CN1204594A - Separating cylinder, guidance for separating cylinder adapter sealed passing hole of clutch housing - Google Patents

Separating cylinder, guidance for separating cylinder adapter sealed passing hole of clutch housing Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1204594A
CN1204594A CN98114762A CN98114762A CN1204594A CN 1204594 A CN1204594 A CN 1204594A CN 98114762 A CN98114762 A CN 98114762A CN 98114762 A CN98114762 A CN 98114762A CN 1204594 A CN1204594 A CN 1204594A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
closure member
segmentation
described mechanism
clutch
clutch case
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN98114762A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1095048C (en
Inventor
克劳斯·曼弗雷德
黑尔夫麦尔·乌尔里希
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ruck Hinge Joint Manufacture & Co Kg GmbH
Original Assignee
INA Waelzlager Schaeffler OHG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Publication of CN1204594A publication Critical patent/CN1204594A/en
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Publication of CN1095048C publication Critical patent/CN1095048C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D25/00Fluid-actuated clutches
    • F16D25/08Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member
    • F16D25/082Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member the line of action of the fluid-actuated members co-inciding with the axis of rotation
    • F16D25/083Actuators therefor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2300/00Special features for couplings or clutches
    • F16D2300/08Details or arrangements of sealings not provided for in group F16D3/84
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2300/00Special features for couplings or clutches
    • F16D2300/26Cover or bell housings; Details or arrangements thereof

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Clutches, Magnetic Clutches, Fluid Clutches, And Fluid Joints (AREA)
  • Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a disengagement mechanism 1 used for manipulating a friction clutch hydraulic clutch, which comprises a compressed housing 3 and a compressed takeover 12 extending out radically and guided by a hole 13 passing through hermetically clutch housing14. In accordance with the present invention, in order to seal said compressed takeover 12, a closure part 16 divided into two parts comprising the subsections 25 and 26 is arranged where the hole 13 is disposed.

