CN1228118A - 硫还原细菌及其在生物脱硫方法中的应用 - Google Patents
硫还原细菌及其在生物脱硫方法中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述了称为KT7的一种新的硫还原细菌。它是一种与脱硫肠状菌属有关的低－GC革兰氏阳性细菌，能将亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐还原成硫化物，在温度48－70℃、pH5－9和液体培养基电导率0－40mS/cm下有最适生长。它可用于从水中脱除硫化合物的方法，其中用新的硫还原细菌并添加电子供体对含硫水进行厌氧处理。含硫水可以是来自烟道气脱硫步骤的废洗涤液。
Description
本发明涉及新的硫还原细菌，并涉及从水中脱除硫化合物的方法。
水中硫化合物的存在通常是一个不能接受的因素。就硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐和硫代硫酸盐而论，其主要缺点在于对阴沟的腐蚀、酸化作用、过营养化和淤积。一种类型的废液(其中硫化合物、特别是亚硫酸盐，是难以脱除的组分)是来自烟道气处理工厂的洗液。来自发电厂和废物焚烧炉的烟道气由于存在酸化二氧化硫(SO2)而引起环境的严重污染。含有硫化合物的其它类型的废液是那些来自下列工业的废液：印刷工业、采矿业、以及纸、橡胶、皮革和粘胶工业。
硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐以及其它硫化合物(包括来自烟道气脱硫工厂的洗涤液)的生物处理涉及在厌氧步骤中还原成硫化物，它又可以被生物氧化成元素硫。这些方法是已知的，例如参见EP-A-451922、WO-A-92/17410和WO-A-93/24416。
这类方法的优点在于，由于所形成的硫可以被再利用，所以仅残留少量废液。然而，其缺点在于，特别是当废液含很少有机物时，为了给硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB)提供足够的还原当量必须添加电子供体。最重要的电子供体有甲醇、乙醇、葡萄糖和其它糖类、有机酸(如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和乳酸)、氢和一氧化碳。使用这些电子供体将显著提高从废物流中脱除硫的这一方法的成本。
WO-A-92/17410公开指出，在厌氧处理过程中连续或周期性使用45℃以上的温度可以从水中有效脱除硫化合物，特别是SO2，而不需添加大量电子供体，因为很少产生或不产生甲烷。
根据WO-A-93/24416，通过选择厌氧反应器出水中最低硫酸盐/亚硫酸盐浓度和/或反应器中最低硫化物浓度和/或通过提高盐浓度，可以降低电子供体的消耗。这类措施对于SRB比对于产甲烷细菌更为有利，因而减少了对电子供体的总需求。
尽管这些措施已经改善生物脱硫方法的功效，但效能总是受到所采用微生物的特性的限制。采用的常规SRB属于脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)、脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfomonas)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、脱硫菌属(Desulfobacter)、脱硫球菌属(Desulfococcus)、脱硫线菌属(Desulfonema)、脱硫八叠球菌属(Desulfosarcina)、脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacterium)和脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)。
现已发现一种新的微生物，它在高温生物还原硫化合物方面显示出惊人而有效的特性。
该新的微生物是从瑞典的燃煤堆(burning coal heap)分离到的一种细菌。它可以从高度氧化的硫物质例如硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐产生高浓度硫化物。该细菌可以耐受高达2.5g/l的高浓度硫化物而对其活力没有不利影响。
所分离到的菌株被表示为KT7，由短杆组成，直径约0.7-1μm，长约1-2μm。染色呈革兰氏阳性。它们是高度活动的，电镜下可见几个鞭毛。这些细胞由蛋白质表面层覆盖。亚基以p2或p4对称现象规则排列。
