CN117885243A - 一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法 - Google Patents

一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法 Download PDF

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CN117885243A
CN117885243A CN202410061049.1A CN202410061049A CN117885243A CN 117885243 A CN117885243 A CN 117885243A CN 202410061049 A CN202410061049 A CN 202410061049A CN 117885243 A CN117885243 A CN 117885243A
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carbon fiber
yarn
tow carbon
tow
wrapping
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傅雅琴
张鹏
蒋宇豪
董余兵
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Zhejiang Sci Tech University ZSTU
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02GCRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/02Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
    • D02G3/04Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B15/00Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
    • B29B15/08Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of reinforcements or fillers
    • B29B15/10Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
    • B29B15/12Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length
    • B29B15/122Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length with a matrix in liquid form, e.g. as melt, solution or latex
    • B29B15/125Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length with a matrix in liquid form, e.g. as melt, solution or latex by dipping
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B15/00Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
    • B29B15/08Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of reinforcements or fillers
    • B29B15/10Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
    • B29B15/12Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length
    • B29B15/14Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length of filaments or wires
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/10Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
    • B29C70/16Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/50Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC]
    • B29C70/504Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands
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    • D02GCRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/22Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
    • D02G3/38Threads in which fibres, filaments, or yarns are wound with other yarns or filaments, e.g. wrap yarns, i.e. strands of filaments or staple fibres are wrapped by a helically wound binder yarn
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2101/00Inorganic fibres
    • D10B2101/10Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
    • D10B2101/12Carbon; Pitch
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/02Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/02Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
    • D10B2331/021Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/04Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:以大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,有机纤维束为外包纱,在包覆机上进行包覆,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;其中芯纱的规格为36K及以上的大丝束碳纤维;外包纱的线密度为100dtex‑400dtex;外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比为0.1‑0.6:1;将大丝束碳纤维包覆纱或织成织物后,经过表面处理后,与热塑性树脂/或热固性树脂复合,得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。本发明利用包缠的方法,将柔性的有机纤维包覆在大丝束碳纤维的外面制备包覆纱,无需展纱工序就可以制备预浸料、复合材料,制备的复合材料性能稳定,综合性能优良。

