CN117716858A - Potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method for potatoes in growing period - Google Patents
Potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method for potatoes in growing period Download PDFInfo
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- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 252
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 231
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
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- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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Abstract
The invention discloses a potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in a growing period, which establishes the correlation between the leaf level difference index and the potassium nutrition index of the potato in the whole growing period; establishing a potassium deficiency model: measuring the actual potassium accumulation in the growing period of the potatoes, and calculating the potassium deficiency according to the critical potassium accumulation of the potatoes; performing regression curve fitting on the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency in the potato growth period to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency; and calculating the potassium deficiency of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods according to the regression model, so as to determine the potassium tracking amount of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods. The potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method established by the invention has the advantages of rapidness, no damage, accuracy, high efficiency and the like, can remarkably improve the yield of potatoes, the agronomic efficiency of potash fertilizer, the productivity of potash fertilizer and the utilization rate of potash fertilizer, and can solve the technical problem of reduced potato potash fertilizer utilization rate caused by unreasonable application of potash fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of potato potash fertilizer application. In particular to a potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period.
Background
Potassium is an essential element for potato growth and development and yield formation, and application of potash fertilizer is an important guarantee for potato yield increase. However, in actual production, the problem of excessive application of potash fertilizer is very serious. Investigation shows that 43.3% of irrigated potato growers in the northern areas of the mountains in China have the phenomenon of excessive potassium application, the dosage of the potassium fertilizer is 3.37 times of that of the dry land, and meanwhile, the proportion of potassium in various potato compound fertilizers or special fertilizers is higher and higher. However, excessive application of the potash fertilizer cannot realize continuous high yield of potatoes, but increases leaching loss of sandy soil potassium, so that serious waste of potassium ore resources, continuous increase of production cost and continuous reduction of potash fertilizer utilization rate are caused. Therefore, scientific application and efficient management of potato potash fertilizer are imperative.
Potassium fertilizer recommendation based on soil testing is a method commonly adopted in various countries, however, scholars find that potato potassium application is effective when the soil exchangeable potassium content is below 80 mg/kg; research has also shown that potatoes react to potassium application when the soil-exchangeable potassium content is below 120 mg/kg; still other scholars claim that potassium application can increase the yield excessively when the soil exchangeable potassium is 150 mg/kg, and Shi Jia has obvious effect even above 300 mg/kg. Clearly, there are many uncertainties in making potato potassium fertilizer recommendations based on soil-exchangeable potassium content test values, which are not indicative of potato potassium fertilizer recommendations, based on which plant diagnostics are the option. Although the classical laboratory test of plants is accurate, the laboratory test of the potassium content of plants is complex in procedure, time-consuming and labor-consuming, and the timeliness of guiding fertilization is poor. Only quick, simple and accurate field real-time diagnosis can promote the accurate management of potato potash fertilizer, however, research reports on quick diagnosis of potato potash nutrition are rarely available at home and abroad. The potassium nutrition index is the most direct, truest and reliable index for judging the potassium nutrition status of the potatoes, however, few reports for potassium diagnosis by adopting the potassium nutrition index in the potato diagnosis research are provided. Therefore, the recommendation of potato potash fertilizer is still lack of scientificity and rationality, and the application of potash fertilizer is very blind due to the fact that the application of potash fertilizer is empirically performed, and the utilization rate of potash fertilizer is very low.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period, so as to solve the technical problem of reduced potato potash fertilizer utilization rate caused by unreasonable potash fertilizer application.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in a growth period comprises the following steps:
step (1), establishing correlation between leaf level difference index and potassium nutrition index of the potato in the whole growth period;
step (2), establishing a potassium deficiency model: measuring the actual potassium accumulation in the growing period of the potatoes, and calculating the potassium deficiency according to the critical potassium accumulation of the potatoes;
step (3), carrying out regression curve fitting on the potassium nutrition index obtained by calculation in the step (1) and the potassium deficiency obtained by calculation in the step (2), so as to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency; and calculating the potassium deficiency of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods according to the regression model, so as to determine the potassium tracking amount of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods.
The potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growth period has the advantages that the potato diagnosis period is a seedling period, a tuber forming period, a tuber expanding period and a starch accumulating period.
In the above method for recommended dressing of potato potash fertilizer in the growing period, in the step (1), the construction method of the regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index is as follows:
step (1-1), dividing the planted potatoes into a test group A and a test group B; the test group A and the test group B are planted by drip irrigation; the potassium application amount is set in a gradient manner during drip irrigation;
step (1-2), measuring the potassium concentration, the dry matter mass and the She Weicha index of the whole potato plant in the whole growth period; calculating the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant dry matter sampled in each growth period and the theoretical critical potassium concentration;
step (1-3), determining a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model according to the theoretical critical potassium concentration and the maximum total plant dry matter mass in each growth period;
step (1-4), calculating the potassium nutrition index of each growth period according to a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model;
and (3) performing multiple linear regression analysis on the leaf level difference index of each growth period measured in the step (1-2) and the potassium nutrition index of each growth period in the step (1-4), and obtaining a regression model of She Weicha indexes and potassium nutrition indexes.
