CN118162709A - 一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法 - Google Patents
一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
本发明为一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法。该方法包括如下步骤:将硬质合金作为阴极、阳极为钴板放入装有电镀Co溶液中进行电镀,得到表面带有Co镀层的硬质合金试样;然后将涂有钎料的硬质合金叠放在钢上真空钎焊炉中钎焊;电镀Co层不但起到了隔离作用,还有效地补充了硬质合金表层Co浓度,实现了对接头中间层塑性和脆性物相分布的合理调控。本发明具有方法简单、对基体材料损伤小、生产效率高和剪切强度高等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及硬质合金焊接技术领域,特别涉及一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法。
背景技术
硬质合金是以高熔点金属化合物(WC)为基体相,过渡族金属(Co)为粘结剂相,通过粉末冶金制备的金属陶瓷材料。由于其高强度、硬度、耐磨性、低热膨胀系数和一系列优异的性能,被称为“工业牙齿”。硬质合金可被加工成切削和冲击工具、高温高压模具以及耐磨耐腐蚀零件,广泛应用于航空航天、机械工程、石油工业、地质勘探等领域。然而,由于硬质合金的硬度和韧性难以平衡,导致其制备过程复杂,难以获得较大尺寸或复杂形状的零件,而且成本较高。因此,硬质合金和钢的钎焊可以充分发挥它们各自的优势,在工业应用领域中形成具有优异性能的工程器件。
在钎焊过程中,硬质合金中的粘结剂Co向钎料层溶解,这类似于硬质合金被钎料合金腐蚀。这导致部分钎料合金浸出到硬质合金基体中,形成一个显著的Co贫化区,并且该区成为整个接头的薄弱区。Co贫化区的形成主要是由于Co扩散到填充层中以形成反应层或溶解在其他相中。
为了抑制元素从基材过度扩散到填充层中,研究人员们通过设计多层复合钎料来调节钎料层的微观结构,以达到抑制元素从基体材料过度扩散到钎料层的目的。例如,Zhang等人(Materials Science&EngineeringA[J],862(2023)144435.)采用AgCuTi/Cu/AgCuTi夹层复合填料抑制了Kovar合金/AlN陶瓷接头中Ni元素向钎料层的过度扩散。但是钎料层中易在沿着不间断的Cu层产生裂纹和孔洞,这对接头的机械性能是有害的。Wang等人(Journal of Materials Research and Technology[J],23(2023)4757-4765)为了抑制镍基合金中Ni元素的过度扩散,采用AgCuTi/Cu泡沫层/AgCuTi复合填料在真空炉中钎焊镍合金和SiC陶瓷,Cu泡沫层的存在易在钎料层中形成大量的Cu-Ti金属间化合物,增加了接头应力,降低了接头结合强度。
我国目前仍未有合适的方法来解决WC-Co硬质合金钎焊接头中Co贫化区的问题。因此,设计多层复合钎料来改善硬质合金钎焊接头中Co贫化区和剪切强度具有重要的研究价值和意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于解决硬质合金在钎焊过程Co向钎料层溶解形成Co贫化区,从而导致接头易在硬质合金一层发生断裂,最终致使其与钢的钎焊接头剪切强度低等问题,提供一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法。该方法预先在硬质合金表面电镀Co层,起到补充硬质合金中Co的效果;然后通过将Co层与钎料冶金结合(即设计多层复合钎料)来实现接头微观结构的调节;由于电镀Co层的隔离作用,避免Co从硬质合金溶解到钎料层中;同时Co层还有效地补充了硬质合金表层Co浓度,实现了对接头中间层塑性和脆性物相分布的合理调控。本发明应用到硬质合金与钢的连接领域中具有方法简单、对基体材料损伤小、生产效率高和剪切强度高等优点。
为达到上述目的,本发明是按照以下技术方案实施的:
一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
步骤一、硬质合金和钢的预处理,首先抛光1~5min,去除表面氧化层并保证表面平整,然后将试样酒精超声波清洗15-30min,最后将试样丙酮超声波清洗15-30min;
步骤二、将步骤一得到的硬质合金试样放入装有电镀Co溶液中进行电镀,阳极和阴极分别由钴板和步骤一得到的硬质合金组成,得到表面带有Co镀层的硬质合金试样;
其中,电镀Co液的成分为20~30g/L硫酸钴,30~40g/L硼酸,1~4mg/L糖精,0.1~0.4g/L十二烷基硫酸钠;硬质合金的暴露面积与钴板的面积比为1:1~1.5;
所述的电镀温度为10℃~30℃,电流密度为1~3A/dm2,电镀时间为50~200s;
步骤三、将步骤一处理后的钢和步骤二处理后的硬质合金放在丝网印刷平台并在表面均涂敷上厚度均匀的钎料,然后将硬质合金叠放在钢上面得到待钎焊工件并置于真空钎焊炉中,对真空钎焊炉抽真空至5×10-4~5×10-3Pa时进行加热,将真空钎焊炉设定温度程序并加热;
其中,钎料为二元共晶AgCuTi、AgCuSnTi、三元共晶AgCuInTi钎料中的任一种;钎料层厚度为100~140μm。