Description

一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及大丝束碳纤维复合材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法。
背景技术
碳纤维是一种纤维状碳素材料,分子结构介于石墨与金刚石之间,纤维中含碳量一般在90%以上,具有优异的力学、电学,耐腐蚀、耐高温、热膨胀系数低等一系列优良的性质。通常所说的碳纤维并不是指碳纤维的单丝,而是指成千上万根单丝聚集在一起形成的碳纤维束。根据碳纤维束中单丝数量不同,可以将碳纤维束划分为宇航级的小丝束和工业级的大丝束,通常把小于36K的碳纤维束,即一束碳纤维中单丝数量小于36000根的碳纤维束称为小丝束碳纤维,如1K、3K、12K、24K等;把36K及以上的碳纤维束称为大丝束碳纤维,包括36K、48K、50K、60K等。
与小丝束碳纤维相比,大丝束碳纤维具有更大的成本优势,期望在更多场合得到应用。但是,在制备大丝束碳纤维时,喷丝板上的孔数会大大增加,这就需要保证更多的从喷丝板孔里喷出的单丝都具有相同的均匀度和均匀的上浆率,因此难度系数成倍增加,制备的碳纤维在使用或加工过程中不可避免地出现毛羽、断丝,纤维厚薄分布不均匀、扭曲、屈曲、分纤等现象。
目前,国内外常采用展纱工艺,将大丝束碳纤维展开,使其展现成厚薄相对均匀的带状薄层结构,以解决大丝束碳纤维厚薄分布不均匀的问题,有利于后续制备复合材料。但是,在展纱过程中,大丝束碳纤维的磨损、毛羽、乱纱、断纱和分纤等现象依然明显,影响制备复合材料(包括预浸料)的性能。
因此,需要针对目前大丝束碳纤维设计一种替代展纱的工艺,以解决目前大丝束碳纤维在展纱或使用过程中的磨损、毛羽、乱纱、断纱和分纤等问题,从而使制备的复合材料得到更好的性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决现有技术中存在的缺点,而提出的一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法。
一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、以大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,有机纤维束为外包纱,在包覆机上进行包覆,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;
其中芯纱的规格为36K及以上的大丝束碳纤维;
外包纱为线密度为100dtex-400dtex的有机纤维,其中外包纱为单根纱线或通过并丝后的多根纱线;
外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比为0.1-0.6:1;
S2、将大丝束碳纤维包覆纱表面处理,通过热塑性树脂/或热固性树脂固化,得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
优选地,还包括:将S1中的大丝束碳纤维包覆纱在织机上织造或编织,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱织物,然后将大丝束碳纤维包覆纱织物表面处理,通过热塑性树脂和/或热固性树脂复合,得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
优选地,在S1中,有机纤维为碱减量后的涤纶纤维、锦纶纤维、芳纶纤维中至少一种。
优选地,在S2的表面处理过程中,用固含量为1%的水性环氧乳液进行浸渍;红外条件下,在温度105-120℃干燥。
作为另一种替代方案,可以用溶胶-凝胶法纳米杂化材料,其中有机相与基体相同或相似,无机相为二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化铝等,再加0.1%的氟碳。
优选地,按外包纱与芯纱的质量比例为0.1-0.6:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对芯纱进行包缠处理;
其中包缠度的范围600*2-2000*2,按以下公式计算包缠纱线的线密度:也可以将公式变形后,根据线密度计算包缠度。
式中:ρb为碳纤维包覆纱的线密度,tex;
ρc为大丝束碳纤维的线密度,tex;
ρw为外包纱纤维的线密度,tex;
dc为大丝束碳纤维直径,μm;
ds为外包纱纤维的直径,μm;
T为包缠度,T/m;
n为外包纱纱线的根数,根。
优选地,在S3中,热塑性树脂为聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚醚醚酮的至少一种。
优选地,在S2中,热固性树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酰亚胺的至少一种。
本发明的技术效果如下所示:
本发明针对目前大丝束碳纤维设计一种替代展纱的工艺,通过在大丝束碳纤维外包覆有机纤维束的外包纱后,再通过热塑性树脂/或热固性树脂固化,能够有效解决大丝束碳纤维的分纤、磨损、乱纱、断纱、织造损伤的问题,从而有效提高大丝束碳纤维复合材料的性能。
进一步,由于包缠处理后在碳纤维表面引入大量凹坑,且锦纶纤维、碱减量后的涤纶纤维的表面含有大量的羟基、羰基及羧基等活性官能团,使环氧树脂等热固性树脂发生固化反应的过程中通过化学键形成牢固的界面粘结,与大丝束碳纤维复配,当承受外力作用时,可有效起到转移载荷,承受负载的作用,产品不仅拉伸强度高,而且强度不均率低,力学性能优异。同理,与聚酰胺等热塑性树脂复合时,由于相似相亲原理,热塑性树脂与有机纤维具有良好的浸润性。
本发明利用包缠的方法,将柔性的有机纤维包覆在大丝束碳纤维的外面制备包覆纱,无需展纱工序直接制备织物、复合材料(包括预浸料)。复合材料的基体可以是热固性基体,也可以是热塑性基体,制备的复合材料性能稳定,综合性能优良。
附图说明
图1为本发明大丝束碳纤维复合材料的制备装置(商业化的机器上进行了改装)。
其中:1.喂料辊;2.碳纤维丝筒;3.牵伸辊;4.导丝器;5.龙带;6.空心锭子;7.包覆纱筒;8.压纱装置;9.引纱辊;10.压辊;11.往复运动导纱器;12.卷取辊;13.碳纤维包缠纱收集辊。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步解说。
如图1所示,为实施例1-5所述的大丝束碳纤维复合材料的制备装置(商业化的机器上进行了改装)。
实施例1
一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、选用线密度为72dtex锦纶纱线(密度为1.15g/cm3,熔点260℃),将2个锦纶纤维在并丝机上并丝,成为线密度为144dtex的锦纶纱,以48K大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,以144dtex锦纶纱为外包纱,在包缠机上进行二次包缠。按外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比例为0.4:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对大丝束碳纤维进行包缠处理,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;
其中大丝束碳纤维型号为东邦STS40-48K,纤维根数为48K,纤维直径为7.0μm;
S2、将包缠绕后的大丝束碳纤维在含有固化剂的环氧树脂中浸渍处理后,采用压缩成型,在温度为150℃的条件下,热压成型,控制碳纤维的质量含量在15%,冷却得到大丝束碳纤维增强的热固性复合材料。
将制备的复合材料进行拉伸试验,复合材料的断裂强度为675MPa,强度不匀率为7.5%。
为了比较,将同型号同规格的碳纤维,在展纱机中进行展纱处理,将展纱后的纤维在含有固化剂的环氧树脂中浸渍处理后,采用压缩成型,在温度为150℃的条件下,热压成型,调控碳纤维的含量,制备碳纤维含量为15%的复合材料,冷却后得到对照样复合材料,即为对比例1;进行拉伸试验,复合材料的拉伸强度为603MPa,强度不匀率为11.3%。
上述拉伸强度的测试方法根据ISO527-4:1997标准测试,采用Instron3367万能材料试验机对碳纤维包缠纱复合材料在25℃室温条件下进行拉伸测试,试样尺寸为100mm×10mm×4mm,标距长度为50mm,拉伸速率为2mm/min,每组的有效样本容量为5个。
实施例2
一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、大丝束碳纤维包覆纱的制备:选用线密度为100dtex锦纶纤维(密度为1.14g/cm3,熔点220℃)为外包纱,以48K大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,在包缠机上进行二次包缠。按外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比例为0.2:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对碳纤维进行包缠处理,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱,具体包缠度计算参照实施例1。
其中大丝束碳纤维型号为东邦STS40-48K,纤维根数为48K,纤维直径为7.0μm;
S2、将包缠绕后的大丝束碳纤维在织机上织成平纹织物,利用热压工艺将聚酰胺薄膜与织物在235℃的温度下进行复合,制备碳纤维含量为15%的复合材料;
拉伸试验,复合材料的径向断裂强度为363MPa,强度不匀率为4.7%。
为了比较,将同型号同规格的碳纤维,在展纱机中进行展纱处理,将展纱后的碳纤维在织机上平纹织物,利用热压工艺将聚酰胺薄膜与织物在235℃的温度下进行复合,制备碳纤维含量为15%的复合材料,即为对比例2;进行拉伸试验,复合材料的径向断裂强度为305MPa,强度不匀率为9.6%。
实施例3
一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、选用线密度为100dtex芳纶纤维(密度为1.35g/cm3,熔点260℃),将2个芳纶纤维在并丝机上并丝,成为线密度为200dtex的锦纶纱,以48K大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,以400dtex锦纶纱为外包纱,在包缠机上进行二次包缠。按外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比例为0.6:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对大丝束碳纤维进行包缠处理,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;
其中36K大丝束碳纤维型号为东丽36K,纤维根数为36K,纤维直径为6.5μm;
将包缠绕后的大丝束碳纤维在含固量为1%的水性环氧树脂中浸渍干燥后,在环氧树脂(含固化剂)中浸渍处理后,采用压缩成型,在温度75℃固化2h,升高温度115℃固化20min,控制碳纤维的质量含量在15%,冷却得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
将制备的复合材料进行拉伸试验,复合材料的断裂强度为829MPa,强度不匀率为2.5%。
实施例4
一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、选用线密度为200dtex涤纶纤维(密度为1.38g/cm3,熔点260℃),将2根涤纶纤维在并丝机上并丝,成为线密度为400dtex的涤纶纱,以48K大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,以400dtex涤纶纱为外包纱,在包缠机上进行二次包缠。按外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比例为0.1:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对大丝束碳纤维进行包缠处理,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;
其中大丝束碳纤维型号为东邦STS40-48K,纤维根数为48K,纤维直径为7.0μm;
将包缠绕后的大丝束碳纤维表面处后,在环氧树脂中浸渍处理成为预浸渍带后,采用压缩成型,在温度75℃固化2h,升高温度115℃固化20min,控制碳纤维的质量含量在15%,冷却得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
将制备的复合材料进行拉伸试验,复合材料的断裂强度为683MPa,强度不匀率为7.4%。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (7)