In the above-mentioned growth period potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method, in step (1), she Weicha index is the difference value of potassium concentration of potato leaf stalks of 4 and 8, and is expressed as L 4-8 Or the leaf level difference index is that the potato is inverted 4 leaves and invertedThe ratio of potassium concentration of 8 leaf stalks is expressed as L 4/8 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Potato reverse 4-leaf petiole Potassium concentration L by LAQUA Twin Handheld Potassium ion from HORIBA Corp 4 And potassium concentration of leaf stalk of Fang8 leaf 8 。
The invention uses a potassium ion meter to rapidly diagnose the potassium nutrition status of the potato, adopts a portable potassium ion meter to rapidly test the potassium concentration values of the leaf stalks of the inverted 4 leaves and the inverted 8 leaves of different potato varieties, and establishes She Weicha index (L) 4-8 ) The model can eliminate the influence of varieties on the potassium concentration of petioles in potato potassium nutrition diagnosis, can accurately estimate potassium nutrition index (KNI), can obtain potassium deficiency in the diagnosis period according to a potato full-growth period potassium absorption model, and can carry out regression analysis on KNI values and the potassium deficiency, so that the accurate potato potassium fertilizer dressing amount is finally obtained.
In the potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period, in the step (1-1), the potato growth of the test group A is limited by the nutrition of potassium; the potato growth of test group B was not limited by potassium nutrition; the analysis of variance was used to classify whether potato growth was limited by potassium nutrient levels by comparing the total plant dry matter mass and corresponding potassium concentration values at different potassium levels at each sampling.
In the above recommended method for dressing potato potash fertilizer in growth period, in the step (1-2), the method for determining theoretical critical potassium concentration sampled in each growth period comprises the following steps: performing linear fitting on the total plant dry matter mass of the potatoes measured in the test group A and the corresponding total plant potassium concentration value to obtain a linear fitting curve A taking the total plant dry matter mass as an abscissa; taking the average value of the total plant dry matter mass of the potatoes measured in the test group B as the maximum value of the total plant dry matter mass; the potassium concentration corresponding to the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant dry matter on the linear fitting curve A is the theoretical critical potassium concentration in the growth period.
In the above recommended method for topdressing potato potash fertilizer in the growing period, in the step (1-3), the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model of the potato is:
Kc＝aW -b （1）；
in the formula (1): kc is the theoretical critical potassium concentration of potato plants,%; w is the maximum value of the dry matter mass of the whole potato plant, and t/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter content of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the critical potassium concentration dilution curve.
In the above-mentioned potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period, in the step (1-4), a potassium nutrition index KNI model is constructed, which is the ratio of the measured value of the potassium concentration of the whole potato plant to the theoretical critical potassium concentration value obtained according to the critical potassium concentration dilution curve; the calculation formula of the potassium nutrition index in each growth period is as follows:
KNI＝K/Kc（2）；
in the formula (2): KNI is the potassium nutrition index, K is the potassium concentration of the whole potato strain measured in the step (1-2); kc is the theoretical critical potassium concentration of the plant calculated in the step (1-2);
the potassium nutrition index intuitively reflects the plant potassium nutrition status, and if KNI=1, the potato plant potassium nutrition is proper; if KNI is less than 1, the potato plants are deficient in potassium nutrition and need to be supplemented with potassium fertilizer; if KNI >1, the plant potassium is overnutrition;
in the step (1-5), the leaf level difference index L is used 4-8 Carrying out multiple linear regression analysis on the potassium nutrition index KNI obtained by calculation by adopting SPSS 25.0 software; the regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index is:
y=k 1 x 2 + k 2 x+ k 3（3）；
in the formula (3), y is the KNI value of the potassium nutrition index, and x is She Weicha index L 4-8 ，k 1 、k 2 And k 3 The resulting constant coefficients were fitted to the SPSS 25.0 software.
