CN1218888A - 运行预混燃烧器的方法和装置 - Google Patents

运行预混燃烧器的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1218888A
CN1218888A CN98125063A CN98125063A CN1218888A CN 1218888 A CN1218888 A CN 1218888A CN 98125063 A CN98125063 A CN 98125063A CN 98125063 A CN98125063 A CN 98125063A CN 1218888 A CN1218888 A CN 1218888A
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liquid fuel
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mixed zone
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CN1143074C (zh
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A·埃罗格鲁
R·麦米兰
J·波里克
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/10Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour
    • F23D11/16Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour in which an emulsion of water and fuel is sprayed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/314Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit
    • B01F25/3141Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit with additional mixing means other than injector mixers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/314Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit
    • B01F25/3142Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit the conduit having a plurality of openings in the axial direction or in the circumferential direction
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40Static mixers
    • B01F25/42Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/431Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
    • B01F25/4314Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor with helical baffles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40Static mixers
    • B01F25/45Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40Static mixers
    • B01F25/45Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads
    • B01F25/452Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces
    • B01F25/4521Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces the components being pressed through orifices in elements, e.g. flat plates or cylinders, which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C7/00Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
    • F23C7/002Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply the air being submitted to a rotary or spinning motion
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/38Nozzles; Cleaning devices therefor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/40Mixing tubes or chambers; Burner heads
    • F23D11/402Mixing chambers downstream of the nozzle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F2101/00Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
    • B01F2101/503Mixing fuel or propellant and water or gas, e.g. air, or other fluids, e.g. liquid additives to obtain fluid fuel
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/40Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/07002Premix burners with air inlet slots obtained between offset curved wall surfaces, e.g. double cone burners

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)

Abstract

本发明的任务是为了提供一种运行预混燃烧器的方法和装置,其改善了在特定的运行状况下的燃料输送。本发明是这样实现的,液体燃料(2)和水(27)分别输送到液体燃料喷嘴(17),在那里才形成一种液体燃料-水混合物(28),并以小于10°的喷射角α的全射束(29)喷入预混燃烧器(4)的内部空间(9)。为此,中心汇入内部空间(9)的液体燃料喷嘴(17)具有一喷嘴口(19)。在喷嘴口(19)的逆流方向上设置一混合区域(22),一液体燃料导管(20)和一输水管(21)汇入其内。

