CN1198881A - 无公害稻米及其栽培方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了无公害稻米及其栽培方法。是通过净化灌溉水,去除土壤中重金属污染,以无公害植保技术取代使用有毒农药等措施,使稻米中有毒无机元素的含量控制在:Pb≤0.2mg/kg、Cd≤0.1mg/kg、Hg≤0.02mg/kg、AS≤0.3mg/kg,有机有毒物含量≤0.001mg/kg,均低于目前日本、美国等西方国家控制的指标,并含有人体必需的生命元素锌、铜、硒等,有利于人体健康。
Description
本发明涉及无公害稻米及生产该稻米的水稻的栽培方法。
由于工业三废的排放及农药、化肥的使用使水稻稻米受到污染。自本世纪80年代以来“绿色食品”“环境标志”食品悄然兴起。但国内外目前还缺乏完整、科学的产品指标。欧洲共同体的“生物大米”质控指标仅限于不施用化学肥料与化学农药，重金属污染仅限于避开污染源，日本对大米中镉的含量定为不超过0.15mg/kg，然而至今未能实现。故如何解决重金属对大米的污染成为全球性的环保难题。中国绿色食品虽有产品指标，却是沿用国家环保局曾经对某些食品发表的零星的食物的卫生标准。
本发明的目的在于提供一种无公害稻米及其栽培方法，使稻米中无机有毒元素铅、镉、汞、砷降至最小，有机有毒元素降至极少，而提高其生命微量元素含量。
本发明的无公害稻米，其特征在于：糙米中有毒无机元素的含量分别为：铅≤0.2mg/kg，Cd≤0.1mg/kg，Hg≤0.02mg/kg，As≤0.3mg/kg；有机有毒物的含量≤0.001mg/kg；生命微量元素的含量分别为：Cu≤5mg/kg，Zn≤20mg/kg，Cr≤0.3mg/kg，Se≤0.1mg/kg。
生产无公害稻米水稻栽培方法包括以下措施：(一)净化灌溉水：
净化灌溉水的措施在平原区采取绿池技术，节污控土。即将灌溉水在pH≤6条件下通过一个由当地筛选出来的对金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As抗性最大的微生物制成的微生物膜进行净化。
在丘陵区则采用清污分流、控源保土措施。即控制有污染的水不进入灌溉区，或将其分流后进入污水广净化。(二)去除土壤中重金属污染：
在丘陵区由于灌溉水已清污分流，无大量有毒金属元素，只须利用天然腐植酸高分子与有毒重金属离子产生络合絮凝，使金属离子失去活性，不再参与水稻的生物代谢即可降低稻米中金属离子含量。主要强调使用有机肥、沼气肥。
在平原区由于灌溉水中携带有有毒重金属离子，除强调使用有机肥以外，采用金属硫蛋白重组质粒MT花粉管导入技术，形成转基因水稻，使重金属滞留于根部，阻挡其向上迁移进入稻谷糙米中，使糙米中有毒无机元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量明显降低。(三)以无公害植保技术取代使用有机农药。包括如下措施：
(1)筛选出82612苏云金杆菌制成的BT乳剂加入30％杀虫双，可杀灭螟虫，并破坏螟虫卵块。
(2)将抗稻瘟病，抗稻飞虱种源专一性的外源DNA片断基因从花粉管导入以形成新的抗源品种。
由于不使用剧毒农药，达到保护和开发捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌、微生物天敌的作用。捕食性天敌包括引次虫、螵虫、黑肩绿盲椿等；寄生性天敌包括寄生蜂、赤眼蜂等；微生物天敌包括丛生真菌、百浆菌等。
对于经土壤分析缺乏某些生命元素的稻田，可以针对性地补施微肥。如土壤缺硒，则加施硒肥；缺锌，加施锌肥等。
通过以上措施，解决了重金属污染稻米这一全球性环保难题。使糙米中有毒无机元素含量分别控制在Pb≤0.2mg/kg、Cd≤0.1mg/kg、Hg≤0.02mg/kg、As≤0.3mg/kg，有机有毒物含量≤0.001mg/kg，均低于目前日本、美国等西方国家控制的指标，并含有人体必需的生命元素锌、铜、硒等，有利于人体健康。
实施例：
湖南望城县黄金乡无公害水稻区采用以下方法：(一)净化灌溉水：(绿池技术)从当地筛选出对金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As抗性最大的微生物(真菌、细菌、放线菌)通过不断接种、扩增后制成一个直径20cm的微生物膜片，固定在支架上，将灌溉水在pH≤6条件下流经膜片吸附金属离子。待吸附饱和后，在碱性条件下解吸后再继续使用。(二)去除土壤中重金属污染：
(1)推广使用有机肥、沼气肥，少用化肥。使重金属离子与腐植酸高分子络合絮凝。
(2)用金属硫蛋白重组质粒MT从花粉管导入形成转基因水稻。(三)以无公害植保技术取代使用有机农药：
1、使用82612苏云金杆菌制成的BT乳剂加入30％杀虫双，杀灭螟虫。
2、将抗稻瘟病、稻飞虱种源专一性DNA从花粉管导入形成新的抗源品种。
此外，由于不用农药，达到了保护、开发捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌、微生物天敌作用。
由于该地区土壤中不缺乏微量元素，不需另外补加微肥。
采用以上措施生产的无公害大米分析数据如下：
| 年份 | Pb Cd Hg As | 六六六 甲胺磷 |
| 199019911992 | 0.1 ＜0.05 0.015 0.050.05 ＜0.07 0.02 0.050.05 ＜0.05 0.015 0.05 | 未检出 未检出未检出 未检出未检出 未检出 |
Claims (7)
1.无公害稻米，其特征在于糙米中有毒无机元素的含量分别为：铅≤0.2mg/kg，Cd≤0.1mg/kg，Hg≤0.02mg/kg，As≤0.3mg/kg；有机有毒物的含量≤0.001mg/kg；生命微量元素的含量分别为：Cu≤5mg/kg，Zn≤20mg/kg，Cr≤0.3mg/kg，Se≤0.1mg/kg。