In the above method for recommended topdressing of potato potash fertilizer in the growing period, in step (3), the critical potassium accumulation amount K of potato uptc The relationship with the maximum dry matter accumulation amount W is as follows:
K uptc =10KcW （4）；
wherein: k (K) uptc For diagnosis of the period of potatoAmount of accumulated interfacial potassium, kg/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Kc is theoretical critical potassium concentration,%; 10 is a unit conversion value;
and (3) according to the formula (4) and the formula (1) of the potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model, obtaining a potato critical potassium absorption model:
K uptc =10aW 1-b （5）；
in the formula (5), a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter content of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the potato critical concentration dilution curve; 1-b is a growth parameter; w is the maximum value of the dry matter mass of the whole potato plant, and t/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Calculating potassium deficiency K of potatoes in different diagnosis periods according to the model and ：
The potassium deficiency formula of the potato in the diagnosis period is calculated as follows:
K and = K uptc -K na（6）；
in the formula (6), K and For diagnosing potassium deficiency of potato in kg/hm 2 ；K na For diagnosis of the actual potassium accumulation of potatoes in kg/hm 2 ；K uptc For diagnostic period the critical potassium accumulation of potato in kg/hm 2 。
According to the potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period, two selected potato varieties are used, and a potassium deficiency data set of the potato in the whole growing period is obtained through calculation according to the formula (6); determining the potassium nutrition index of potatoes in the whole growth period; regression curve fitting is carried out on the potassium deficiency of the potatoes of the two varieties ('Ji Zhangshu No. 12' and 'plus No. 2') in the whole growth period and the corresponding potassium nutrition indexes, so as to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition indexes and the potassium deficiency of the potatoes in the whole growth period: (Linear regression fitting by integrating the data of two varieties together, thus making it more advantageous to eliminate the differences between varieties.)
Y=kX+m （7）；
In the formula (7), Y is potassium deficiency, X is potassium nutrition index, and k and m are coefficients obtained by linear fitting;
and (3) measuring and calculating the potassium nutrition index of the potato in the diagnosis period, and introducing the measured potassium nutrition index in the diagnosis period into a formula (7) to calculate the potassium deficiency of the potato in the diagnosis period.
Potato petiole potassium concentration was measured throughout the entire growth period using a LAQUA Twin hand-held potassium ion meter manufactured by HORIBA Corp. The potassium concentration of the whole strain was measured by an atomic absorption instrument (Hitachi ZA 3000).
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
1. according to the method, a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency of the whole growth period of the potato is constructed, the leaf level difference index is obtained by measuring the potassium concentration of the petioles in the growth period of the potato, and the potassium nutrition index is obtained by calculating the regression model of the She Weicha index and the potassium nutrition index of the whole growth period of the potato, so that the potassium deficiency of the growth period of the potato is obtained according to the regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency. The potassium deficiency amount calculated by the potato potassium fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growing period is high in accuracy, and the potassium fertilizer dressing recommendation method is adopted for carrying out potassium fertilizer dressing, so that the potato potassium fertilizer utilization rate can be effectively improved.
Compared with a Contrast (CK), farmers and domestic modes, the potassium fertilizer recommendation method established by the invention can remarkably improve the potato yield, the potassium fertilizer agronomic efficiency, the potassium fertilizer bias productivity and the potassium fertilizer utilization rate, and can solve the technical problem of reduced potato potassium fertilizer utilization rate caused by unreasonable potassium fertilizer application.
2. The potassium nutrition index model constructed according to the relationship between the potassium concentration and the maximum dry matter content of crops can accurately reflect the potassium nutrition condition of crops, can be used as a reference and standard of any other rapid diagnosis technology, can be used for measuring the potassium concentration of potato petioles by adopting a portable potassium ion meter in consideration of the complexity and poor timeliness of operation, can be constructed into a She Weicha index model, can finish the measurement in the field without complicated indoor digestion operation and the like, is very convenient and efficient, can not cause serious injury to plants, can accurately simulate and estimate the KNI value, can also eliminate variety difference, and can improve the timeliness of diagnosis.
3. The invention can accurately judge and diagnose whether the potassium absorption amount is deficient or not by establishing the critical potassium absorption model of the potatoes in the whole growth period, and if the potassium absorption amount is deficient, the potassium fertilizer needs to be supplemented, and the specific supplementing amount can be calculated and obtained by a potassium deficiency amount formula. Then, L is obtained by correlating KNI model with potassium deficiency 4-8 And the potassium fertilizer supplementing quantity after the potassium concentration of the petioles is measured by a potassium ion meter can be finally determined by correlating with the potassium deficiency, so that the real-time potassium fertilizer recommendation of the potatoes in the period is further carried out.