Description

Splitter cylinder, its adapter are passed the hole guiding of clutch case hermetically
The present invention relates to a kind of motor vehicle friction clutch hydraulic clutch and handle the separation device of usefulness, it is contained in clutch case inside, friction clutch disposes with one heart with an axle drive shaft that is connected combustion engine and change-speed box, separation device comprises a pressure shell that adds that is fixed on the transmission case, can in adding pressure shell, guide movably by the pressure fluid loaded piston for one, piston is set up by clutch bearing and friction clutch and is got in touch, the pressure fluid of separation device load by one with add pressure shell bonded assembly integral type pressure tap and carry out, pressure tap is passed the hole guiding of clutch case hermetically.
In the hydraulic actuated clutch system of automobile such requirement is arranged, the pressure fluid that promptly is used to handle separation device or splitter cylinder will pass the hole guiding in the clutch case.For avoid dust, water or other dirts invade and thereby guarantee that friction clutch works without barrier, require the hole in this clutch case of sealing.Consider and simplify assembling and as foundry goods design-calculated member such as clutch case with add pressure shell bigger tolerance is arranged, require pipeline can be contained in different positions that so a bigger hole need be arranged, this hole requires sealing effectively in clutch case.
By known a kind of this type of the separation device of patent document US 4609087, for its pressure tap sets a special pipeline mounting structure in clutch case.Seal disc by plastics forming is used for sealing, and the free end that seal disc stretches out from clutch case with respect to pressure tap is contained in position radially darker in the clutch case.This Seal Design might enter in the chamber that forms between clutch case outline and the sealing arrangement dirt.Accumulate in dirt, the especially dust of sealing arrangement top, with situation that moisture combines under may cause sealing arrangement to move and thereby make other dirts invade clutch case unobstructedly.
In addition, the hand assembly that known sealing arrangement need bother put the sealing member of the expansion free end by pressure tap in when assembling.Exist such danger in this case, promptly sealing member is by overdistension or plastic deformation, and thereby can not satisfy the sealing arrangement requirement.Therefore, need a kind of elastomeric material for this type of sealing arrangement, thereby increased material cost unfriendly.
Therefore, from the technical disadvantages of known arrangement, the objective of the invention is to create a kind of sealing arrangement that can automated assembly, this sealing arrangement can be with a kind of cheap and good-quality material manufacture.
Described according to claim 1 characteristic, in order to reach this purpose regulation, use one and be designed to two-part closure member as sealing arrangement.The segmentation of closure member seals for passing in the zone, demarcation line that pressure tap stipulates at one in the installation site.This design can be by favourable mode automatic assembly.This of closure member cut apart by of the present invention, might make each segmentation of closure member and the irrespectively preferably portable assembling of moulding of pressure tap.Further measure as cost-cutting is, can be with a kind of cheap material manufacture by design-calculated closure member of the present invention.
Further design of the present invention is the content of dependent claims 2 to 15.
Improve the measure of pressing closure member assembly automation of the present invention as another, regulation is contained in closure member on the pressure tap in such a way, promptly abuts on the inboard of clutch case at the installation site closure member.Become the closure member of peviform in this case by means of preferred design, can reach the sealing that abuts under the predetermincd tension effect on the clutch case, need not manually to carry out the adjustment again of closure member at the confined state of separation device.The present invention equally also comprises this structure of closure member, and promptly its outside is bearing on the clutch case.After installing separation device, being assemblied in of this type of closure member finish from the part that clutch case stretches out by closure member being contained in pressure tap.
Regulation in another design of the present invention, the external edge of closure member is designed to elastomeric or flexible so that can be whereby tolerance balancing better, and improve cooperating of surface texture that closure member and clutch case do not process.In order to increase the elasticity of external edge, it is thin-wall that this external edge is designed to compare with the closure member remainder.
Except elasticity or flexible external edge, be provided with at least one abutment wall by each segmentation of closure member of the present invention.These abutment wall that also can be described as strengthening rib are impelled and are improved shape stability, for the automation mechanized operation or the matching requirements of closure member have this shape stability.In addition, directed and insert abutment wall in the bore edges district in installing condition along the direction of clutch case, help closure member desired pre-centering in the hole of clutch case.
Segmentation is designed to mutual overlap joint in the location, demarcation line, has strengthened the effect by closure member of the present invention, avoids forming the boundary seam, because dirt might enter in the clutch case by this seam.
