肤,因而,基于这一事实测量黄根醇对由TPA引起的COX-2表达,方法如下。
雌性ICR小鼠,5周龄,购于Daehan Experimental Animal Center(Seoul,Korea)。将小鼠在循环亮/暗环境中放置12h。
用电动剪刀剃掉小鼠背部毛。2天后,在小鼠皮肤表皮上涂抹溶解在0.2ml丙酮中的黄根醇,30分钟后,表皮涂抹在0.2ml丙酮中的TPA(10nmol)。4小时后,小鼠由于颈椎脱臼而死。切开皮肤,抽取脂肪。立即将脱脂皮肤置于液氮中并在研钵中磨成粉末。
将粉碎的小鼠皮肤溶解在400μl溶解缓冲液[150mM NaCl、0.5%Triton X-100、50mM tris-HCl,pH 7.4、20mM EGTA、1mM DTT、1mMNa3VO4、protease inhibitor cocktail tablet]中并冻存30分钟。离心溶解液,用Bio-Rad蛋白分析定量在上层清液中的全部蛋白。含有30μg蛋白的上层清液在12%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳之前,将其在SDS加样缓冲液中煮沸5分钟。将墨点从SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶转印到PVDF膜上,用含0.1%Tween 20(PBST)的5%脱脂干乳PBS缓冲液在室温下模印2小时,然后用PBST缓冲液洗涤。将膜在室温下孵育1小时,用羊COX-2多克隆抗体孵育2小时。用PBST清洗墨点,用抗羊辣根过氧化物酶共轭的二次抗体(Zymed Laboratories Inc.,San Francisco,CA,USA)孵育,然后用PBST缓冲液在5分钟内洗涤三次。用ECL(增强化学发光)检测药盒显影转印的蛋白。图6是COX-2的western blotting照片,表明用黄根醇按与剂量相关的方式预处理可降低由TPA引起的COX-2的表达。
实施方案5
由脂多糖(LPS)引起的COX-2活性的抑制
如果用LPS处理细胞,那么COX-2活性增大。基于这一事实,为研究黄根醇对由LPS引起的COX-2活性的作用,测量从细胞中释放的PGE2的量,方法如下。
在37℃下将RAW264.7巨噬细胞放在含有青霉素-链霉素及10%FBS的DMEM和含有5%CO2的潮湿空气中。此细胞(10×105细胞/ml,200μl)可在阿斯匹林(500μM)的存在下在96孔培养板中维持4小时,以抑制细胞内不可逆的COX活性。将此培养基洗涤3次,然后在含有1μg/ml LPS的新制培养基中孵育。同时在每一孔中加入黄根醇。再孵育16小时后,收取培养基,并用PGE2酶免疫测定法分析。将从每个孔中收取的培养基加到含有抗PGE2抗体(Amersham Life Science,Arlington Heights,IL)和乙酰胆碱脂酶示踪剂的每个孔中,在室温下孵育18小时,然后用0.05%Tween 20磷酸缓冲溶液洗涤。在每个孔中加入200μl Ellman试剂,并孵育7小时。测量405nm处的吸光率。使用用标准PGE2绘制的校准曲线量化每个培养基中经黄根醇处理的PGE2。100%活性定义为在三次实验中在没有LPS和有LPS的情况下16小时内PGE2的累积差值。抑制百分比表达为:[1-(样品的PGE2水平/载体(vehicle)处理的PGE2水平-对照)]×100。此结果表明在图7中。
图7表明黄根醇可以按剂量相关的方式抑制由LPS引起的COX-2的活性。特别地,黄根醇在不小于1μg/ml的浓度时表现出不小于98%的抑制百分比(IC50=0.07μg/ml=0.32μM)。此结果表明通过抑制COX-2的活性黄根醇可抑制炎症和肿瘤形成。
实施方案6
由LPS引起的iNOS活性的抑制
测量黄根醇对由LPS引起的iNOS活性的作用。在37℃下将RAW264.7巨噬细胞放在含有青霉素-链霉素及10%FBS的DMEM和含有5%CO2的潮湿空气中。将在不含酚红的10%FBS-DMEM中的细胞置于24孔培养板内(8×105/ml),然后孵育4小时。用新培养基培养细胞,并在含有1μg/ml LPS和黄根醇的培养基中孵育。再孵育20小时后,收取培养基,并分析作为由Griess反应产生的NO的指示剂的亚硝酸盐累积。分三次在从LPS和/或黄根醇处理的细胞的100μl上层清液中加入150μl的Griess试剂。将培养板孵育10分钟,记录570nm处的NaNO2标准曲线。抑制百分比表达为:[1-(样品的NO水平/载体处理的NO水平-对照)]×100。此结果表明在图8中。
参照图8,黄根醇可以按剂量相关的方式抑制由LPS引起的iNOS的活性,特别表明,在10μg/ml的浓度时表现出不小于99%的抑制百分比(IC50=1.01μg/ml=4.63μM)。此结果表明通过抑制NO的产生,黄根醇可减轻炎症和肿瘤演进。
实施方案7
对在用TPA处理的小鼠皮肤中的IκB分解的抑制