4. The method gets rid of the traditional method for measuring the potassium concentration through complicated steps in a laboratory, and the potassium concentration value of the petioles is measured, a difference model is constructed, and nutrition diagnosis of potassium is carried out, so that the dressing of the potato potassium fertilizer is completed. The method changes the traditional potassium measuring method, so that the nutrition diagnosis of potassium is simpler, more convenient and quicker, and plants are not damaged. The difference of the potassium concentration of the petioles is adopted to estimate the KNI because the KNI index is the most accurate index for measuring the nutrition state of the potassium, but the traditional method for obtaining the KNI value needs destructive sampling, is time-consuming, labor-consuming and labor-consuming, and can quickly obtain the potassium concentration by the method of the portable potassium ion meter, so that the acquisition of the KNI value becomes easier.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the construction of a dilution curve of critical potassium concentration for potato No. Ji Zhangshu in the example of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the construction of a dilution curve of critical potassium concentration for a 'plus No. 2' potato in the example of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the simulation value and the actual measurement value of a 'Ji Zhangshu No. 12' potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the simulation value and the actual measurement value of the model of the critical potassium concentration dilution curve of the potato added with No. 2 in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the variation of the nutrition index of the 'Ji Zhangshu No. 12' potato under different potassium treatments in the whole growth period;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the change rule of the nutrition index of the potassium under different potassium treatments in the whole growth period of the potato added with No. 2 in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7A is a graph showing the index (L) of potato She Weicha in examples of the present invention 4-8 ) A graph of potassium nutrition index (KNI) (seedling stage—post emergence 20 d);
FIG. 8 potato She Weicha index (L) 4-8 ) A graph of potassium nutrition index (knifing period—post emergence 35 d);
FIG. 9 potato She Weicha index (L) 4-8 ) A graph of potassium nutrition index (knifing period-post emergence 50 d);
FIG. 10A is a graph showing the index (L) of potato She Weicha in the examples of the present invention 4-8 ) A graph of potassium nutrition index (KNI) (starch accumulation period—post emergence 65 d);
FIG. 11 is a graph showing a potassium absorption model of potato No. Ji Zhangshu in the example of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph of a Potassium element absorption model of "Add No. 2" potato in the example of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency of two potato varieties in the example of the present invention;
FIGS. 14a to 14d are comparison of plant growth during potato harvest for CK group, farmer group, domestic group and example group, respectively, of Table 2 in the example of the present invention;
FIGS. 15a to 15d are comparison of the sizes of the tubers of the CK, farmer, domestic and example groups of Table 2, respectively, in the examples of the present invention;
Detailed Description
In this example, the implementation steps of the present invention will be further described by taking main cultivars 'Ji Zhangshu' and 'plus 2' in the northern foot region of the mountain (belonging to one crop region in the northern part of potato) of China as examples (the implementation of the present invention is not limited to these two varieties).
Step (1), constructing a regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index of the potato in the whole growth period; the construction method of the regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index comprises the following steps:
step (1-1), dividing the planted potatoes into a test group A and a test group B; the test group A and the test group B are planted by drip irrigation; the potassium application amounts were all set in a gradient manner during drip irrigation (i.e., test groups with different potassium application levels were set, in this example 4, the potassium application levels were 0, 150, 300, 450 kg. Hm, respectively -1 The fertilizer source is potassium sulfate, and the four treatment groups are respectively marked as follows: k1, K2, K3, K4, analyzing whether potato growth in the different potassium application level test groups is affected by potassium); the grouping modes of the test group A and the test group B are as follows: taking the dry matter mass of plants under different potassium application levels, measuring the corresponding potassium concentration of the plants, and dividing the test components measured by the data into a test group A (potassium limiting group) and a test group B (non-potassium limiting group) according to the significance result by variance analysis; i.e., the dry matter content of the potatoes of test group a increased significantly with increasing potassium application (indicating that potato growth was limited by potassium supply); the dry matter content of the potatoes of test group B did not increase significantly with increasing potassium application (indicating that potato growth was not limited by potassium);
step (1-2), measuring the potassium concentration, the dry matter mass and the She Weicha index of the whole potato plant in the whole growth period; calculating the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant dry matter sampled in each growth period and the theoretical critical potassium concentration; the whole growth period of the potato comprises a seedling period, a tuber forming period, a tuber expanding period and a starch accumulating period;
the theoretical critical potassium concentration of each growth period sample was determined by: performing linear fitting on the mass of the whole plant dry matter of the potato measured in the test group A and a corresponding potassium concentration value to obtain a linear fitting curve A taking the mass of the whole plant dry matter as an abscissa; taking the average value of the total plant dry matter mass of the potatoes measured in the test group B as the maximum value of the total plant dry matter mass and making a vertical line; the potassium concentration corresponding to the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant on the linear fitting curve A is the theoretical critical potassium concentration (namely, the ordinate of the intersection point of the linear fitting curve A and the vertical line is the theoretical critical potassium concentration of each sampling day); potato petiole potassium concentration was measured throughout the entire period of growth using a LAQUA Twin handheld potassium ion meter manufactured by HORIBA, japan, and potato whole plant potassium concentration was measured using an atomic absorption instrument (Hitachi ZA 3000).