Suggestion is designed to the chase mortise connection in overlap, and each segmentation obtains mutual supporting in the zone, demarcation line thus.In addition, this measure is for being sealed with favorable influence.Another favourable design code of the present invention the safety device of segmentation in the zone, demarcation line, it is designed to the sealed locking mechanism of shape.This closure member is fixed on the pressure tap when the pre-assy reliably by means of the sealed locking mechanism of shape, so closure member gets loose on pressure tap or the danger of displacement is automatically prevented effectively in the fitting process of whole separation device.
Substitute the sealed kayser of shape and connect, the present invention equally also is included in the non-disconnectable formula connection of two segmentations in the zone, demarcation line.For this reason, relevant with the material selection of closure member, being adapted to pass through bonds or weld connects each segmentation.
A kind of best form of implementation of the present invention has been stipulated marginal trend for closure member, extends coaxially with axle drive shaft basically in the demarcation line, installation site of separation device.Closure member by another kind of conceptual design of the present invention can have a kind of demarcation line trend that is concentric with the axle drive shaft orientation.
As the favourable measure suggestion of a kind of closure member location, adding system one circular groove on the pressure tap of pressure shell, closure member or its each segmentation shape are positioned in this circular groove sealedly.
In addition, this location can be replenished by means of a kind of rotation is fixing, and rotation is fixing to be boss or the retaining element that stretches out from closure member for example in form, and its shape is inserted in the corresponding groove of pressure tap sealedly.Different with it, the sealed connection of this shape equally can reverse design, at this moment, and in the groove of boss kayser that stretches out from pressure tap in the circular groove location in segmentation.
In addition, except that being located at the registration device on the pressure tap of closure member, the present invention also comprises closure member fixing on clutch case.What be suitable for is a safety element that stretches out on closure member for this reason, on the wall of its sealed ground of shape kayser of the installation site of separation device at clutch case or in the breach of clutch case.A kind ofly so also multiple measure can be set on closure member when needed, can make closure member seal to such an extent that abut on the clutch case better.
As the material that is used for by closure member of the present invention or its segmentation, suitable is plastics, for example EPDM, TPE, PP, PE and PA.Irrespectively stipulate the Shore hardness of these plastics≤60 with selected material.
Describe the present invention in detail by means of Fig. 1 to 8 below.Wherein:
Fig. 1 is by closure member of the present invention, and it is fixed on the separation device;
Fig. 2 is along the line 2-2 among Fig. 1, and expression is by closure member of the present invention more enlargedly;
Fig. 3 presses the single partial graph of the closure member of Fig. 1;
The view of Fig. 4 single split;
Another segmentation of Fig. 5, it constitutes a closure member with the segmentation that is drawn among Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is by the enlarged detail of closure member 6-6 along the line drawn in Figure 4 and 5;
Fig. 7 presses the detail drawing of Figure 4 and 5 7-7 along the line;
Fig. 8 closure member has a safety element that stretches out towards the direction of clutch case.
What Fig. 1 represented to be in installing condition can hydraulic operated separation device 1, and it preferably uses in automobile.The structure of separation device 1 comprises a piston-cylinder unit, and it is with one heart round axle drive shaft 2, and axle drive shaft couples together combustion engine and change-speed box, and they all do not have expression in Fig. 1.Add pressure shell 3 as cylinder, it detachably is fixed on the transmission case 4.Guide on the hole wall 5 that adds pressure shell 3 piston 6 outsides that are designed to annular piston, and guide on guide pin bushing 7 the inside.In order to constitute pressurizing chamber 8, guide pin bushing 7 has an annular lip 9 in change-speed box one side, and it is contained in hermetically and adds between pressure shell 3 and the transmission case 4.The piston that is provided with piston sealing device 10 in pressure chamber one side is connected with clutch bearing 11 in that side back to pressure chamber 8, in installing condition, is bearing on the friction clutch to the clutch bearing force closure.The mode of operation of separation device does not further specify, because it is consistent with known mechanism.
In order to add pressure fluid, add pressure shell 3 and be provided with an integral type pressure tap 12 that extends radially to pressure chamber 8.In separation device shown in Figure 11 installation site, the free end of pressure tap 12 passes the hole 13 of clutch case 14 and stretches out.The end of pressure tap 12 is provided with an elbow 15 that vertically refers to towards transmission case 4 directions, can connect a preferably elastomeric hydraulic pipe on elbow.For the ease of the assembly automation of separation device 1 and in order to compensate member that is the clutch case 14 and the tolerance that adds pressure shell 3 with the cast material manufacturing, there is the size of an overpressure adapter 12 or its elbow 15 needed structure spaces in hole 13.In order to provide hole 13 effective seal to be provided with a closure member 16 under separation device 1 mounted situation, its