1.一种替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、以大丝束碳纤维为芯纱,有机纤维束为外包纱,在包覆机上进行包覆,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱;
其中芯纱的规格为36K及以上的大丝束碳纤维;
外包纱为线密度为100dtex-400dtex的有机纤维;
外包纱与大丝束碳纤维的质量比为0.1-0.6:1;
S2、将大丝束碳纤维包覆纱表面处理,通过热塑性树脂和/或热固性树脂复合,得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,还包括:将S1中大丝束碳纤维包覆纱在织机上织造或编织,得到大丝束碳纤维包覆纱织物,然后将大丝束碳纤维包覆纱织物表面处理,通过热塑性树脂和/或热固性树脂复合,得到大丝束碳纤维复合材料。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,在S2的表面处理过程中,用固含量为1%的水性环氧乳液进行浸渍;红外条件下,在温度105-120℃干燥。
4.根据权利要求1所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,在S1中,有机纤维为碱减量后的涤纶纤维、锦纶纤维、芳纶纤维中至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,按外包纱与芯纱的质量比例为0.1-0.6:1,计算包缠度,在包缠机上设定包缠度后,对芯纱进行包缠处理;
采用二次包缠,其中包缠度的范围为600*2-2000*2,按以下公式计算碳纤维包覆纱的线密度:
式中:ρb为碳纤维包覆纱的线密度,tex;
ρc为大丝束碳纤维的线密度,tex;
ρw为外包纱纤维的线密度,tex;
dc为大丝束碳纤维直径,μm;
ds为外包纱纤维的直径,μm;
T为包缠度,T/m;
n为外包纱纱线的根数,根。
6.根据权利要求1所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,在S2中,热塑性树脂为聚酰胺树脂、聚碳酸酯、聚醚醚酮中至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述替代展纱工艺制备大丝束碳纤维复合材料的方法,其特征在于,在S2中,热固性树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酰亚胺中至少一种。
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