Measuring leaf stalk potassium concentrations of plant of 4 leaves (4 th fully developed leaves of the top of the main stem of the potato from top to bottom) and 8 leaves (8 th fully developed leaves of the top of the main stem of the potato from top to bottom) respectively by using a portable potassium ion meter in the seedling stage, tuber forming stage, tuber swelling stage and starch accumulating stage of the potato 4 And L 8 And (3) representing. Will L 4 And L 8 The values are respectively according to L 4-8 =L 4 -L 8 And L 4/8 =L 4 /L 8 Performing operation; the specific test method comprises the following steps:
1. randomly taking 30 potato main stems with the same growth vigor and no plant diseases and insect pests from each test district, pouring 4 leaf stems and 8 leaf stems, and using a plant juicer to press juice of the leaf stems into a test tube;
2. diluting petiole juice with volume of 1 mL by deionized water for 10 times, measuring the diluted liquid by a LAQUA hand-held potassium ion measuring instrument in real time, recording the readings, wherein the reading unit is ppm, and finally converting the actual potassium ion concentration of the measured petiole according to the dilution;
3. she Weicha index calculation: l (L) 4-8 ：L 4 And L is equal to 8 Is a difference in (2); l (L) 4/8 ：L 4 And L is equal to 8 Is a ratio of (2).
As can be seen by analysis of variance, the leaf level difference index L of different potato varieties throughout the entire growth period 4/8 And L is equal to 4-8 No obvious difference exists, which indicates that both calculation methods can eliminate the influence of the variety on the potassium concentration of petioles in the nutrition diagnosis of potato potassium; to She Weicha index (L 4/8 And L is equal to 4-8 ) And relative yields were separately subjected to regression analysis, wherein She Weicha index L 4-8 Is more closely related to the relative yield, which determines the coefficient R 2 Are all higher than L 4/8 Therefore, the present embodiment selects the leaf level difference index L 4-8 Is used as a universal index for the nutrition diagnosis of different potato varieties. She Weicha index L 4-8 The quadratic regression equation for the relative yields is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 quadratic regression equation of potato She Weicha index versus relative yield
Note that: in Table 1, the leaf level difference index is an independent variable, the relative yield is an independent variable, R 2 To determine coefficients.
Step (1-3), determining a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model according to the theoretical critical potassium concentration and the maximum total plant dry matter mass in each growth period;
the potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model is:
Kc＝aW -b （1）；
in the formula (1): kc is theoretical critical potassium concentration,%; w is the maximum value of the dry matter mass of the whole potato plant, and t/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the critical concentration dilution curve; in addition, the potassium concentration has a large variability under the same dry matter, and the potassium concentration is larger as the potassium application amount is larger, so the embodiment selects the (K4 treatment group) with the largest potassium application amount to establish the maximum potassium concentration dry matter curve (K max ) Selecting a K1 treatment group to which a non-potassium fertilizer is applied to establish a minimum potassium concentration dry matter mass curve (K min ）；
Verification of critical potassium concentration dilution curve model: the independent test data are utilized for verification, the international common Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the standardized root mean square error (n-RMSE) are adopted for carrying out statistical analysis on the coincidence degree of the simulation value and the observation value, and 1 between the observation value and the simulation value is drawn: and 1, a histogram, which intuitively displays the fitting degree of the simulation value and the observation value.
The RMSE and (n-RMSE) calculation equations are as follows:
wherein: s is(s) i And m i The simulated value and the measured value of the critical potassium concentration are respectively;is the average value of the measured data; n is the sample size. The smaller the RMSE value, the smaller the deviation of the simulated value from the measured value, i.e. the higher the accuracy of the model. When n-RMSE<10%, the stability of the model is excellent; n-RMSE of 10% or less<20%, the stability of the model is good; n-RMSE of 20% or less<30%, the stability of the model is general; the n-RMSE is more than or equal to 30 percent, and the model stability is poor.
As shown in fig. 1, the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model constructed for the 'Ji Zhangshu number 12' in this example is: kc= 4.6681x -0.275 ，R 2 = 0.9297; at the same time, the embodiment also establishes a maximum (K) of No. Ji Zhangshu max ) And minimum (K) min ) Potassium concentration dilution curve, i.e. potassium concentration dilution boundary model, formula K max =4.613x -0.243 ，R 2 =0.8982；K min =3.238x -0.296 ，R 2 = 0.7054; wherein x represents W.
As shown in fig. 2, the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model constructed for "add No. 2" is: kc= 5.6555x -0.329 ，R 2 = 0.9078; at the same time, the embodiment also establishes 'add No. 2' maximum (K max ) And minimum (K) min ) Potassium concentration dilution curve, i.e. potassium concentration dilution boundary model, formula K max =5.7573x -0.316 ，R 2 =0.8502；K min =4.3035x -0.36 ，R 2 = 0.8764; wherein x represents W.
