CN117964629A - 将膝沟藻毒素制备性规模转化为新石房蛤毒素 - Google Patents
将膝沟藻毒素制备性规模转化为新石房蛤毒素 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117964629A CN117964629A CN202410100344.3A CN202410100344A CN117964629A CN 117964629 A CN117964629 A CN 117964629A CN 202410100344 A CN202410100344 A CN 202410100344A CN 117964629 A CN117964629 A CN 117964629A
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Abstract
本申请描述了以足以使该化合物被用作活性药物成分(API)的一定量纯度制备新石房蛤毒素的方法。该方法包括在pH 7.4‑7.6的溶液中使用二硫醇(诸如DTT或DTBA)对膝沟藻毒素1(GTX1)和膝沟藻毒素4(GTX4)的未溶解混合物进行还原脱磺化。使用基于二氧化硅的弱阳离子交换吸附剂纯化反应产物,以使新石房蛤毒素与二硫醇分离。
Description
本申请是申请日为2019年9月23日、申请号为“201980055613.6”、发明名称为“将膝沟藻毒素制备性规模转化为新石房蛤毒素”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及将膝沟藻毒素1(GTX1)和膝沟藻毒素4(GTX4)的混合物以制备性规模转化为新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)以及纯化neoSTX以用作活性药物成分(API)。
背景技术
正如Garcia-Altares(2017)的出版物所述,海洋微藻毒素构成了最多样化和最复杂的天然产物组之一。实例是麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)(诸如石房蛤毒素(STX))、其类似物和衍生物。膝沟藻毒素(GTX)是STX的硫酸化类似物,并且海洋细菌可以通过还原消除将GTX转化为STX。在海洋环境中,STX的主要生产者是真核鞭毛藻类。
STX是一种单萜吲哚生物碱,其含有三环3,4-丙炔基全氢化嘌呤(3,4-propinoperhydropurine)系统,该系统带有在还原嘌呤的C2和C8位置由NH2基团形成的2个胍基部分:
STX不仅阻止电压门控钠通道(VGSC),而且也与钙和钾通道结合。取代基的性质极大地影响了石房蛤毒素类似物的整体毒性。N1的羟基化(例如如新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)一样)在结合亲和力中不发挥主要作用,但似乎增加了效力。
现有技术中充斥着PST的美容和治疗应用的公开内容,包括其作为局部麻醉剂和止痛剂的用途。Mezher(2018)的出版物公开了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)计划制定指导文件,以鼓励开发缓释局部麻醉剂,其可在某些情况下取代全身性口服阿片类药物的需求。美国FDA的期望是开发新的非阿片类药物来治疗慢性疼痛,这可以为需要长期使用止痛药的患者提供更安全的选择。Kohane等人(2000)、Rogriguez-Navarro等人(2011)、Templin等人(2015)和Wylie等人(2012)的出版物公开了在这些应用中使用neoSTX。对这些应用的开发和广泛采用的限制在于提供足够数量和足够纯度的PST使其在商业上可用于制造药物制剂的可行性。
以下出版物公开膝沟藻毒素1(GTX1)、膝沟藻毒素4(GTX4)或新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)的制备。制剂通常为分析规模,或者没有提供将该制剂用作活性药物成分(API)所需的数量和纯度。
Hall等人(1984)的出版物公开了通过X射线晶体学证实三个取代基的位置和同一性,所述三个取代基与母体化合物一起形成在protogonyaulax中发现的十二种毒素系列。