本发明的细菌符合低-GC革兰氏阳性类型，与脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)有关。它们具有菌株KT7的特性。菌株KT7已于1996年6月19日保藏在德国不伦瑞克的DSMZ，保藏号为DSM11017。
菌株KT7能在多种培养基上生长。下面表1概括了培养3天后在多种电子供体和受体(浓度0.1％)上的生长数据；这些试验是在80％N2,20％CO2气氛(2巴)下进行的，一个例外是用分子氢作的试验，该试验是在65％N2、20％CO2和15％H2气氛下进行的。
表1
细胞浓度(细胞/ml)： +=1.107至3.107-=无生长 ++=3.107至6.107(+)=＜107 +++=＞6.107n.d.=无数据
| 电子受体电子供体 | 亚硫酸盐 | 硫酸盐 | 硝酸盐 |
| 分子氢 | +++ | (+) | (+) |
| 甲酸盐 | ++ | (+) | n.d. |
| 乙酸盐 | ++ | - | - |
| 乙醇 | + | (+) | - |
| 乳酸盐 | +++ | n.d. | (+) |
| 异丙醇 | + | n.d. | - |
| 丙酮酸盐 | +++ | n.d. | - |
| 延胡索酸盐 | (+) | n.d. | n.d. |
| 柠檬酸盐 | - | n.d. | n.d. |
| D-葡萄糖 | (+) | n.d. | n.d. |
| 酵母提取物 | (+) | n.d. | n.d. |
本发明的细菌在35-85℃下生长，在48-70℃下大量生长。最适温度在50-65℃范围内，倍增时间为90分钟。生长的pH范围是约5-9，最适pH为6.5-7.5。呈游离细胞和呈聚集体两种情况中，该细菌都是有活性的。
菌株KT7是严格厌氧的。它能耐受气相中高达25％的一氧化碳。在工业装置中，预期该细菌可耐受高达50％的一氧化碳。
本发明的细菌可用于各种厌氧过程中，特别是硫酸盐和其它硫物质被还原成硫化物的情形中。
因此，本发明涉及其中使用了上述细菌、用于从分散物水溶液中生物脱除硫化合物的任何方法。该细菌可以单独使用，也可与其它的常规硫还原微生物组合使用。本发明细菌的一个重要优点在于，它可以产生高水平的硫化物，大约为常规硫还原细菌的两倍，从而使硫还原过程更为有效(更高的生产能力和/或更小的设备和/或更短的停留时间)。
本发明方法的一个具体实施方案是在烟道气脱硫(BIO-FGD)中的应用。烟道气脱硫装置可以包括一个吸收器1、一个厌氧反应器2、一个需氧反应器3和一个硫分离器4。在吸收器1中，二氧化硫被洗涤液从烟道气中吸收，所述洗涤液通常为微碱性：
由于烟道气中氧的存在，一部分亚硫酸盐被氧化成硫酸盐：
在厌氧反应器2中，在本发明细菌的存在下，通过提供氢，用过的洗涤液中的亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐被还原成硫化物：
在需氧反应器3中，通过硫化物氧化细菌把硫化物氧化，所述细菌一般属于无色的硫细菌，例如硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)、硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)和嗜热丝菌属(Thermothrix)。优选地，需氧反应器中的氧供给是受控的，以使元素硫而不是硫酸盐的形成最大化。
吸收器单元1中使用的碱在需氧阶段中被回收，在全过程中没有碱性化学品的消耗：
图1示意性地表示上述类型的一个装置：洗涤器1具有(烟道)气入口11、气体出口12、液体入口13和液体出口14；厌氧反应器2具有氢或另一种电子供体的入口21、气体出口22、与14相连的液体入口23、以及液体出口24；需氧反应器3具有可控空气入口31、气体出口32、与24相连的液体入口33、以及液体出口34；分离器4具有液体入口41、固体(浆液)出口42和净化后液体的出口43，出口43带有与洗涤器入口13相连的回流管45并具有过剩液体出口44。
除了至此所述的部件之外，该装置还可包括第二厌氧反应器5，如图2所示，其中45中的一部分净化后的流出物(它还含有硫酸盐和硫代硫酸盐)在氢存在下用硫还原细菌处理，第二厌氧反应器的流出物被输送至需氧反应器4。第二厌氧反应器5具有氢或另一种电子供体的入口51、气体出口52、与45相连的液体入口53、以及通往33的液体出口54。净化后的流出物的最适流量比(53中的流量：13中的流量)将取决于烟道气的组成和反应器的尺寸；该流量比可以是例如10∶90至30∶70，特别是约为15∶85。