The model was validated using independent test datasets, as shown in fig. 3 and 4, with RMSE values of the 'Ji Zhangshu' and 'added No. 2' varieties of 0.13 and 0.20, respectively, and n-RMSE values of the two varieties of 4.77% and 7.49%, respectively. Thus, the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model of the 'Ji Zhangshu' and 'plus 2' potatoes has excellent stability.
Calculating a potassium nutrition index (KNI) of each growing period according to a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model, wherein the potassium nutrition index is the ratio of an actual measured value of plant potassium concentration to a critical potassium concentration value of corresponding dry matter mass obtained according to a critical potassium concentration dilution curve; namely, the calculation formula of the potassium nutrition index in the whole growth period is as follows:
KNI＝K/Kc（2）；
in the formula (2): KNI is the potassium nutrition index, K is the potassium concentration of the whole potato strain measured in the step (1-2); kc is the theoretical critical potassium concentration calculated in the step (1-2); the potassium nutrition index can intuitively reflect the nutrition condition of the plant potassium, and if KNI=1, the potassium nutrition of the plant is proper; if KNI is less than 1, the plant is not enough in potassium nutrition and needs to be supplemented with potassium fertilizer; if KNI >1, the plant potassium is overnutrition;
from the results of this example, as shown in fig. 5 and 6, the variation trend of potassium nutrition index (KNI) of two potato varieties is substantially consistent, KNI value is fluctuated with the advancement of the growth period, and KNI is continuously increased with the increase of potassium application level in the same growth period. The variation range of KNI of 'Ji Zhangshu No. 12' is 0.59-1.07, and the variation range of KNI of 'adding No. 2' is 0.72-1.05. Throughout the growth period, KNI for both K1 and K2 treatments was less than 1, indicating that potato potassium was under-fed at this potassium level; KNI value of K3 treatment fluctuates around 1, which indicates that potassium nutrition of the potatoes is more proper under the treatment; KNI value of K4 treatment is larger than 1, which indicates that potassium supply is in excessive level, and the change rule of two varieties is consistent.
Step (1-5), carrying out multiple linear regression analysis on the leaf level difference index of each growth period measured in the step (1-2) and the potassium nutrition index of each growth period in the step (1-4), and obtaining a regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index; performing multiple linear regression analysis by adopting SPSS 25.0 software; the regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index is:
y=k 1 x 2 + k 2 x+ k 3（3）；
in the formula (3), y is the potassium nutrition index (KNI), and x is the She Weicha index (L 4-8 ），k 1 、k 2 And k 3 The resulting constant coefficients were fitted to the SPSS 25.0 software.
In this example, the petiole potassium concentrations of the plants of 4 and 8 leaves were measured using a portable potassium ion meter, and the She Weicha index (L 4-8 ) By calculating L 4-8 The difference between potato varieties can be eliminated, and formulas can be combined; regression models of the leaf level difference index and the potassium nutrition index of different growth periods obtained by fitting in this example are respectively:
y=3×10 -7 x 2 -0.0007x+1.3869 (seedling stage), as shown in figure 7;
y=-1×10 -6 x 2 +0.0007x+0.9171 (stage of tuber formation), as shown in fig. 8;
y=-3×10 -6 x 2 +0.0017x+0.7614 (tuber expansion period), as shown in fig. 9;
y=-8×10 -7 x 2 +0.002x+0.5463 (starch accumulation period), as shown in fig. 10.