所述步骤一中的钢板采用牌号45#钢、55#钢、60#钢、42CrMoV、40Cr和AISI 1045钢,硬质合金采用牌号为YG6、YG8、YG15、YG18和YG20硬质合金中的任一种。
所述步骤一中的硬质合金和钢的尺寸分别为2~20×2~20×2~10mm3、5~30×5~30×2~20mm3。
所述步骤三中的加热温度程序为以15~30℃/min的速率从20℃升温至200~300℃并保温5~15min,然后以5~15℃/min的速率升温至700~880℃并保温5~15min,加热完成后炉内温度以5~20℃/min的速率降温至300~450℃,最后随炉冷却。
本发明的实质性特点为:
本发明通过成分简单的电镀Co溶液,预先在硬质合金表面电镀Co层,利用电镀Co层的隔离作用,避免硬质合金中的Co元素溶解到钎料层中,还有效地补充了硬质合金表层Co浓度;这样,通过将Co层与钎料冶金结合(即设计多层复合钎料)来实现接头微观结构的调节,并且预镀Co层在钎焊过程中与钎料中的Ti元素发生原位反应,形成了绳状Ti-Co反应层分布于钎料层中,最终实现了对接头中间层塑性和脆性物相分布的合理调控。
本发明有益效果在于:
1.本发明预先在硬质合金表面电镀一层Co镀层,通过Co镀层与钎料发生冶金结合来实现钎焊接头中多层复合钎料的设计。硬质合金表面的预镀Co层,有效地补充了硬质合金表层Co浓度,最终接头中Co贫化区的面积为1.5μm左右,缩减了75%。
2.硬质合金表面的预镀Co层在钎焊过程中与钎料实现了有效的冶金结合,形成了绳状Ti-Co反应层分布于钎料层中,最终实现了对接头中间层物相分布的合理调控。钎料层的微观结构为银铜铟共晶塑性相包裹Ti-Co和Cu2InTi等金属间化合物脆性相,这在一定程度上缓解了接头应力,从而获得具有高达291MPa的平均剪切强度,提高了49%的硬质合金/钢钎焊接头。
3.本方法流程简单、成本低、高效、适用范围广,为整个钎焊领域中的钎料层设计方面提供了有效的实例,有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中YG18硬质合金电镀Co层的SEM图,其中,图1(a)为Co镀层表面形貌,图1(b)为Co镀层截面形貌;
图2为本发明实施例1中YG18硬质合金(预置Co层)/AgCuInTi钎料/40Cr钢钎焊接头的SEM图和Co元素面扫图;其中,图2(a)为钎焊接头微观形貌图,图2(b)为(a)中所标定区域的Co元素分布图;
图3为本发明实施例1中YG18硬质合金(预置Co层)/Ag-Cu-In-Ti钎料界面的TEM图;
图4为实施例1中剪切强度测试图,其中,图4(a)为本发明实例1中接头剪切强度测试示意图,图4(b)为接头的电镀时间和剪切强度关系图。
具体实施方式
下面给出本发明的具体实施例。具体实施例仅用于进一步详细说明本发明,不限制本申请权利要求的保护范围。
实施例1
一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤一、硬质合金和钢的预处理,首先用2000#金刚石盘抛光2min,去除表面氧化层并保证表面平整,然后将试样酒精超声波清洗15min,最后将试样丙酮超声波清洗15min;
其中钢板采用牌号40Cr钢,尺寸为10×10×5mm3。硬质合金采用牌号为YG18硬质合金(钨钴合金,钨:82%,钴:18%),尺寸为8×8×3mm3。
步骤二、将步骤一得到的硬质合金试样放入装有电镀Co溶液中进行电镀,阳极和阴极分别由钴板和步骤一得到的硬质合金组成。其中硬质合金用环氧树脂封装并保证硬质合金的暴露面积与钴板的面积比为1:1.5;
其中电镀钴液的成分为24g/L硫酸钴,35g/L硼酸,1.5mg/L糖精,0.2g/L十二烷基硫酸钠。
步骤三、步骤二中的电镀温度为20℃,电流密度为2A/dm2,电镀时间为120s,从而得到表面带有Co镀层的硬质合金试样;
步骤四、将步骤一处理后的钢和步骤三处理后的硬质合金的表面在丝网印刷平台上均涂敷上60μm厚度的三元共晶AgCuInTi钎料膏,然后将硬质合金叠放在钢上面得到待钎焊工件并置于真空钎焊炉中,对真空钎焊炉抽真空至5×10-3Pa时进行加热,将真空钎焊炉设定温度程序并加热;
其中加热温度程序为以20℃/min的速率从20℃升温至250℃并保温10min,然后以10℃/min的速率升温至780℃并保温10min,加热完成后炉内温度以15℃/min的速率降温至400℃,最后随炉冷却。
1.样品检测
通过聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜观察YG18表面Co镀层形貌(如图1所示)和接头的微观组织和Co元素分布(如图2所示),镀层致密厚度约为2.02μm,整个接头组织致密结合良好,钎料层中存在3μm厚度左右的绳状Ti-Co层并被银铜铟三元共晶包裹,Co贫化区仅为1.5μm;通过透射电子显微镜观察观察YG18/钎料界面微观组织(如图3所示),界面处的WC被富Co层包裹并发生原位反应形成连续碳化钛反应层,保证了接头界面处的良好结合。
采用剪切强度来表征YG18和40Cr钢的连接质量,将钎焊试件安装到设计好的剪切模具中,剪切示意图如图4(a)所示。使用AGS-XD50kN万能试验机以0.5mm/min的速度进行剪切试验,根据GB/T 11363-2008对接头的剪切强度进行计算,最终得出YG18硬质合金/AgCuInTi钎料/40Cr钢钎焊接头的预镀Co时间与接头剪切强度的关系(如图4(b)所示),当硬质合金表面未预置Co镀层时,接头的平均剪切强度为195MPa,硬质合金表面电镀Co120s后,接头的平均剪切强度可达291MPa。