第二厌氧反应器5还可以含有本发明的细菌。在一个优选实施方案中，亚硫酸盐在第一厌氧反应器2中由游离细胞还原，而硫酸盐和硫代硫酸盐在第二厌氧反应器5中由滞留在载体上的生物量还原；因此，亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐分开地在两个厌氧反应器中被还原。
除了烟道气洗涤液之外，可以用本发明方法处理各种水流出物，例如地下水、采矿废液、工业废水，例如下列来源的废水：印刷工业、冶金工业、皮革、橡胶、粘胶和纤维工业、造纸工业和聚合物工业、以及烟道气处理厂的洗液。
如果该细菌被用于含有机物的废水，就不需另加电子供体。否则的话，应添加电子供体，它可以是上述的氢，也可以是一氧化碳和有机化合物如脂肪酸(乙酸)、醇(甲醇、乙醇)、糖、淀粉和有机废物。如需要，还可以添加营养元素，其呈氮、磷酸盐和微量元素的形式。
本发明的方法可用于各种各样的硫化合物：首先，该方法特别适于脱除无机硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐。进一步可能的化合物是其它无机硫化合物如硫代硫酸盐、连四硫酸盐、连二亚硫酸盐、元素硫等。也可用本发明的方法从水中脱除有机硫化合物，如烷基磺酸盐、二烷基硫醚、二烷基二硫醚、硫醇、砜、亚砜、二硫化碳等。
厌氧反应器的流出物中硫化物浓度通常至少为500mg/l，特别可以为800-1000mg/l，或者更高。
厌氧处理可以优选在提高的温度下进行，尤其是43-75℃的温度，特别是45-70℃的温度。可以连续采用提高的温度，例如当可以获得廉价能源时，如在热烟道气和/或温洗液的情况中。
如果采用后氧化，本发明方法的产物是元素硫，例如，可以通过沉降、过滤、离心或浮选法简单地将元素硫从水中分离出来，并且可以重新利用，例如用于生产硫酸。
实施例实施例1
在50℃、pH7.0和20-25mS/cm的电导率下，在厌氧条件下操作一个6.51反应器。给反应器接入500ml常规中温SRB(来源：纸废水处理厂Parenco,NL和采矿废水处理厂Budelco,NL)的碎粒状污泥。给反应器提供2500mg/l的亚硫酸盐(≈3940mg Na2SO3/l)和750mg/l的硫酸盐(≈1110mg Na2SO4/l)，营养物流量1800ml/h，并且提供6000ml/h的氢作为电子供体。硫化物浓度从不高于500mg S2-/l。反应器操作一年，所以污泥适合于高温。
用250ml KT7接种后，硫化物浓度在1周内提高到600/700 mg S2-/l,7周内提高到800-1000mg S2-/l。由于流入液的组成，不能形成更多的硫化物。对细菌样品的生理和形态分析表明，造成更高硫化物浓度的菌株是KT7菌株。实施例2
在50℃、pH7.0和20-25mS/cm下，在厌氧条件下操作一个6.51反应器。按实施例1给反应器提供亚硫酸盐/硫酸盐。营养物流量高达300ml/h，氢流量高达1300ml/h。乙酸盐(100mg/l)和酵母(1mg/l)作为有机碳源存在。开始时给反应器接种KT7(0.54g)，没有其它污泥。
过一些天后，硫化物浓度达800-1000mg/l；由于流入物的组成，不能形成更多的硫化物。此后，从培养基中除去乙酸盐和酵母(停止供给)。又过2-3周后，硫化物浓度又达到800-1000mg/l。实施例3
重复实施例2，所不同的是，反应器中不含任何乙酸盐或酵母。接种KT7一些周后，硫化物浓度达800-1000mg/l。实施例4
在Geertruidenberg(NL)电厂的一个中试脱硫工厂中，厌氧、供氢的反应器体积为5.5m3,pH7-7.5，电导率为10-30mS/cm。气体洗涤器中吸收4kg SO2/h，并以亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐形式输送给厌氧反应器。反应器在50℃下操作。反应器从细菌的混合物开始，该混合物主要是常规的SRB(气体脱硫和纸废物处理)，一部分是KT7细菌(＜1％)。
两周后，硫化物浓度达1500mg S2-/l。硫化物产量达到15kg/m3·天的水平。六个月后，反应器中KT7仍然占优势。
Claims (11)
1．硫还原细菌，它是与脱硫肠状菌属有关的低-GC革兰氏阳性细菌，能将亚硫酸盐和/或硫酸盐还原成硫化物，在35-85℃的温度、5-9的pH和0-40mS/cm的电导率下生长，本文中称作KT7。
2．根据权利要求1的硫还原细菌，它以保藏号DSM11017保藏在DSMZ。
3．从水中脱除硫化合物的方法，其中用硫还原细菌并添加电子供体对水进行厌氧处理，其特征在于，使用根据权利要求1或2的硫还原细菌。
4．根据权利要求3的方法，其中，在厌氧处理过程中保持高于500mg/l的硫化物浓度。
5．根据权利要求3或4的方法，其中氢被用作电子供体。