Daigo等人(1985年)的出版物公开了从螃蟹标本中提取和分离新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)。分离的neoSTX所获得的剂量-死亡时间曲线与石房蛤毒素(STX)的曲线明显不同。
Laycock等人(1994)的出版物公开了用于纯化一些足以用作分析标准品的常见麻痹性贝类中毒(PSP)毒素的方法。PSP毒素纯化自鞭毛藻Alexandrium excavatum、巨型海扇贝(Plagopecten magellanicus)肝胰腺和蓝藻水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)。
Ravn等人(1995)的出版物公开了据认为是从塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandriumtamarense)的克隆中提取麻痹性贝类毒素的最佳条件。用浓度为0.01-1.0N的乙酸和盐酸提取麻痹性贝类毒素。观察到0.03-1.0N的盐酸浓度导致C1和C2毒素的量急剧下降,而膝沟藻毒素2(GTX2)和3(GTX3)的量随之增加。
Tsai等人(1997)的出版物公开了通过河豚毒素生物测定法对螃蟹标本进行麻痹毒性检测。毒素的部分纯化和鉴定表明,主要毒素是河豚毒素,其中含有少量的膝沟藻毒素(GTX)和新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)。
Siu等人(1997)的出版物公开了环境和营养因素对链状亚历山大藻(Alexandriumcatenella)种群动态和毒素产量的影响的研究。公开了该鞭毛藻物种的最佳生长条件以及在这些条件下生长的物种的毒素谱。发现通过HPLC检测到的毒素谱包括降序排列的GTX4、GTX3、GTX1、B2、新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)和石房蛤毒素(STX)。
Sato等人(2000)的出版物公开了将GTX1和GTX4的O-硫酸基转化为亚甲基以形成新石房蛤毒素。使用硫醇(诸如谷胱甘肽)实现转化,并分离了转化的中间体。
Parker等人(2002)的出版物公开了对有毒的鞭毛藻,微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)在三种不同的高生物量培养系统中自养生长的研究,以评估其生长、产率和毒素产生。该生物体在曝气和非曝气的2升锥形烧瓶、0.5升玻璃充气管和4升实验室规模的牙槽板光生物反应器中生长。观察到响应曝气的生物量和产率显著增加。据报道,每周收获的最大细胞浓度为3.3x 105个细胞/mL,平均产率为0.4x 104个细胞/mL/天,且毒素产量约为20μg/L/天。
Baker等人(2003)的出版物公开了从很容易被误认为是膝沟藻毒素4(GTX4)的产生毒素的化合物中分离的细菌菌株的生产。
Miao等人(2004)的出版物公开了从微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutumHalim)的两个菌株中分离膝沟藻毒素(GTX1、GTX2、GTX3和GTX4)。据称被称为Amtk4的微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum Halim)菌株适合于制备膝沟藻毒素。
Jiang和Jiang(2008)的出版物公开了从华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)的性腺提取麻痹性贝类毒素的最佳条件的建立。萃取使用浓度为0.04-1.0mol/L的乙酸和盐酸。结果表明,使用浓度为0.25-1.0mol/L的盐酸会导致毒素C1、C2和GTX5显著减少,并伴随毒素GTX2,3的增加。萃取中使用乙酸时,三种不稳定毒素的量未显示任何变化。
Liu等人(2010)的出版物公开了在实验室中培养产生毒素的链状亚历山大藻。培养八天之内获得的最大细胞密度为0.4x 104个细胞/mL。高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析的粗提物显示主要毒性成分为C1/2、GTX4、GTX5和neoSTX,其浓度分别约为0.04550、0.2526、0.3392、0.8275和0.1266μmol/L。