Description

运行预混燃烧器的方法和装置
本发明涉及一种如权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于运行一预混合燃烧器的方法和装置。
长期以来,带有预混燃烧器的燃烧室用于发电厂的固定的燃气轮机取得了很好的成效,所述预混燃烧器设计为所谓双锥燃烧器,它由一插入式燃料喷枪从外面供给燃料。这种喷枪一般为双燃料喷枪,这就是说,它可以选择提供气态燃料,例如引导气体和/或液体燃料,例如油水乳化剂。为此,在喷枪中同心设置一液体燃料管、一雾化空气管以及一引导气体管。这些管分别构成液体燃料、雾化空气和引导气体的通道,它们的端部是燃料喷嘴的喷头。喷枪及其喷头放置在双锥燃烧器的一相应的内管中,因此,喷出的燃料经过喷嘴到达与该内管相连的燃烧器的内部空间(见DE4306956A1)。
EP0321809中也公开了一种双锥燃烧器,其设计为用于与燃气轮机相连的燃烧室。这种燃烧器由两个空心的分锥体构成,这两个分锥体设置成在径向上彼此偏心,互补成双锥燃烧器。燃烧器具有在流动方向上扩大的空心锥形内部空间,并带有一狭长的切向空气入口。通过插入式燃料喷枪从外面向双锥燃烧器供给燃料,这些燃料流入一液体燃料喷嘴。后者在燃烧器内部空间中形成一由液体燃料和空气构成的空心锥形燃料喷雾,大部分燃料滴集中在锥形喷雾的外端。由于大约30°的大喷射角和在中心的轴向冲量的缺点,所以这种喷射极易受到燃烧器内部的涡流所产生的离心力的影响。因此,燃料滴较快地向外甩,这在一定的运行条件下会引起液体燃料碰撞燃烧器壁,并且碰撞的液体燃料量并非微不足道。
从教科书《雾化和喷射》(A.Lefebvre,West Lafayette,Indiana1989,S.106/107)中得知用于喷射液体燃料的所谓全射束喷射器。在这种喷射器嘴中,液体燃料通过至少一个圆形喷油口在高压下以5至15°锥角从一预燃室中喷出。所述喷油口具有一定的导向长度。流速提高可以促进燃料射束扩散成液滴,因为流速提高时,不仅流出的射束的旋涡程度提高,而且周围介质所施加的空气动力吸引力也增大了。所述全射束喷射器的液体燃料也是与水一起喷入的,因此同样存在着所述燃料分配的问题。
本发明试图避免上述各种缺点。本发明的基本任务是提供一种用于运行预混燃烧器的方法和装置,其在特定的运行方式下改进燃料的供给。
按照本发明这一任务是这样实现的,对于按照权利要求1的前序部分的方法,液体燃料与水分别引导到液体燃料喷嘴,并首先在液体燃料喷嘴内进行一次混合。接着,所形成的油水混合物以喷射角α小于10°的射束喷入预混燃烧器内部空间。为此,液体燃料喷嘴配备有一简易的喷嘴口。喷嘴口的上游设置一混合区域,一燃料导管和一水导管汇入该区域。所述液体燃料导管和水流导管共同设置在一燃料喷枪中,后者具有一构成燃料喷嘴的末端。所述喷嘴口和所述混合区域都设置在该燃烧喷枪的末端。
通过燃料喷枪端部的压力损失可使液体燃料和水以及其相应的导管一直到混合区域,即一直到形成液体燃料与水的混合物形成之前不久都保持分开。这样就保证了很好的流量调节,并且可以通过液体燃料喷嘴利用几乎全部可利用的压力损失来喷入所有流体。通过这种方式,可以以很大的流速喷入液体燃料,而与水的喷射无关,从而更好地实现雾化。此外,在混合区域形成的液体燃料-水混合物不会逆流涌入液体燃料管或水管,从而防止了回火现象。
在本发明的第一实施例中,将水引入液体燃料中。为此,入水管与液体燃料管道同轴设置在后者外面。一块板将混合区域与液体燃料导管分开,该板在液体燃料导管与混合区域之间至少具有一个轴向连接开口,水管至少具有一个通向混合区域的径向通孔。混合区域优选具有一通向喷射口的漏斗形过渡套管,这样就可以实现液体燃料-水混合物向喷射口的有利于流动的输送。这时,使水垂直地引入液体燃料是非常符合目的的。这样就可在较小的混合区域构成尽可能均匀的混合物。
在本发明的第二实施例中,或者液体燃料导管沿轴向而入水管呈锥形,或者入水导管沿轴向而液体燃料导管呈锥形通入混合区域。按照这种燃料喷枪的设计,为了制备液体燃料-水混合物,或者将水引入液体燃料,或者将液体燃料引入水中。通过这种方式可以避免在向混合区域过渡时的压力损失,并从而利用经过用于将液体燃料-水混合物注入预混燃烧器的内部空间的喷射开口的全部可利用的压力损失。当液体燃料和水以较高的速度喷入混合区域时,在那里形成大的涡流,从而促使两种流体很快地进行很好的混合。
最后,喷射口的导向长度为I,直径为d,导向长度与直径的比例为2≤I/d≤20。在这种比例下可以达到特别好的燃料雾化效果。
在本发明的另一种实施形式中,一沿切向流入燃烧器的旋转燃烧空气流围绕着在预混燃烧器内部空间中沿流动方向扩散的由液体燃料-水混合物构成的全射束。到达的燃烧混合物的点火发生在燃烧器嘴的范围内,一回流区域使该区域内的火焰前端稳定。为此,所述预混燃烧器由两个空心的径向上错开分布的分锥体构成,具有切向的空气入口槽和在流动方向上扩大的空心圆锥形的内部空间。液体燃料喷嘴还与一用于供给燃料的燃料喷枪连接。
本方法特别提供了一种以一小喷射角喷射液体的形式,该小喷射角与预混燃烧器的孔径角最佳配合。因此,借助于这样设计的预混燃烧器可以形成理想的燃烧先决条件。
附图中借助用于一燃气轮机装置的燃烧室中的带有一按照本发明的液体燃料喷嘴的预混燃烧器示出多个本发明的实施例。