Step (2), establishing a potassium deficiency model: measuring the actual potassium accumulation in the growing period of the potatoes, and calculating the potassium deficiency according to the critical potassium accumulation of the potatoes;
the calculation formula of the potassium deficiency is as follows:
K and = K uptc -K na（6）；
in the formula (6), K and K is the deficiency of potassium na K is the actual accumulation of potassium uptc Is critical potassium accumulation;
critical potassium accumulation amount K uptc The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
K uptc =10aW 1-b （5）；
in the formula (5), a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the critical potassium concentration dilution curve; 1-b is a growth parameter, which refers to the ratio of the relative rate of potassium absorption to the cumulative rate of potato dry matter; formula (5) is based on potato plant potassium uptake and maximum dry matter accumulation (W, t/hm) 2 ) Relationship K between uptc =10 KcW (4) (K uptc For critical potassium accumulation (kg/hm) 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Kc is critical potassium concentration; 10 is a unit conversion value), and is combined with the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model formula (1) to obtain a potato critical potassium absorption model type (5);
in this example, as shown in FIG. 11, the potassium absorption model of 'Ji Zhangshu No. 12' is K uptc =46.681W 0.7249 ， R 2 = 0.9892; as shown in FIG. 12, the potassium absorption model of 'Add No. 2' is K uptc =56.555W 0.6709 ，R 2 =0.9761。
Step (3), carrying out regression curve fitting on the potassium nutrition index calculated in the step (1) and the potassium deficiency calculated in the step (2) to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency, and calculating the potash fertilizer dressing amount (kg/hm) according to the model 2 ）。
Calculating the critical potassium accumulation of the potato on each sampling day according to a potato potassium absorption model, comparing the critical potassium accumulation with the actual potassium accumulation by 1:1, and calculating the potassium deficiency K of the potato in different diagnosis periods according to the model and = K uptc -K na (formula 6), the obtained KNI value is compared with K of two varieties and Performing correlation analysis on the values, wherein the values are in line with linear correlation;
as shown in fig. 13, the functional relationship is y= -204.84x+204.63, r 2 = 0.8949 (X is the KNI value, Y is K and ），K and The value is the potassium tracking amount of the potato in kg/hm in the diagnosis period 2 。
In the model, when Y (KNI value) is more than or equal to 1, the potassium nutrition is not deficient at the moment, and potassium fertilizer is not needed to be supplemented; when Y (KNI value) is less than 1, the potassium is insufficient, and a certain amount of potassium fertilizer should be supplemented.
The following examples are presented in this application.
In the embodiment, a potato growth period potash fertilizer dressing test experiment is carried out in Wu Chuan county of He and Hao city in the middle flag of the He Yi Zhong Cheng Bao City of the inner Mongolia autonomous region; in potato seedling stage (20 d after emergence), tuberThe formation period (35 d after emergence), tuber swelling period (50 d after emergence), starch accumulation period (65 d after emergence) were measured for potassium concentration values of the leaf stalks of the inverted 4-leaf and the inverted 8-leaf respectively using a portable potassium ion meter, and L was obtained 4-8 A value; this example shows L measured as the swelling period of potato tubers 4-8 Carrying out potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation with a value of 700 ppm as an example;
calculating the potassium nutrition index of the current potato by using a regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index; expanding period L of potato tuber measured in the step (3) 4-8 The value 700 ppm is brought into the formula: y= -3 x 10 -6 x 2 In +0.0017x+0.7614 (tuber expansion period), when the potassium nutrition index KNI of the current potato is 0.4814 <1, the potassium nutrition is insufficient, and a certain amount of potassium fertilizer should be supplemented;
calculating the potassium deficiency of the current potato by using a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency according to the potassium nutrition index of the current potato; bringing kno= 0.4814 into the formula y= -204.84x+204.63, and calculating to obtain the current potassium deficiency of 106.02 kg/hm of potato 2 The conversion is 7.07 and kg pure potassium (K) 2 O), i.e. the need to apply pure potassium (K) 2 O) 7.07 kg/mu. And carrying out potash fertilizer dressing according to the potassium deficiency of the current potatoes.
According to the potato potassium nutrition diagnostic model of the present embodiment, petiole potassium concentration was measured by potassium ion meter and She Weicha index (L 4-8 ) The potassium nutrition index (KNI) can be accurately simulated or estimated, meanwhile, the relation between the KNI value and the potassium deficiency is constructed based on the potassium absorption model, and the accurate potassium fertilizer topdressing amount is finally determined. The potassium fertilizer dressing recommendation method of the embodiment is adopted for dressing during the whole growth period of the potatoes, so that the potassium fertilizer utilization rate of the potatoes can be remarkably improved (see tables 4-6).
In order to further study the use effect of the potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in the growth period of the embodiment, the embodiment carries out a farmland test practical application test on the constructed potato potash nutrition diagnosis model.
(1) Test method
Test site: the inner Mongolian autonomous region, wulan, is to be observed as a right middle flag and Wuchuan county, huchong, hao, city;
test varieties of the right middle flag are examined: jin potato No. 16; topdressing for 4 times in the growing period of the potatoes, and respectively carrying out tuber forming period, tuber expanding period, starch accumulating period and harvesting period (table 2); fertilizer source: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea (the N content in the urea is 46%), the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate (the P content in the triple superphosphate) 2 O 5 The content of the potassium fertilizer is 45-52% in the form of potassium sulfate (the potassium content in the potassium sulfate is K) 2 The content of O in the form of 50%).
TABLE 2 different modes of Potato field fertilizer application and topdressing conditions (right middle flag)
Test varieties in Wuchuan county: jinshu No. 16, ji Zhangshu No. 12; topdressing is carried out for 3 times in the growing period of the potatoes, and the potato is respectively in the tuber forming period, the tuber expanding period and the starch accumulating period (table 3); fertilizer source: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea (the N content in the urea is 46%), the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate (the P content in the triple superphosphate) 2 O 5 The content of the potassium fertilizer is 45-52% in the form of potassium sulfate (the potassium content in the potassium sulfate is K) 2 O represents 50%); the cultivation method comprises the following steps: one ridge of double rows and plant spacing 24 cm; 3 segments were measured at the time of labor measurement, 2 m per segment.
