CN1192454C - 具有波导和天线的装置 - Google Patents

具有波导和天线的装置 Download PDF

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CN1192454C
CN1192454C CNB008104212A CN00810421A CN1192454C CN 1192454 C CN1192454 C CN 1192454C CN B008104212 A CNB008104212 A CN B008104212A CN 00810421 A CN00810421 A CN 00810421A CN 1192454 C CN1192454 C CN 1192454C
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antenna
waveguide
cross
sections match
match device
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CN1361928A (zh
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J·菲伦巴赫
J·莫策
D·舒尔泰斯
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Vega Grieshaber KG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles used in level-measurement devices, e.g. for level gauge measurement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
    • G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/082—Transitions between hollow waveguides of different shape, e.g. between a rectangular and a circular waveguide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/24—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave constituted by a dielectric or ferromagnetic rod or pipe
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/08—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for modifying the radiation pattern of a radiating horn in which it is located

Abstract

为进行填充位置测量，从与波导(H)相连的天线(A)向填料表面发射微波，并将微波反射回天线。由于在天线上形成有冷凝物滴(K)，所以天线(A)和波导(H)的尺寸定得较大，但由此引起微波信号的多模能力，让干扰回波导致测试信号产生讹误。为实现可用的测试信号，尽量在冷凝物滴的较小危害性和最佳电特性之间达成折衷。为同时最佳满足该两个相互矛盾的要求，波导被设计为单模式，相反所述的天线具有多模能力；在波导和天线之间装设一截面匹配器(T1，T2)，总共如此来确定该截面匹配器的尺寸，使得它只通过微波信号基波。在给定频率下，由波导和天线组成的整个装置可以不顾具有多模能力的天线而作用为单模式。