2.生产无公害稻米水稻栽培方法，其特征在于包括以下措施：
(1)净化灌溉水；(2)去除土壤中重金属的污染；(3)以无公害植保技术取代使用有毒农药。
3.根据权利要求2所述的栽培方法，其特征在于净化灌溉水的措施在平原区采用绿池技术，即将灌溉水在pH≤6条件下通过一个由当地筛选出来的对金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As抗性最大的微生物制成的微生物膜进行净化。
4.根据权利要求2所述的栽培方法，其特征在于净化灌溉水的措施在丘陵区采用清污分流、控源保土措施，使有污染的水不进入灌溉区。
5.根据权利要求2所述栽培方法，其特征在于去除土壤中重金属的污染在平原区是采用金属硫蛋白重组质粒MT花粉管导入技术。
6.根据权利要求2所述方法，其特征在于去除土壤中重金属的污染在丘陵区利用有机肥中腐植酸高分子与有毒重金属离子产生络合絮凝。
7.根据权利要求2所述方法，其特征在于以无公害植保技术取代使用有机农药，包括(1)筛选出82612苏云金杆菌制成的BT乳剂加入30％杀虫双，杀灭螟虫；(2)将抗稻瘟病，抗稻飞虱种源专一性的外源DNA片断基因从花粉管导入以形成新的抗源品种。
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| CN97108069A CN1111346C (zh) | 1997-05-14 | 1997-05-14 | 无公害稻米的栽培方法 |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100551230C (zh) * | 2005-03-16 | 2009-10-21 | 上海市农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所 | 一种富钙稻米的栽培方法 |
| CN101292615B (zh) * | 2008-06-27 | 2011-06-15 | 濮阳市中原农村实用技术研究所 | 应用生物技术种植无公害富硒水稻的方法 |
| CN102356739A (zh) * | 2011-08-24 | 2012-02-22 | 长沙三元农业科技有限公司 | 降低水稻中砷、铅、镉、汞重金属污染的方法 |
| CN102584464A (zh) * | 2012-03-05 | 2012-07-18 | 叶长东 | 一种包含烷基糖苷、腐植酸和茶皂素的肥料 |
| CN103518575A (zh) * | 2013-10-15 | 2014-01-22 | 苏州市相城区盛胡特种养殖专业合作社 | 无公害水稻种植方法 |
| CN103749223A (zh) * | 2013-12-27 | 2014-04-30 | 李满旺 | 稻米镉超标的综合防治方法 |
| CN107318547A (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-07 | 刘浩河 | 无农药化肥黄豆大米种植加工方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1040278C (zh) * | 1992-04-25 | 1998-10-21 | 慈利县科学技术委员会 | 水稻控蘖增粒高产栽培方法 |
| CN1125503A (zh) * | 1994-12-31 | 1996-07-03 | 丁小汕 | 高产超级营养水稻 |
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1997
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100551230C (zh) * | 2005-03-16 | 2009-10-21 | 上海市农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所 | 一种富钙稻米的栽培方法 |
| CN101292615B (zh) * | 2008-06-27 | 2011-06-15 | 濮阳市中原农村实用技术研究所 | 应用生物技术种植无公害富硒水稻的方法 |
| CN102356739A (zh) * | 2011-08-24 | 2012-02-22 | 长沙三元农业科技有限公司 | 降低水稻中砷、铅、镉、汞重金属污染的方法 |
| CN102584464A (zh) * | 2012-03-05 | 2012-07-18 | 叶长东 | 一种包含烷基糖苷、腐植酸和茶皂素的肥料 |
| CN102584464B (zh) * | 2012-03-05 | 2014-01-15 | 叶长东 | 一种包含烷基糖苷、腐植酸和茶皂素的肥料 |
| CN103518575A (zh) * | 2013-10-15 | 2014-01-22 | 苏州市相城区盛胡特种养殖专业合作社 | 无公害水稻种植方法 |
| CN103749223A (zh) * | 2013-12-27 | 2014-04-30 | 李满旺 | 稻米镉超标的综合防治方法 |
| CN103749223B (zh) * | 2013-12-27 | 2016-11-23 | 李满旺 | 稻米镉超标的综合防治方法 |
| CN107318547A (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-07 | 刘浩河 | 无农药化肥黄豆大米种植加工方法 |
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