CN1236243A - 利用软判定反馈的信道估算 - Google Patents

利用软判定反馈的信道估算 Download PDF

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CN1236243A
CN1236243A CN99105185A CN99105185A CN1236243A CN 1236243 A CN1236243 A CN 1236243A CN 99105185 A CN99105185 A CN 99105185A CN 99105185 A CN99105185 A CN 99105185A CN 1236243 A CN1236243 A CN 1236243A
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卡罗·路西
西耶德·昂·穆塔巴
马格努斯·桑德尔
保罗·爱德华·斯特劳什
严兰红(音译)
斯特丹·坦·布林克
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Nokia of America Corp
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    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/005Control of transmission; Equalising
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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Abstract

一种估算信号中信道脉冲响应的方法,此信号通过通信系统中的信道传输。信道估算器得到有关传输信号的先验知识,然后利用传输信号和此先验知识,选取信道脉冲响应的估算值,它把传输信号与重建信号之间的期望距离最小化。最小化的期望距离是价值函数,用E{‖r-Bh‖2/r}表示。利用软判定反馈,本发明把造成差错传播的错误判定反馈减至最小。此判定一般是对数似然比(LLR)形式。

Description

利用软判定反馈的信道估算
本发明涉及移动无线电通信中信道估算的方法和设备,在逐块的基础上自适应地补偿信道失真。
在数字移动无线电通信中,传输信道因频率选择性衰落遭受严重的失真。此外,信道特性因固定站与移动站之间相对运动通常是时间变化的。符号间干扰(ISI)是传输的数据的可靠估算的主要障碍之一。为了允许可靠传输,接收机必须能够在逐块基础上估算和补偿信道失真。近代移动通信通常采用的均衡方法依靠信道的估算,从插入到传输信号块的已知训练序列中产生。藉助于判定反馈可以改进均衡方法,如K.H.Chang和C.N.Georghiades在“快速时间变化符号间干扰的迭代连接序列和信道估算”一文中描述的,Proc.Intern.Conf.Commun.pp.357-361,June1995[参考文献1]。因此,就需要有改进性能的均衡器,减少差错传播的效应。
按照本发明的第一方面,提出了估算信号中信道脉冲响应的方法,此信号通过通信系统中的信道传输,其特征是,得到有关传输信号的先验知识,利用传输信号和所述先验知识以选取信道脉冲响应的估算值,它使传输信号与重建信号之间的期望距离最小化。
在硬判定反馈中,假设判定是正确的,并利用此判定添加到训练序列中,但是错误的判定引起差错传播。然而,藉助于软判定反馈,判定一般是对数似然比(LLR)的形式。
通过一个实际的数字无线电接收机例子,以下参照下列附图详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1表示数字无线电接收机的均衡器概图。
图1中离散时间接收的信号rk可以写成: r k = Σ l = 0 L - 1 b k - l h l + n k 其中bk∈{-1,1}是传输的数据符号或已知的训练序列符号,L复合抽头增益h1代表等同信道脉冲响应的样本,nk是零均值和方差为σ2的可加高斯白噪声。信道均衡通常是用最大似然(ML)或最大后验概率(MAP)数据估算完成的。在两种情况下,接收机必须在信道估算器11中首先估算信道脉冲响应hl,它是在均衡器10中实行数据估算过程所需要的。然后,如图1中Π-1(12)所指出的数据输出L(bk)被去交错和解码(14)。最初的信道估算一般藉助于相关信道探测得到的。在此情况下,通过接收的信号rk与26位训练序列中N=16位的相关,得到CIR估算的样本: h l ^ = 1 N Σ i = 0 N - 1 b i r l + i + n k , l = 0 , · · · , L - 1 - - - - - - ( 2 )
由于GSM训练序列良好的自相关性质,相关信道探测(sounding)方法相当于ML信道估算。
一旦有了信道估算,就完成了数据符号序列的估算。若在一个短脉冲串内不能把信道近似地考虑成常数,则在此短脉冲串期间利用均衡器输出处的判定可以更新最初的信道估算。最后,均衡器软输出序列被去交错和解码。
维特比算法(VA)执行的最大似然序列估算是最佳序列检测器,如G.D.Forney,Jnr.在“存在符号间干扰情况下数字序列的最大似然序列估算”一文中所描述的,IEEE Trans.Inform.Theory,Vol.IT-18,pp.363-378,May1972[参考文献2]。它广泛地应用于数字移动接收机,用于处理ISI格子(均衡)和信道代码格子(信道解码)。然而,均衡器提高了信道解码器的性能,此均衡器在解码器输出处提供软值。此外,在某些执行迭代均衡和解码和/或源控制信道解码的先进方案中,如J.Hagenauer在“源控制信道解码”一文中所描述的,IEEETrans.On Commun,Vol.43,No.9,pp.2449-2457,Sept 1995。[参考文献3],信道解码器必须能够给代码位和信息位提供软输出。