为了检测黄根醇对IκB的作用,测量在小鼠皮肤中的IκB水平。细胞质提取物按如下方法制备。通过和实施方案4相同的方法得到小鼠皮肤组织,并均匀分散在低渗透缓冲液中[10mM HEPES、pH7.8、10mM KCl、2mM MgCl2、1mM DTT、0.1mM EDTA、0.1mM苯甲磺酰氟(PMSF)]。将此均匀混合物加到125μl10%Nondiet P-40溶液中,然后离心此混合物30秒。将上层清液(细胞质提取物)在12%的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳。将墨点从SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶转印到PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂干乳PBST缓冲液在室温下模印2小时,然后用PBST缓冲液洗涤。将膜在室温下用兔IkBa多克隆抗体(Santa Cruz Product,Santa Cruz,CA,USA)孵育2小时。用PBST清洗墨点,用抗兔辣根过氧化物酶共轭的二次抗体(Santa Crusproduct,Santa Cruz,CA,USA)孵育,然后用PBST缓冲液在5分钟内洗涤三次。用ECL检测药盒显影转印的蛋白。图9是western blotting照片。参照图9,可以理解,黄根醇可以按与剂量相关的方式抑制由TPA引起的IkBa的分解。
实施方案8
黄根醇诱导细胞调亡
在37℃下和含有95%空气和5%CO2的潮湿气氛中将人早幼粒细胞白血病细胞(HL-60)放在含有10%(v/v)热不活化胎牛血清(FBS)的RPMI1640。在含有10%FBS、可含有或不含有姜黄根甲醇提取物(15μg/ml)和黄根醇(40μM)的RPMI 1640培养基的6孔培养板内培养HL-60,并离心24小时。将4%中性福尔马林缓冲液加到细胞内,并将混合物转到载物玻璃片上,然后在室温下干燥。将固定的细胞经PBS洗涤、空气干燥、并用DNA-specific fluorochrome Hoechest 33258染色1分钟。粘附的细胞经PBS洗涤、空气干燥、然后加入50%甘油。用荧光显微镜观察载物玻璃片。结果表明,在经姜黄根和黄根醇处理的HL-60细胞中表现出细胞凋亡的形态特征,如明显的染色质缩合和核分裂。
在含10%FBS-RPMI 1640培养基的Petri培养皿中培养HL-60细胞2天。用0、10、40、80μM的黄根醇处理细胞以研究黄根醇对DNA分裂、细胞凋亡生化标记(marker)的作用。24小时后,收集细胞,在500μl溶解缓冲液(1%Triton-X 100、50mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4、20mM EDTA)中孵育并冻存1小时,然后离心。将100μl 1%SDS、10μl TE/RNase(10mg/ml)、50μl蛋白酶K(1mg/ml)加到上层清液中,将混合物在37℃下孵育至少4小时。用苯酚-氯仿-异戊醇(25∶24∶1,v/v)提取DNA,在加入2.5体积的冷乙醇后在-70℃下沉淀1小时。用1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳液溶解DNA片段,然后用溴乙啡啶着色显影。电泳结果如图10所示,表明由80μM黄根醇引起的DNA分裂和细胞凋亡生化标记。
通过流式细胞分析检测黄根醇对细胞循环的作用。在无血清的RPMI1640培养基中培养HL-60细胞48小时,以阻止在G0态的细胞循环。用分别含0、20、60μM黄根醇的10%FBS-RPMI 1640培养基取代上述培养基。24小时后,经离心得到的细胞在-20℃下在70%乙醇中凝固过夜。用PBS洗涤细胞两次,并在37℃下在100U/ml Rnase中孵育1小时。用PBS洗涤两次后,在碘化丙啶中重新使细胞悬浮。用流式细胞分析法分析细胞,结果表明在图11中。
如图11所示,在亚G1态区间[细胞凋亡峰值,M1片段,亚-倍数染色体数量]中的细胞比例在对照组中是20%、在用20μM和60μM的黄根醇处理的细胞中分别是36%和76%。此结果表明,黄根醇可以按与浓度相关的方式引起细胞凋亡。
实施方案9
黄根醇对procaspase-3的活化
为研究是黄根醇是否也可引起procaspase-3的活化,用0、10、40、80μM黄根醇处理HL-60细胞24小时,并用80μM黄根醇处理0、2、4、6、9、12小时。收集细胞,在如实施方案4中所述的400μl溶解缓冲液悬浮,在4℃时孵育40分钟,并离心。在12%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳上层清液。将墨点从SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶转印到PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂干乳PBST缓冲液在室温下模印2小时,然后用PBST缓冲液洗涤。将膜在室温下用小鼠procaspase-3单克隆抗体(Transduction Laboratories,Lexington,KY,USA)孵育2小时。用PBST清洗墨点,用小鼠辣根过氧化物酶共轭的二次抗体孵育,然后用PBST缓冲液在5分钟内洗涤三次。用ECL检测药盒显影转印的蛋白。图12是procaspase-3的western blotting照片。
参照图12,40μM的黄根醇可将procaspase-3活化成caspase-3。
上述研究结果表明,黄根醇可抑制细菌突变和小鼠皮肤形成、增强去致癌物毒性的酶的活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡、显著抑制与肿瘤演进及炎症密切相关的COX-2和iNOS的活性或表达。因此含有黄根醇的药物组合物对于预防癌症和治疗癌症及炎症是非常有用的。
Claims (2)
1.黄根醇在制备治疗炎症的药物组合物中的用途。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述的药物组合物还含有药物可容许的载体或稀释剂。
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