图1为一预混燃烧器的纵剖视图;
图2为该预混燃烧器沿图1中的Ⅱ-Ⅱ线的剖视图;
图3为图1中液体燃料喷嘴区域的一放大的剖视图;
图4为按照图3的一视图,但示出的是第二实施例;
图5为相对于图4的预混燃烧器的视图,但示出的是另一实施例。
为了便于理解,图中只示出一些基本部件。燃气轮机装置中没有示出的例如有压缩机和燃气轮机。工作介质的流动方向以箭头示出。
未示出的燃气轮机装置由一台压缩机、一台燃气轮机和一燃烧室1构成。在燃烧室1中设置多个预混燃烧器4,燃烧器4设计成双锥燃烧器,它们不仅适用于液体燃料2,而且适用于气体燃料3。各双锥燃烧器4分别由两个空心的分锥体5、6构成,各分锥体具有一内壁7、8。两内壁7、8围成一在流动方向上扩大的空心圆锥形内部空间9(图1)。两个分锥体5、6各具有一个中轴线,二中轴线彼此错开(图2)。因此它们在径向上彼此错开叠置。双锥燃烧器4的两侧构成一切向空气入口槽12、13,燃烧空气14通过该槽流入内部空间9。各分锥体5、6具有一圆柱形的起始部分15和16。这两起始部分15、16也象分锥体5、6那样彼此错开分布(图1)。用于向双锥燃烧器4输送燃料的燃料喷枪18的一端部设计成一中心液体燃料喷嘴17,其伸入起始部分15、16和内部空间9。液体燃料喷嘴17具有一圆形喷嘴口19(图2)。
在本发明的第一实施例中,燃料喷枪18由一中心液体燃料导管20和一个与其同轴地设置在其外部的水导管21构成。在喷嘴口19的逆流侧设有一混合区域22,它借助于一垂直设置的圆形板23与液体燃料导管20分开。板23具有多个液体燃料导管20与混合区域22的轴向连接孔24,水导管21具有多个通向混合区域22的径向通孔25。混合区域22通向喷嘴口19处设计成一漏斗形的过渡段26。喷嘴口具有一导向长度I和一直径d,导向长度与直径的比例是4(图3)。
液体燃料管道20向双锥燃烧器4供给作为液体燃料的燃油,输水管21向双锥燃烧器4供应水27。因此,燃油2与水27分开输送到液体燃料喷嘴17。只有到了混合区域22,才通过将水27垂直地喷入燃油2使二者混合。然而,由于在这种情况下燃油用作液体燃料2,所以不是要形成一种常规的混合物,而是而是要形成一种液体燃料-水的乳化液28。该液体燃料-水乳化液28经过中心喷嘴口19以小于10°的喷射角α喷入内部空间9(图1)。由于这样小的喷射角,在双锥燃烧器4的内部空间9中首先形成一股非常密实的射束29,该射束顺流扩散,燃料液滴在整个横剖面上均匀地分布。与采用双锥燃烧器的现有技术不同的是,空心圆锥形的燃料射流不仅在其中部具有这种射束29,而且具有足够的轴向脉冲,因此,燃料液滴不会粘在分锥体5、6的内壁7、8上。而且,通过较高的燃油2和水27的喷射速度还可以强化这一作用。当然,也可以采用一种同样可以与水27混合的液体燃料2,其在混合区域22形成的不是一种乳化液,而是一种相应的液体燃料-水混合物28。
射束29在双锥燃烧器4的内部空间9中在流动方向上均匀地散开,最后形成一圆锥形状。通过切向空气入口槽12和13旋转流入的燃烧空气14围绕着射束29。相应的燃烧混合物在燃烧嘴区域内点火,在那里形成火焰前锋30,该火焰前锋在燃烧嘴区域通过回流区域31稳定。
在第二实施例中,导向长度与直径的比例达到l/d=10,这样可以将液体燃料-水乳化液28中所含的涡流衰减下来。此外,液体燃料导管20沿轴向汇入混合区域22,而输送水管21以圆锥形状汇入混合区域22(图4)。因此,水27倾斜地引入液体燃料2,这样就可避免经过混合区域22时的压力损失。正如前面所述,利用了全部可利用的经过喷嘴口19的压力损失来将液体燃料-水的乳化液28喷射到预混燃烧器4的内部空间9,这是由于小的喷射角以及因此而形成的全射束所导致的。其它过程与第一实施例相似。
另一实施例中为具有基本相同的功能的一种替代的方案,其中与第二实施例不同的只是替换了液体燃料导管20与输水管21的排列(图5)。这在无水运行时可以达到较好的雾化作用。
当然,根据双锥燃烧器4的具体使用条件,喷嘴口19也可以取另一种形状,所谓导向长度l与直径d的比也可以取另一值,大约为2至20。自然,双锥燃烧器4也可以为纯锥形,这就是说,没有圆柱的起始段15、16。
               附图标记表
1,燃烧室;             2,液体燃料,燃烧油;
3,气态燃料;           4,预混燃烧器,双锥燃烧器;
5,分锥体,             6,分锥体;
7,内壁,               8,内壁;
9,内部空间,           10,中轴线;
11,中轴线,            12,空气入口槽;
13,空气入口槽,        14,燃烧空气,燃烧空气流;
15,起始部分,圆柱形,  16,起始部分,圆柱形;
17,液体燃料喷嘴,端部,18,燃料喷枪;
19,喷嘴口,            20,液体燃料导管;
21,输水管,            22,混合区域;
23,板,                24,连接口;
25,通孔,              26,过渡段;
27,水,
28,液体燃料-水混合物,液体燃料-水乳化液;
29,全射束,
30,火焰前端;
31,回流区域;
i,导向长度;
d,直径