Description

具有波导和天线的装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有波导和天线的装置，其在波导和天线之间具有由电介质组成的截面匹配器。
背景技术
这种天线装置譬如由US-A-5,017,937公开过。利用该讲述的装置可以在较宽的频率范围上获得恒定的方向特性。在此，所述的天线装置由喇叭和鞭状天线组成。具体地讲，波导的截面在喇叭天线开始之前是不变的。
在HF技术中，为波导采用圆形或矩形的截面，以便传输HF信号，其中该波导按其截面而被称作圆形波导或矩形波导。波导的内部可以填充空气或固体的电介质。为了辐射到自由空间，在波导的端部布置了天线，譬如喇叭形天线。
在许多实施方式中，波导是如此地转变到天线的，使得电介质的截面逐渐地缩小，而波导的外径向外扩宽，由此形成一个由金属喇叭组成的装置，其内部包含一个由介电材料组成的圆锥，且该圆锥的尖端可以达到喇叭的入口。所述电介质在天线区域内缩小的那部分被称为截面匹配器-在英语中被称为尖锥体。因此，矩形截面的波导具有一个金字塔形的截面匹配器，而在圆形的波导中所述的截面匹配器被实施为圆锥形。
波导的传输特性取决于需传输的信号频率、波导的截面以及填充波导内腔的电介质的相对介电常数εr。在频率预定和电介质预定的情况下，如此来选择波导的外径或截面，使得针对需传输的HF信号频率能实现最佳的传输特性、发射特性和接收特性。
然而，在一端设有天线的波导不仅在信息技术中使用，而且还在测量技术中使用，譬如在容器中对固体粒状材料或液体的填充位置进行测量。测量填充位置所基于的原理在于由天线发出短微波脉冲。在组合的发射和接收系统中，对从填料反射回天线的脉冲进行测定。通过对该从填料反射回来的脉冲进行渡越时间测量来求出天线与填料之间的间距。容器内的微波辐射是通过譬如为喇叭形天线的、与波导相连的天线来实现的，因此在容器内无论如何也不能有温度敏感的部件。
这种用于测量填充位置的天线装置譬如在本申请人的DE 94 12 243U中讲述过。
同样，EP-A-0 616 385只展示了一种具有恒定外径的波导，在其上直接连接了喇叭天线。在EP-A-0 612 120中曾讲述过一种类似的装置。
US-A-4,940,990探讨过一种波导，其上直接连接了金字塔形的喇叭。
WO 83 01 711A展示过一种类似的天线装置。
需传输的HF信号的频率越高，以及填充波导的电介质的相对介电常数εr越大，则选择的波导外径就可以越小，以便实现最佳的传输特性。因此，对譬如24GHz的频率为最佳的、且利用特氟隆(注册的商标)电介质进行填充的圆形波导的外径仅约为6.5mm。若采用氧化铝陶瓷作为电介质，则仅为3mm的外径对24GHz的频率是最佳的。
在填充位置测试中，会在天线系统内再三出现冷凝物的问题。如果在天线区域、譬如在截面匹配器上形成冷凝物滴，则所述截面匹配器的一部分横截面会被覆盖掉。冷凝物滴把从填料表面反射到天线的HF信号的一部分反射回到所述填料的表面。同样，冷凝物滴上的发射信号被反射回到发射/接收机，并从那儿将一部分再次反射到天线上。冷凝物滴越大，以及其相对介电常数εr越大，则回到填料表面或回到设备内部(发射/接收机)的反射便越强烈。但是，所述的冷凝物滴在截面匹配器上所湿润的面积相对于其表面越大，则反射回到填料或发射/接收机表面的HF信号成分就越大。因此，在HF信号频率为24GHz的情况下，譬如外径为2mm的液滴就已经覆盖掉用陶瓷填充的波导的截面匹配器面积的约44％。因为由此所决定的强烈反射，测试信号的回波幅值将会大大降低，而被称为“振铃”的混合干扰回波将增加。
为了不顾所述截面匹配器上的冷凝物而使测试信号的回波幅值达到足够的值，采用了较大尺寸的波导。虽然因所述截面匹配器的较大表面而降低了相对于冷凝物滴的灵敏性，但此时的波导和天线再也不能在其传输特性、发射特性和接收特性方面与HF信号的频率作最佳的匹配。此时在较大尺寸的波导中，除了基模式之外，还可能会传播发射频率的较高模式，这些较高模式因其不同的信号渡越时间而会使测试信号产生讹误的回波。
由于相对于冷凝物滴具有较低灵敏性的要求不能与在HG信号频率方面具有最佳传输特性、发射特性和接收特性的要求统一起来，所以在实践中尽量是在对冷凝物滴的灵敏性和同频率的最佳匹配之间达成折衷。因此，如此来选择波导和与之相连的天线的尺寸，使得一方面由冷凝物滴和另一方面由波导的多模性所引起的测试信号的总讹误-取决于反射和回波-为最小。
图5示出了一种单模的波导H和天线A，在所述的天线喇叭内有一个截面匹配器T2，而在该截面匹配器上形成了两个冷凝物滴K。为了降低相对于冷凝物滴的灵敏性，将图5所示的装置加大了尺寸，如图6所示。但由此可能在波导内产生较高的模式。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于，构造一种由波导和与之相连的天线组成的装置，使得能同时最佳地满足相对于冷凝物滴的低灵敏性要求和最佳的电特性要求。
该任务由如下方式来解决，即所述的波导针对需传输的信号频率被设计为单模式，相反，所述的天线具有多模能力；在所述的波导和天线之间，所述截面匹配器的第一部分至少部分地延伸到所述的波导内，且所述的截面匹配器的第二部分在天线内不断地缩小，总共如此来确定该截面匹配器的尺寸，使得它不产生较高的模式，或只产生比基模式高出不多的模式。
换句话可以这样来表达，就是所述进行馈给的波导被实施为单模式，但为了减小水滴的危害，如此来确定所连接的天线系统的尺寸，使得它允许多模传播，而且，在波导和天线系统之间装设一个第一截面匹配器，其尺寸不会产生较高的模式，或只产生不大的高模式。
利用本发明的措施把天线设计成具有多模能力，可以大大降低相对于冷凝物滴的灵敏性。利用本发明的第二措施把波导设计成单模式，以及利用本发明的第三措施把天线经一个截面匹配器与所述的波导连接起来，以及利用本发明的第四措施如此地确定所述截面匹配器的尺寸，使得它只通过HF信号的基模式，这样，由波导、截面匹配器和天线组成的整个装置便可不顾天线的可能的多模性而作用为单模式。
如果本发明的装置被用来进行填充位置测量，则相对于冷凝物滴的灵敏性将会因较大的天线而被减小，而尽管天线具有多模能力，但再也不会出现使测试信号产生讹误的回波。
因此，本发明以有利的方式满足了在现有技术中不能相互统一的所述两个要求，即由冷凝物滴所带来的损害极小的要求和传输、发射及接收特性最佳化的要求。由于本发明在相对于冷凝物滴的灵敏性和最佳的电特性之间不再需要折衷，所以测试信号不会受到讹误回波的影响，而仅仅还受到冷凝物滴的干扰影响。
附图说明
附图中：
图1示出了本发明的第一实施例，
图2示出了本发明的第二实施例，
图3和4示出了本发明的第三实施例，
图5和6示出了现有技术的由波导和天线组成的装置。
具体实施方式
在图1中，根据本发明在用空气填充的波导H的一端装设了一个第一截面匹配器T1，它被构造为譬如金字塔形或圆锥形，且逐渐缩小地延伸到所述波导H的空腔内。在所述的截面匹配器T1上接有一个天线A，它譬如可以被实施为喇叭辐射器，而且在其喇叭之内设有一个譬如为金字塔形或圆锥形的第二截面匹配器T2，该第二截面匹配器T2的尖端指向辐射方向，而所述第一截面匹配器T1的尖端则以相反的方向指向波导H之内。如图1所示，所述的天线A被构造为喇叭辐射器，而且具有一个沿辐射方向扩开的第一段A1和一个与波导方向相同的、且具有恒定外径D的第二段A2。在所示的实施例中，外径D远远大于所述波导H的外径d。天线的第二段A2完全用介电材料Q填充，其中，在所述介电材料Q的前侧，所述的两个截面匹配器T1和T2总是有利地作无缝连接。优选地，所述的两个截面匹配器T1、T2同其中间的介电材料Q一起被构造成一个整体。
如同上文所述，如此来确定所述波导H的截面或外径d，使得其针对高频作用为单模式，因此它小于天线A在A2段内的截面或外径D，其中所述的天线A具有较大的表面，以便减小由冷凝物滴所带来的损害。可以装设圆形或矩形的波导来作为波导H。
图2所示的实施例的结构在很大程度上与图1的实施例相同，但不同之处在于，波导H的截面在过渡区内呈圆锥形或金字塔形地被扩宽到天线A的横截面上。如同第一实施例一样，该截面匹配器T1突出到波导H之内。
在图3的实施例中，天线A的喇叭内部设有一个截面匹配器T2，其上接有一个截面匹配器T1，该截面匹配器T1具有在指向波导H的方向上逐渐缩小的截面。但截面匹配器T1并没有缩小到尖顶，而是只缩小到与波导H的截面相一致的截面。所述的截面匹配器T1具有一个附件P，它可以象插在滑合座上一样插在所述用电介质填充的波导H上。所述的附件P具有恒定的外径。
在图4中示出了本发明的一个与图3相类似的实施例，但具有不同的尺寸。
在本发明的所有实施例中，所述的两个截面匹配器T1和T2可以用一整段的介电材料制成。本发明适用于喇叭形、抛物线形或鞭状的天线。可以采用圆形或矩形波导作为所述的波导。
本发明非常适合于测量填充位置的设备，但并不局限于这些应用领域。它们-由于一些原因总是-可以有利地在那些针对频率设有多模天线的地方随处使用，因为本发明可以实现单模波导的使用，并且能够不顾多模天线而借助截面匹配器来实现发射和接收信号在波导和天线内的单模传播。
参考符号清单
A          天线
H          波导
K          冷凝物滴
T1，T2     截面匹配器，尖锥体
P          附件
d          波导的外径
D          一段天线的外径
A1         第一段
A2         第二段