按照误码概率,软入/软出均衡和解码的最佳算法是逐个符号的MAP算法。事实上,作为一个后验概率(APP)计算器,它本质上提供了软输出值。
在硬判定(HD)反馈方式下,假设全部判定都是正确的,可以用作附加的训练序列。采用矢量标记,接收的信号可以写成:
其中r是接收的信号矢量,B是传输位的矩阵,h表示信道矢量,n是信道噪声。由于我们假设二进制信令,传输位bk取±1值。矩阵积Bh相当于bk与hk之间的卷积(见公式(1))。注意,以上标记假设,信道在传输的数据块中是常数。
信道的最小平方(LS)估算是 h ^ HDLS = ( B H B ) - 1 B H r
其中,H表示厄米转置,并假设它的逆存在。
采用软判定(SD)反馈,均衡器的软输出反馈到信道估算器。软输出一般是对数似然比(LLR)的形式。 L ( b k | r ) = log Pr ( b k = + l | r ) Pr ( b k = - l | r ) - - - ( 3 ) 它可以等价地写成概率 Pr ( b k | r ) = e 1 2 L ( b k | r ) e 1 2 L ( b k | r ) + e - 1 2 L ( b k | r )
来自均衡器的后验概率可以用作信道估算器的先验知识。一个可能的,但决不是唯一的,价值函数最小化就是 E { | | r - Bh | | 2 | r } = E { Σ k = L - 1 N - 1 | r k - h k * b k | 2 | r } - - - - ( 4 )
其中在接收的序列r条件下对位bk取期望值。这个价值函数代表接收的信号与重建的信号之间平均(或期望)距离。为了使价值函数(4)最小化,把它对信道取微分 δ δ h ^ E { | | r - Bh | | 2 | r } = E { δ δ h ^ ( r - Bh ) H ( r - Bh ) | r } = 0 ⇒ E { - B H r + B H Bh | r } = 0 ⇒ h ^ = ( B H P ) - - 1 B - H r 其中 B H B - = E { B H B } 和 B=E{B}。对于软判定 E { b k b l | r } = { 1 k ≠ 1 b k - b l - k ≠ 1
其中 bk=E{bkr}=2Pr(bk+1|r)-1.。注意,这个值总是在[-1,+1]范围内。现在BHB的期望值成为
与主对角项比较,
Figure A9910518500066
的非对角项是很小的。忽略这些非对角项,我们得到简化式 B H B _ ≈ ( N - L + 1 ) I - - - ( 5 ) 以及简化的估算量(信道探测)成为 h ^ HDCS = 1 N - L + 1 B - H r h m ^ HDCS = 1 N - L + 1 Σ K = L - 1 N - 1 r k b - k - m - - - ( 6 ) b - k - m = E { b k } = 2 Pr ( b k = + 1 | r ) - 1 = tanh ( L ( b k | r ) 2 ) 虽然均衡器提供了对数似然比L(bk|r),这些很容易被查阅表转变成
Figure A99105185000611
以上分析也适用于这样的情况,反馈信道解码器给出代码位的L-值,得到信道估算量。
在低SNR情况下,本发明的性能大大优于硬判定。根据(6)式,其中位bk是不确定的(例如,P(bk=+1|r)=0.6),产生一个软值(在此情况下,
Figure A9910518500071
),而高可靠性的位给出接近于±1的软值。这意味着,当判定差错发生在均衡器输出处时,概率Pr(bk=+1|r)往往指出弱概率,信道估算器能够利用它减少差错传播效应。
在较高SNR情况下,模拟结果证明,最小平方估算器的性能大大优于信道探测,因为最小平方估算器能够利用软信息给反馈位最佳地加权。在较高SNR情况下,近似式(2)和(5)变得很重要,而在低SNR情况下,这个近似误差被信道噪声所隐藏。
模拟结果还证明,本发明给信道探测提高了约0.8dB和给最小平方估算提高了约0.9dB。本发明另一个优点是,它不需要任何矩阵反转。

Claims (6)

1.一种估算信号中信道脉冲响应的方法,此信号通过通信系统中的信道传输,其特征是,
得到有关传输信号的先验知识;
利用传输信号和所述先验知识以选取信道脉冲响应的估算值,它使传输信号与重建信号之间的期望距离最小化。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其特征是,最小化的期望距离是价值函数。
3.按照权利要求2的方法,其特征是,最小化的价值函数是用E{‖r-Bh‖2|r}表示。
4.按照以上任一个权利要求的方法,其特征是,从在传输信号上完成的数据估算中得到先验知识。
5.按照以上任一个权利要求的方法,其特征是,先验知识是从信道解码器得到的。
6.按照以上任一个权利要求的方法,其特征是,从信道探测中选取估算值。
CN99105185A 1998-04-30 1999-04-27 利用软判定反馈的信道估算 Pending CN1236243A (zh)

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