Foss等人(2012)的出版物公开了从丝状蓝藻Lyngbya wollei提取麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)的方法的比较。在缺乏由该蓝细菌产生的独特毒素的可商购标准品的情况下,不可能对提取的毒素进行定量。
Li等人(2013)的出版物公开了一种快速筛选和鉴定赤潮藻中的麻痹性贝类中毒(PSP)毒素的方法。该方法利用结合准确的质量数据库的亲水相互作用色谱-高分辨率质谱法(HILIC-HR-MS)。十种常见PSP化合物的检出极限(LOD)为10-80nmol/L。据称,开发的方法是快速筛选和定性鉴定有害藻类中常见PSP毒素的有用工具。
Bernardi Bif等人(2013)的出版物公开了海胆对含有石房蛤毒素的有毒细胞提取物的敏感性。
Poyer等人(2015)的出版物公开了开发一种分析方法以表征和区分石房蛤毒素类似物,包括硫酸化的(膝沟藻毒素)和未硫酸化的类似物。使用亲水相互作用液相色谱法(HILIC)分离硫酸化的类似物。离子迁移质谱(IM-MS)用作基于离子气相确认的新分离维度,以区分石房蛤毒素类似物。正和负离子化模式用于膝沟藻毒素。正离子化模式用于非硫酸化类似物。三种互补技术的耦合(HILIC-IM-MS)允许分离和鉴定石房蛤毒素类似物,在HILIC维度实现了异构体的区分,而在IM-MS维度实现了未硫酸化类似物的分离。
Rubio等人(2015)的出版物公开了一种使用基于离子对的液相色谱方法纯化石房蛤毒素的方法。使用盐酸提取石房蛤毒素,并在用三氯乙酸和己烷/乙醚(97/3)处理后,用硫酸铵处理。通过半制备性HPLC分析样品,以收集石房蛤毒素的纯级分,并将这些级分在固相阳离子交换STX萃取柱中洗脱。据报道,纯化的石房蛤毒素是稳定且均质的,并且通过LC-MS-MS证实了其身份。据报道,纯化的石房蛤毒素中不存在脱氨基甲酰基石房蛤毒素的类似物,诸如新石房蛤毒素。
Chen等人(2016)的出版物公开了反相液相色谱(RPLC)和亲水相互作用色谱(HILIC)结合高分辨率质谱(HR-MS)的串联耦合以同时筛选和鉴定有害赤潮(HAB)的藻类中已知的亲脂性和亲水性毒素。通过使用超声辅助提取(UAE)同时提取亲脂性和亲水性毒素。该出版物证明,HPLC/HILIC-HR-MS与已知海藻毒素的准确质量列表相结合可以用作筛选海洋有害藻类中不同类别已知毒素的有力工具。
Cho等人(2016)的出版物公开了使用亲水相互作用色谱仪(HILIC)结合质谱通过色谱柱切换和两步梯度洗脱法,分析了产毒素的鞭毛藻的粗提取物。该出版物指出,所获得的数据支持以下假设:在鞭毛藻和蓝藻中,石房蛤毒素生物合成和分流途径的早期阶段是相同的。
Beach等人(2018)的出版物公开了使用毛细管电泳(CE)-串联质谱(MS/MS)方法对海鲜中的麻痹性贝类毒素、河豚毒素和海藻酸进行灵敏的多类分析。包含5M甲酸的新型高酸性背景电解质用于最大化分析物的质子化,并且据称通常可用于同时分析具有不同pKa值的其他种类的极性小分子。
Kellmann and Neilan(2007)的出版物公开了重组大肠杆菌菌株中新石房蛤毒素及其类似物的发酵生产。
Lagos Gonzáles(2010、2015a、2015b和2016)的出版物公开了从连续培养产生的蓝藻中纯化藻毒素的方法。藻毒素主要分离自细菌,但是也可以分离自培养基。在所公开的方法的一个实施方案中,仅产生新石房蛤毒素(neoSTX)和石房蛤毒素(STX)。在所公开的方法的另一个实施方案中,仅产生膝沟藻毒素2(GTX2)和膝沟藻毒素3(GTX3)。
Wang等人(2010年)的出版物公开了麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)标准溶液的制备。该标准溶液的制备方法是:从贝类材料中去除杂质,收集贝类的肉,添加蒸馏水和0.1-0.3mol/L盐酸溶液,将pH值调节至1.5-5.0,然后均质化以获得匀浆,在-20℃下预冷30分钟-24小时,然后冻干以获得核心样品,研磨并过筛,在-20℃下预冷却10分钟-6小时,并冻干以获得标准样品。据称该制备方法具有原料成本低、制备工艺简单的优点。
Xiong和Qiu(2009)的出版物公开了双胍基嘌呤衍生物及其盐和酯用于改进抗肿瘤药的治疗效果和减少副作用的应用。双胍嘌呤衍生物是石房蛤毒素类似物。