shape is located sealedly and is fixed on and takes on 12.Fixing in order to guarantee closure member 16 with respect to the location and the rotation of taking over 12, to take over 12 and in circular groove 17 zones, be provided with the boss 18 that a part extends radially, its inserts on closure member 16 in the corresponding groove 19.In addition, closure member 16 also has one to be designed to thin-wall annular edge 20 to obtain flexible marginarium, and it can compensate the out-of-flat of clutch case 14 casting surfaces, and thereby has improved the leak free effect.In addition, closure member 16 does not also have abutment wall 21,22, and they are orientated consistent with the bearing of trend of axle drive shaft 2 basically, and is abutting on the edge in hole 13 under the installation site of closure member 16.Except that the effect that strengthens rigidity, abutment wall 21,22 another task are the centering auxiliary devices that constitute closure member 16 when separation device 1 is installed.For this reason, there is inclined- plane 23,24 strengthening rib 21,22 ends.
Being shown among Fig. 2 of closure member 16 by other details table of the present invention.Fig. 2 represents to be designed to the two-part closure member 16 that comprises segmentation 25,26.27 regional inner end surfaces connect mutually round pressure tap 12 and in the demarcation line on two segmentation 25,26 semicircle ground.For avoiding forming the boundary seam between the segmentation 25,26, segmentation 25 has a boss 28 that is overlapped on segmentation 26 ends.In addition, represented the installation site of abutment wall 21,22 in Fig. 2, they abut on the sidewall in hole 13.
Fig. 3 represents the elevation profile of closure member 16.Press Fig. 3, closure member 16 designs in the transition region 33 of external edge 20 at one in such a way from the breach 29s that are used for pressure tap 12, and promptly the wall of closure member 16 is provided with strengthening rib 32.Wherein, strengthening rib 32 is arranged alternately in both sides, that is towards abutment wall 21 or towards the opposition side setting, and thereby has constituted a kind of box structure.The moulding of closure member 16 in transition region 33 scopes can design arbitrarily as required.As being taken at circular groove 17 regional intrinsic pressures, closure member 16 obtains a kind of friction tight measure on 12, closure member 16 both sides in breach 29 locations respectively are provided with the annular protuberantia 30,31 of two projections in Fig. 3, and they are pressed against respectively on the wall of circular groove 17 (see figure 2)s.
Segmentation 25,26 by expression with spacing out in Figure 4 and 5, and they constitute closure member 16 jointly.Figure can find out some measures of having taked thus, and these measures are connected to each other segmentation 25,26 shapes or the local mutually overlap joint of the part of segmentation 25,26 and for fear of form the seam of demarcating in the zone of demarcation line 27 sealedly.For this reason, segmentation 25 has boss 28,34,35,36, and they highly arrange with staggering, and thereby after being contained in segmentation 25,26 on the pressure tap 12 movably, guarantee adjacent part overlap joint with segmentation 26.Replace the structure that this height of boss 28,34,35,36 staggers, they can be designed to, and same arm is thick to be reduced, and then their corresponding oppositely wall thickness reduces in segmentation 26 parts is abutted in.Fix in order to constitute segmentation 25,26 shapes sealedly, have two to be segmentation 25, the 26 clamping holding device 37,38 of zigzag structure part separately on the closure member 16 in form, their shapes are intermeshed sealedly.
Fig. 6 amplifies the overlap of representing between the segmentation 25,26 by the line 6-6 in the Figure 4 and 5.Press Fig. 6, boss 36 wall thickness of segmentation 25 are reduced and are overlapped on the corresponding part that reduces of segmentation 26 wall thickness, so overlap has and the consistent wall thickness of closure member 16 remainders.
Fig. 7 part has been represented the clamping safety device 37 by Figure 4 and 5 enlargedly.Wherein, there is zigzag structure the end of segmentation 25,26, and they are designed to mirror-symmetrical arrangement obliquely between segmentation 25,26.
Closure member 16 in Fig. 8 is provided with a retaining element 39 that stretches out towards clutch case 14 directions, and its shape is inserted in the breach 40 of clutch case 14 sealedly.For this reason, retaining element 39 is designed to divide at least two parts, in the installation site this structure division that has two clamping elements at least by means of sealed ground of the claw shape kayser that is formed in the termination on clutch case 14.Preferably a retaining element 39 is established in each segmentation 25,26 of closure member 16.By another kind of alternative plan regulation, the segmentation of closure member 16 is shaped on a boss 41, sets a retaining element 39 in the blind hole shape breach of its kayser on clutch case 14 and for another segmentation.
Symbol table 1 separating mechanism 22 supporting walls 2 driving shafts 23 inclined-planes 3 add 7 guide pin bushings, 28 boss, 8 pressure chambers, 29 breach, 9 annular lip, 30 annular protuberantia 10 piston sealing devices 31 annular protuberantia 11 clutch bearings 32 ribs 12 pressure tap 33 transition regions, 13 holes, pressure shell 24 inclined-planes 4 transmission case, 25 segmentations 5 hole walls 26 segmentations, 6 pistons, 27 lines of demarcation, 34 boss, 14 bell housings, 35 boss, 15 elbows, 36 boss, 16 closure members, 37 clamping holding devices, 17 cannelures, 38 clamping holding devices, 18 boss, 39 retaining elements, 19 breach, 40 breach, 20 external edge, 41 boss, 21 supporting walls