实施例2
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将电镀Co的时间改为150s;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为1.3μm,平均剪切强度293MPa。
实施例3
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将钎料换为二元共晶AgCuTi钎料;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为1.5μm,平均剪切强度263MPa。
实施例4
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将钎料换为AgCuSnTi;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良,Co贫化区为1.8μm,平均剪切强度271MPa。
实施例5
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将钢板换成45#钢,将硬质合金换成YG20;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为1.2μm,平均剪切强度295MPa。
实施例6
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将钢板换成42CrMoV钢,将硬质合金换成YG8;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为2.2μm,平均剪切强度285MPa。
对比例1
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为去掉步骤一、步骤二和步骤三,即硬质合金表面不电镀钴;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为6μm,平均剪切强度195MPa。
对比例2
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为将钎料换为二元共晶AgCuTi钎料并去掉步骤一、步骤二和步骤三,即硬质合金表面不电镀钴;
得到的钎焊接头组织致密良好,Co贫化区为5.5μm,平均剪切强度193MPa。
这是由于Co贫化区明显大于5μm,该区域为硬度差异较大的WC颗粒和Ag基固溶体和Cu基固溶体组成,应力较大,因此接头在剪切过程中易于从该区域发生裂纹扩展而导致接头过早失效。
本发明的技术方案不限于上述具体实施例的限制,凡是根据本发明的技术方案做出的技术变形,均落入本发明的保护范围之内。
本发明未尽事宜为公知技术。
Claims (4)
1.一种表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,其特征为该方法包括如下步骤:
步骤一、硬质合金和钢的预处理,首先抛光1~5min,去除表面氧化层并保证表面平整,然后将试样酒精超声波清洗15-30min,最后将试样丙酮超声波清洗15-30min;
步骤二、将步骤一得到的硬质合金试样放入装有电镀Co溶液中进行电镀,阳极和阴极分别由钴板和步骤一得到的硬质合金组成,得到表面带有Co镀层的硬质合金;
其中,电镀Co液的成分为20~30g/L硫酸钴,30~40g/L硼酸,1~4mg/L糖精,0.1~0.4g/L十二烷基硫酸钠;硬质合金的暴露面积与钴板的面积比为1:1~1.5;
所述的电镀温度为10℃~30℃,电流密度为1~3A/dm2,电镀时间为50~200s;
步骤三、将步骤一处理后的钢和步骤二处理后的硬质合金放在丝网印刷平台并在表面均涂敷上钎料,然后将硬质合金叠放在钢上面得到待钎焊工件并置于真空钎焊炉中,对真空钎焊炉抽真空至5×10-4~5×10-3Pa时进行加热,将真空钎焊炉程序升温加热,得到中间层带有Co镀层的钎焊接头;
其中,钎料为AgCuTi、AgCuSnTi、AgCuInTi钎料中的任一种;钎料层厚度为100~140μm。
2.如权利要求1所述的表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,其特征为所述步骤一中的钢板采用牌号45#钢、55#钢、60#钢、42CrMoV、40Cr和AISI 1045钢,硬质合金采用牌号为YG6、YG8、YG15、YG18和YG20硬质合金中的任一种。
3.如权利要求1所述的表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,其特征为所述步骤一中的硬质合金和钢的尺寸分别为2~20×2~20×2~10mm3、5~30×5~30×2~20mm3。
4.如权利要求1所述的表面电镀Co调节硬质合金钎焊接头Co贫化区的方法,其特征为所述步骤三中的程序升温加热为以15~30℃/min的速率从20℃升温至200~300℃并保温5~15min,然后以5~15℃/min的速率升温至700~880℃并保温5~15min,加热完成后炉内温度以5~20℃/min的速率降温至300~450℃,最后随炉冷却。
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