本发明的目的是提供制备足够量和足够纯度的新石房蛤毒素的方法,以使其能够用于制备药物制剂。该目的应被解读为替代至少提供有用的选择的目的。
发明内容
在第一方面,本发明提供制备一定量的neoSTX的方法,包括以下步骤:
1.使一定量的纯化GTX1,4和一定量的二硫醇在反应溶剂的溶液中接触一段时间并处于足以提供反应产物的温度下,其中将超过97.5%(w/w)的GTX1,4转化为neoSTX;和然后
2.将所述反应产物施加到基于二氧化硅的弱阳离子交换吸附剂上并用弱有机酸水溶液洗脱,以将所述neoSTX与所述二硫醇分离并提供所述量的neoSTX,
其中所述溶液的pH为7.4-7.6。
优选地,所述反应溶剂是缓冲乙酸水溶液。
优选地,所述二硫醇选自下组:二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和二硫丁胺(DTBA)。更优选地,所述二硫醇是二硫苏糖醇(DTT)。
优选地,neoSTX的量大于100mg,纯度大于99.5%(w/w)。
优选地,该量的GTX1,4的纯度为至少97.5%(w/w)。更优选地,该量的GTX1,4的纯度为至少98.75%(w/w)。更优选地,该量的GTX1,4的纯度为至少99%(w/w)。
优选地,制备一定量的neoSTX的方法是近定量方法。
本发明的方法提供了以一定量和之前无法获得的纯度分批制备neoSTX(参见Lagos Gonzáles(2010,2015a,2015b和2016))。
在本说明书的说明书和权利要求书中,下列缩写、首字母缩写词、短语和术语具有所提供的含义:“分批制备”是指不连续制备;“生物合成”是指在活生物体或细胞内制备;“CAS RN”是指化学文摘社(CAS,Columbus,Ohio)注册号;“包含”是指“包括”、“含有”或“其特征在于”,并且不排除任何其他要素、成分或步骤;“由……组成”是指排除未指定的任何要素、成分或步骤,杂质和其他附带物除外;“基本上由……组成”是指排除任何构成实质限制的要素、成分或步骤;“GTX”是指膝沟藻毒素;“GTX1”是指膝沟藻毒素1[CAS RN 60748-39-2];“GTX4”是指膝沟藻毒素4[CAS RN 64296-26-0];“GTX1,4”是指包含膝沟藻毒素1和膝沟藻毒素4的未溶解的混合物(作为固体或在溶液中);“GTX2,3”是指包含膝沟藻毒素2和膝沟藻毒素3的未溶解的混合物(作为固体或在溶液中);“近定量”是指将大于97.5%(w/w)的底物(例如GTX1,4)转化为产物,例如neoSTX;“NeoSTX”是指(3aS,4R,10aS)-2-氨基-4-[[(氨基羰基)氧基]甲基]-3a,4,5,6,8,9-六氢-5-羟基-6-亚氨基-1H,10H-吡咯并[1,2-c]嘌呤-10,10-二醇[CAS RN 64296-20-4];“制备性规模”是指以大于100mg的批次制备;“半合成”是指通过化学转化至少部分纯化的生物合成前体而制备。任何定义的术语的同义词都具有相应的含义。
参照发明内容和权利要求书中限定的事项的要素、特征或整数,或者参照本发明的替代实施方案,术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等并非意在暗示优先顺序。指定试剂的浓度或比例时,指定的浓度或比例为试剂的初始浓度或比例。如果值以一个或多个小数位表示,则采用标准舍入法。例如,1.7涵盖1.650循环-1.749循环的范围。分离的neoSTX的纯度根据方法3[F.分析]确定。
现在将参考以下实施例和随附附图页面的图来描述本发明。
附图简要说明
图1.膝沟藻毒素(GTX 1(◆)和GTX 4(■))浓度与时间的图。
具体实施方式
Laycock等人(1994)的出版物公开了从扇贝(Placopecten magallanicus)的肝胰腺提取和纯化GTX1和GTX4:
使用Polytron组织匀浆器(型号PT10/35,Brinkman Instruments Canada Ltd,Rexdale,ON)在1L的0.1M HCl中匀浆组织(1kg)。将浆液加热至80℃30分钟,然后冷却并离心(5,000g,20分钟)以去除沉淀的蛋白质。将上清液流体用二氯甲烷萃取两次(每次500ml)。通过旋转蒸发将水层浓缩至200ml,然后倒入活性炭(Norite,A,500g,BDH Ltd.)和硅藻土(500g,Johns-Manville)混合物的柱(10cm ID x 15cm)上。用20%乙醇和1%乙酸的溶液洗涤该柱。收集几个一升级分,并通过HPLC-FD监测毒素浓度。通过旋转蒸发浓缩含毒素的级分并冻干。