Claims (8)

1.具有波导(H)和天线(A)的装置，它还具有位于波导(H)和天线(A)之间的、由电介质组成的截面匹配器(T1，T2)，其特征在于：
所述的波导(H)针对需传输的信号频率被设计为单模式，相反，所述的天线(A)被设计成具有多模能力；所述的截面匹配器的第一部分(T1)至少部分地延伸到所述的波导(H)内，而且其外径从波导(H)的端部朝天线(A)方向增大，并且所述的截面匹配器的第二部分(T2)在天线(A)内不断地缩小，其中，总共如此来确定所述截面匹配器(T1，T2)的尺寸，使得它不产生较高的模式，或只产生比基模式高出不多的模式。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述的截面匹配器的第一部分(T1)逐渐缩小地进入波导(H)内。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述的截面匹配器的第一部分(T1)朝着波导(H)逐渐变尖，而且其尖端伸到所述波导(H)的空腔内。
4.如权利要求3所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述天线(A)的截面朝着波导(H)被缩小。
5.如权利要求2所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述的截面匹配器的第一部分(T1)以实心的形式由电介质构成，其一端合适地位于所述波导(H)的空腔内，而其另一端上装配有天线(A)；所述截面匹配器的第一部分(T1)的所述另一端的截面与共同接触面上的天线(A)的截面具有相同的大小。
6.如上述权利要求1～5之一所述的装置，
其特征在于：装设一种喇叭天线或抛物线形天线作为天线(A)。
7.如上述权利要求6所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述的波导(H)被实施为圆形波导或矩形波导。
8.如上述权利要求1～5之一所述的装置，
其特征在于：所述的波导(H)被实施为圆形波导或矩形波导。
CNB008104212A 1999-05-17 2000-05-17 具有波导和天线的装置 Expired - Lifetime CN1192454C (zh)

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DE50000408D1 (de) 2002-10-02
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HK1046991A1 (en) 2003-01-30
EP1058341A1 (de) 2000-12-06
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CN1361928A (zh) 2002-07-31
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