6．根据权利要求3-5中任一项的方法，其中在45-70℃的温度下进行处理。
7．根据权利要求3-6中任一项的方法，其中硫化合物包括亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐和/或硫代硫酸盐。
8．根据权利要求3-7中任一项的方法，其中形成的硫化物被氧化成元素硫，形成的硫被脱除。
9．含有硫化合物的烟道气的处理方法，其中，用洗液洗涤烟道气，洗液被再生，其特征在于，用权利要求3-7之一的方法再生洗液。
10．含有硫化合物的烟道气的处理方法，其中，用洗液洗涤烟道气，洗液被再生，其中用权利要求8的方法再生洗液。
11．根据权利要求10的方法，其中，对通过硫化物的氧化而获得的一部分液体进行第二个厌氧处理，随后将其返回氧化步骤。
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| CN109715814A (zh) * | 2016-06-24 | 2019-05-03 | 发育研究院 | 用于嗜温谱系细菌和至少一种氢营养型硫酸盐还原菌的共培养方法 |
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| CN111542661A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-08-14 | 维美德技术有限公司 | 用于调节浆厂的S/Na平衡的方法和系统 |
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| CN111542661B (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2023-07-18 | 维美德技术有限公司 | 用于调节浆厂的S/Na平衡的方法和系统 |
| CN111676176A (zh) * | 2020-07-22 | 2020-09-18 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | 一种嗜盐嗜碱性硫微螺菌及其培养方法和在生物脱硫中的应用 |
| CN111676176B (zh) * | 2020-07-22 | 2022-05-13 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | 一种嗜盐嗜碱性硫微螺菌及其培养方法和在生物脱硫中的应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20000023729A (ko) | 2000-04-25 |
| EP0951530A1 (en) | 1999-10-27 |
| ZA976220B (en) | 1998-02-03 |
| BG103084A (en) | 1999-08-31 |
| AU713615B2 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
| CA2261287A1 (en) | 1998-01-22 |
| EP0819756A1 (en) | 1998-01-21 |
| CZ426598A3 (cs) | 1999-06-16 |
| BR9710341A (pt) | 2000-01-11 |
| NO990070D0 (no) | 1999-01-08 |
| PL331171A1 (en) | 1999-06-21 |
| SK282687B6 (sk) | 2002-11-06 |
| JP2001508285A (ja) | 2001-06-26 |
| NO990070L (no) | 1999-01-18 |
| HUP9903837A2 (hu) | 2000-03-28 |
| BG63467B1 (bg) | 2002-02-28 |
| SK1999A3 (en) | 2000-04-10 |
| US6217766B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
| HUP9903837A3 (en) | 2001-05-28 |
| AU3464997A (en) | 1998-02-09 |
| CN1146655C (zh) | 2004-04-21 |
| WO1998002524A1 (en) | 1998-01-22 |
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