该出版物进一步公开了对于任何膝沟藻毒素,Bio-Rex-70的分离并不完全。但是,通过反复去除GTX2并重新平衡混合物,逐渐降低了污染GTX1和GTX4级分的GTX2和GTX3的比例。
Laycock等人(1995)的出版物公开了在pH 8.5的水溶液中浓度为100mM的二硫苏糖醇迅速将GTX1,4转化为NeoSTX和少量(少于10%)的新石房蛤毒素(通过毛细管电泳测定)。相比之下,现已确定,当使用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)作为还原剂时,当以制备性(而不是分析性)规模进行转化时,最佳pH值较低且范围为7.2-7.8,更优选7.4-7.6。
在溶液中,GTX1和GTX4被认为是一对差向异构体,其中GTX1在热力学上最受青睐。差向异构被认为在大多数条件下经由在C-12处的酮-烯醇平衡发生。在根据方案I的假定的两步反应机理的第一步中,二硫醇(R-SH)的硫醇基团攻击酮型(I)的亲电子C-12以形成硫代半缩酮(II)。当离去基团(O-硫酸盐)相对于硫原子定向时(如在反应性差向异构体GTX1中),经由表硫鎓离子中间体(III)转化为硫醚(IV)。在提出的反应机理的第二步中,二硫醇的硫醇基与硫醚(IV)的硫反应形成二硫键,从而生成易于水合为neoSTX(V)的烯醇化物。
在以下实施例中描述的用于将GTX1,4转化为neoSTX的最佳pH已经确定为约7.5,并且不希望受到理论的束缚,据信该pH确保(i)膝沟藻毒素差向异构体之间最佳的差向异构速率,以及(ii)C-12处的亲电性以及用作还原剂的二硫醇的去质子化的最佳程度。与使用一硫醇(诸如谷胱甘肽(GSH)和巯基乙醇(ME))相比,优选使用二硫醇(诸如二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和二硫丁胺(DTBA))(参见Sakamoto et al(2000)和Sato et al(2000))。使用二硫醇时可获得较高的转化率,使其更适合用于制备性规模的neoSTX生产。
已经发现,通过使用阳离子交换色谱,可以最方便地从含有neoSTX的转化产物中去除过量的二硫醇、磷酸钠缓冲液和未反应的GTX1,4。基于二氧化硅的弱阳离子交换吸附剂SepraTMWCX被确定为合适的吸附剂,因为已确定其不保留DTT。基于聚合的弱阳离子交换吸附剂Strata-XTMCW(Phenomenex)的试验确定该吸附剂不适合以制备性规模从转化产物中纯化neoSTX。当使用这种吸附剂时,过量的二硫醇通过离子交换和反相机理被保留。尽管一部分过量的DTT被有机溶剂(诸如乙腈/水)洗脱,但是另一部分被1M乙酸洗脱,这阻碍了使用该吸附剂的neoSTX的纯化。
A.分析
将GTX1,4或neoSTX样品在10mM乙酸中稀释至200μg/mL的浓度。然后,将稀释的样品在8%乙腈/0.25%乙酸中进一步稀释100倍,以提供浓度为20mg/mL的产物溶液用于定量分析。还可以在相同溶剂中制备含有许多参考麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)的混合标准品。通过保持在40℃的自动进样器将2μL稀释产物的溶液(20ng/mL)注入到1.7μmWaters AcquityUPLC BEH酰胺柱(2.1x 100mm)上,以0.6mL/min的流速洗脱,同时保持在60℃的温度下。进样后,将柱用80%流动相B/20%流动相C逐步洗脱6分钟,然后再用55%流动相B/45%流动相C洗脱0.50分钟,然后恢复为80%流动相B/20%流动相C。通过质谱监测以ESI-和ESI+电离模式监测洗脱液。
B.转化
将183mg(作为游离碱)的量的GTX1,4溶于总体积为5mL的稀乙酸中,并在100mL圆底烧瓶中与pH值为7.5的体积为45mL的0.2M磷酸盐缓冲液混合。将混合物置于冰上,并在搅拌的同时添加固体碳酸钠将pH从6.8调节至7.5。将1.5g二硫苏糖醇(DTT)的量添加至pH调节的混合物中,并且通过将含有反应混合物的圆底烧瓶置于超声浴中来促进其溶解,然后转移至保持在50℃的温度的水浴中。从反应混合物中取出体积为10μL的等分试样,转移到水浴中(T=0),然后定期(每15分钟)转移。从反应混合物中移出后,立即通过添加490μL80%乙腈、0.25%乙酸来稀释等分试样50倍,并按照(A.分析)所述进行LC-MS分析,以近实时监测反应进程(图1)。在50℃下孵育45分钟后,通过将圆底烧瓶转移至冰浆中来冷却反应混合物。在这些条件下,观察到GTX1,4近定量转化为neoSTX,收率接近100%。