Claims (15)

1. the friction clutch hydraulic clutch is handled the separation device (1) of usefulness, it is contained in clutch case (14) inside, friction clutch is connected combustion engine and change-speed box with one axle drive shaft (2) disposes with one heart, separation device (1) comprises and adds pressure shell (3) on the transmission case (4) that is fixed on change-speed box, can in adding pressure shell, guide movably by pressure fluid loaded piston (6) for one, piston is set up with friction clutch by clutch bearing (11) and is got in touch, the pressure fluid of separation device load by one with add pressure shell (3) bonded assembly pressure tap (12) and carry out, pressure tap is passed hole (13) guiding of clutch case (14) hermetically, there is an adaptor union its end, it is characterized by: take over (12) for sealing load and be provided with closure member divided into two parts (16), the segmentation (25 of closure member, 26) locating sealing in the installation site for passing the demarcation line (27) that pressure tap (12) stipulates.
2. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized in that closure member (16), it abuts on the inboard of clutch case (14) at mounted state.
3. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: closure member (16) rests on the clutch case (14) by elastomeric external edge (20).
4. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: each segmentation of closure member (16) (25,26) is provided with a preferably abutment wall of the direction orientation of (13) (21,22) towards the hole at least.
5. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: in location, demarcation line (27), overlap mutually between the regulation segmentation (25,26).
6. according to the described mechanism of claim 5, it is characterized by: segmentation (25,26) has the chase mortise connecting device in overlap.
7. according to claim 5 or 6 described mechanisms, it is characterized by: segmentation (25,26) connects for the sealed locking mechanism of the shape of clamping safety device (37,38) by one in zone, demarcation line (27) at least in form.
8. according to claim 5 or 6 described mechanisms, it is characterized by: the non-disconnectable formula of regulation connects between the inherent segmentation in location, demarcation line (27) (25,26).
9. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: the demarcation line of closure member (16) on the installation site basically with the coaxial extension of axle drive shaft (2).
10. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: at the mounted state of closure member (16), its demarcation line (27) are directed with one heart with respect to axle drive shaft (2) substantially.
11. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: locate in order to make segmentation (25,26) shape, pressure tap (12) has a circular groove (17) sealedly.
12. according to the described mechanism of claim 11, it is characterized by: in order to constitute the registration device of closure member (16) with respect to pressure tap (12), circular groove (17) has a boss that extends radially (18), and its shape is inserted in the breach (19) of segmentation (25,26) sealedly.
13. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: at least one segmentation (25,26) is provided with a retaining element (39) that stretches out towards the direction of clutch case (14), in the breach (40) of its sealed ground of shape kayser of installation site in clutch case (14).
14. according to the described mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized by: at least one segmentation (25,26) has towards the boss (41) of the direction orientation of clutch case (14), and its kayser is in the breach of the blind hole shape structure of clutch case (14).
15., it is characterized in that a closure member (14) made from the most handy EPDM of plastics, TPE, PP, PE, PA, the Shore hardness of these plastics≤60 according to the described mechanism of claim 1.
CN98114762A 1997-06-12 1998-06-12 Separating cylinder, guidance for separating cylinder adapter sealed passing hole of clutch housing Expired - Fee Related CN1095048C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19724836A DE19724836A1 (en) 1997-06-12 1997-06-12 Hydraulic clutch for vehicles
DE19724836.5 1997-06-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1204594A true CN1204594A (en) 1999-01-13
CN1095048C CN1095048C (en) 2002-11-27

Family

ID=7832264

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN98114762A Expired - Fee Related CN1095048C (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-12 Separating cylinder, guidance for separating cylinder adapter sealed passing hole of clutch housing

Country Status (3)

Country Link
CN (1) CN1095048C (en)
BR (1) BR9802369A (en)
DE (1) DE19724836A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009052516B4 (en) 2008-12-11 2019-03-28 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Connection for a clutch release device of a motor gear unit and mounting method therefor
EP2835548A1 (en) * 2013-08-08 2015-02-11 Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co. KG Coupling assembly, particularly for a friction clutch in a clutch disengaging system of a motor vehicle

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2815971A1 (en) * 1978-04-13 1979-10-18 Daimler Benz Ag Hydraulically operated motor vehicle clutch - has annular slave piston forming withdrawal sleeve guided on shaft guard tube
GB2121504B (en) * 1982-05-28 1985-09-18 Automotive Products Plc Hydraulic slave cylinder for clutch release
EP0119784A1 (en) * 1983-03-21 1984-09-26 Automotive Products Public Limited Company An actuator for a motor vehicle clutch control mechanism
US5018352A (en) * 1983-11-28 1991-05-28 Automotive Products Plc Modular prefilled hydraulic control apparatus
US4607670A (en) * 1983-11-28 1986-08-26 Automotive Products Plc Modular prefilled hydraulic control apparatus
US4687084A (en) * 1985-07-22 1987-08-18 Automotive Products Plc Clutch release apparatus for pull type clutches
DE4233167A1 (en) * 1992-10-02 1994-04-07 Teves Gmbh Alfred Closing plate with pedal unit and transmitter cylinder for vehicle clutch - has connector with pipe attachment on one side and hose attachment on other mounted on and projecting through closing plate.
FR2698931B1 (en) * 1992-12-09 1995-02-10 Valeo Clutch release device with hydraulic actuator, in particular for traction action on the coupling part of a clutch.
DE19522477A1 (en) * 1995-06-21 1997-01-02 Schaeffler Waelzlager Kg Disconnection device for hydraulically operated friction clutch of motor vehicle
DE29609288U1 (en) * 1996-05-24 1996-08-14 INA Wälzlager Schaeffler KG, 91074 Herzogenaurach Slave cylinder with a pressure port on which an elastic closure element is attached

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9802369A (en) 1999-10-19
DE19724836A1 (en) 1998-12-17
CN1095048C (en) 2002-11-27

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