Claims (13)

1.运行一液体燃料(2)与水(27)预混的燃烧器的方法,所述预混燃烧器(4)具有一内部空间(9)和一汇入后者的中心液体燃料喷嘴(17),其特征在于:液体燃料(2)与水(27)单独地输送到液体燃料喷嘴(19),在那里混合成一种液体燃料-水混合物(28),后者接着以一种小于10°的喷射角的全射束(29)喷入预混燃烧器(4)的内部空间。
2.如权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于:将水(27)引入液体燃料(2)中。
3.如权利要求2所述方法,其特征在于:水(27)垂直地引入液体燃料(2)。
4.如权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于:将液体燃料(2)引入水(27)中。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述方法,其特征在于:一沿切向流入预混然烧器(4)的旋转燃烧空气流(14)围绕着在预混燃烧器(4)内部空间(9)中沿流动方向扩散的全射束(29),混合物的点火发生在燃烧器嘴的范围内,一回流区域(31)使该范围内的火焰前端(30)稳定。
6.一种以如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法运行液体燃料(2)与水(27)的预混燃烧器的装置,其特征在于:
a)汇入内部空间(9)的液体燃料喷嘴(17)具有一简单的喷嘴口(19),
b)在喷嘴口(19)的逆流方向上形成一混合区域(22),
c)一液体燃料导管(20)和一输水管(21)汇入混合区域(22)。
7.如权利要求6所述的装置,其特征在于:液体燃料导管(20)与输水管(21)共同设置在一个燃烧喷枪(18)内,该燃烧喷枪(18)具有一个设计成液体燃料喷嘴(17)的端部,所述喷嘴口(19)和混合区域(22)设置在该端部。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于:输水管(21)与液体燃料导管(20)同心地设置在后者的径向上的外部,一板(23)将混合区域(22)与液体燃料导管(20)分开,板(23)上至少带有一个在液体燃料导管(20)与混合区域(22)之间的轴向连接孔(24),输水管(21)具有至少一个通向混合区域(22)的径向通孔(25)。
9.如权利要求(8)的装置,其特征在于:混合区域(22)具有一个通向喷嘴口(19)的漏斗形过渡段(26)。
10.如权利要求7的装置,其特征在于:液体燃料导管(20)沿轴向汇入混合区域(22),而输水管(21)以圆锥形汇入混合区域(22)。
11.如权利要求7的装置,其特征在于:输水管(21)沿轴向汇入混合区域(22),而液体燃料导管(20)以圆锥状汇入混合区域(22)。
12.如权利要求6至11中任一项的装置,其特征在于:喷嘴口(19)具有一个导向长度(l)和一直径(d),其比例为2≤l/d≤20。
13.如权利要求6至12的装置,其特征在于:预混燃烧器(4)由至少两个空心的、在径向上彼此错开的分锥体(5、6)构成,该两分锥体具有在流动方向上扩大的空心圆锥形的内部空间(9),预混燃烧器具有切向的空气入口槽(12、13),液体燃料喷嘴(17)与一用于输送燃料的燃烧喷枪(18)连接。
CNB981250637A 1997-10-27 1998-10-26 操作预混燃烧器的方法和装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1143074C (zh)

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