C.分离
将该转化产物加载到装在空闪蒸滤芯(Grace)中的39g SepraTM的量的WCX上,并先以体积为250mL的50%(w/w)乙腈、然后再以体积为250mL的去离子水进行预处理。用去离子水洗涤将转化产物加载到装好的滤芯中,并收集流出物(约200mL)。通过添加最少量的去离子水,实现了在4℃下储存转化产物过程中形成的所有晶体的溶解。然后,以50mL/min的速度用1.5L的总体积洗脱加载的填充滤芯,然后在20分钟内以连续梯度洗脱至1M乙酸,并顺次收集体积为10mL洗脱液作为级分,同时监控205nm和254nm的紫外线吸收。
在80%的乙腈、0.25%的乙酸中将证明在205nm处的紫外线吸收的体积为5μL的级分稀释100,000倍,并通过LC-MS分析。将确认包含neoSTX的级分合并,在-70℃下冷冻并冻干。将干燥的neoSTX溶解为10mM的小体积,并转移到预先称重的10mL玻璃小瓶中,并分析10μL的体积。表1提供了根据上述方法制备的一批(CNC00063)neoSTX的纯度和数量。
成分 | 量(mg) | %(w/w) |
neoSTX | 118 | 99.58 |
L-精氨酸 | 0.444 | 0.37 |
STX | 0.0546 | 0.05 |
DTT | <0.005 | <0.004 |
总计 | 119 | 100 |
表1.根据所述的半合成方法制备的一批(CNC00063)neoSTX的规格。
尽管已经参考实施方案或实施例描述了本发明,但是应当理解,可以在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下对这些实施方案或实施例进行变化和修改。在特定要素、特征或整数存在已知等同物的情况下,将这些等同物并入,就如同在本说明书中特别提及一样。除非特别声明,对包括在参考出版物中公开的和从参考出版物中选择的要素、特征或整数的实施方案或实施例的变型和修改都在本发明的范围内。在本发明的这些不同实施方案中,可以替代地或组合地提供由本发明提供并在说明书中讨论的优点。
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Claims (4)
1.一批数量的新石房蛤毒素,其纯度大于99.5%(w/w),其中所述数量大于100mg。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一批数量,其包含小于0.004%的二硫苏糖醇。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一批数量,其包含0.05%(w/w)或更少的石房蛤毒素。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的一批数量,其中所述数量是冻干的。
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PCT/IB2018/057274 WO2020058750A1 (en) | 2018-09-21 | 2018-09-21 | A semisynthetic method of preparing neosaxitoxin |
IBPCT/IB2018/057274 | 2018-09-21 | ||
CN201980055613.6A CN113166164B (zh) | 2018-09-21 | 2019-09-23 | 将膝沟藻毒素制备性规模转化为新石房蛤毒素 |
PCT/IB2019/058019 WO2020058949A1 (en) | 2018-09-21 | 2019-09-23 | Preparative scale conversion of gonyautoxins to neosaxitoxin |
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