TABLE 3 application of Potato field fertilizers in different modes and topdressing (Wuchuan county)
In tables 2 and 3: "CK" is control; the farmer is a local conventional farmer mode, and the compound fertilizer is applied; "domestic" is to apply fertilizer using advanced domestic mode: topdressing is carried out according to the potato potash fertilizer requirement characteristics introduced in the main code Fan Mingshou of potato mineral nutrition physiology and nutrient management (China agricultural Press, beijing, 2018); the "example" is a potato potash dressing recommendation method for dressing in the growth period established according to the example. All treatment groups in tables 2 and 3 were identical except for the potassium fertilizer application, other conditions including irrigation, fertilizer, plot conditions, etc.
Agronomic efficiency of potash fertilizer (kg/kg) = (potash block stalk yield-blank tuber yield)/potassium application amount in kg/kg.
Potash fertilizer bias productivity (PFP) K ) By =it is meant the crop seed yield per unit of input of potassium sulphate fertilizer, i.e. PFP K =y/F; y is the crop yield obtained after potassium application; f represents the input amount of potash fertilizer, and the unit is kg/kg.
Potassium fertilizer utilization ratio (%) = (potassium absorption of potassium applying area-potassium absorption of blank control)/potassium applying amount x 100%; (also called recovery rate)
The potassium application amounts mentioned by the above formula are all pure nutrients (K) 2 The amount of O) added.
(2) Test results
Fig. 14a to 14d and fig. 15a to 15d are comparisons of plant growth and potato harvest conditions of CK group, farmer group, domestic group and example group potatoes, respectively, in table 2. Specific tuber yield cases are shown in tables 4 to 6.
TABLE 4 comparison of Potato yield formation factors for different modes (Zhongqi to the right: jin potato No. 16)
Table 5 comparison of Potato yield formation factors in different modes (Wuchuan county: jin Potato No. 16)
TABLE 6 comparison of Potato yield constitutions factors for different modes (Wuchuan county: ji Zhang Shu No. 12)
Note that: the different letters (a, b, c, d) after the values listed in tables 4-6 represent significant differences at the 0.05 level
As can be seen from tables 4, 5 and 6, the examples showed similar rules among different experimental places (Wuchuan county, the middle flag on the right) and different varieties (Ji Zhangshu, 16 jin potato) compared with the other modes, the yield, the agronomic efficiency of the potash fertilizer, the bias productivity of the potash fertilizer and the utilization rate of the potash fertilizer are all obviously improved. As a result of the research, the former research result shows that the potassium concentration of the potato petioles can well indicate the potassium concentration of plants, and the method for rapidly measuring the potassium concentration of the potato petioles by adopting the portable potassium ion meter can rapidly evaluate the nutrition condition of the potato potassium, so that the diagnosis timeliness is greatly improved. Meanwhile, a correlation is established between the rapid test model and a potassium nutrition index (KNI) model, so that the accuracy of potassium nutrition diagnosis is greatly improved. Finally, the potassium nutrition index (KNI) model and the potassium deficiency model are correlated, so that the quantity of the potassium fertilizer to be supplemented can be determined directly according to the diagnosis result. Compared with the traditional peasant household mode and the domestic mode, the mode has real-time, accurate and efficient diagnosis effect, can make timely judgment on the nutrition and deficiency of potato potassium, and then makes a scientific and reasonable topdressing strategy based on the diagnosis result, so the technology is worthy of large-area popularization and application in the area, even in the northern area of potato.
It is apparent that the above examples are given by way of illustration only and are not limiting of the embodiments. Other variations or modifications of the above teachings will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is not necessary here nor is it exhaustive of all embodiments. While the obvious variations or modifications which are extended therefrom remain within the scope of the claims of this patent application.
Claims (10)
1. A potato potash fertilizer dressing recommendation method in a growing period is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1), establishing correlation between leaf level difference index and potassium nutrition index of the potato in the whole growth period;
step (2), establishing a potassium deficiency model: measuring the actual potassium accumulation in the growing period of the potatoes, and calculating the potassium deficiency according to the critical potassium accumulation of the potatoes;
step (3), carrying out regression curve fitting on the potassium nutrition index obtained by calculation in the step (1) and the potassium deficiency obtained by calculation in the step (2), so as to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition index and the potassium deficiency; and calculating the potassium deficiency of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods according to the regression model, so as to determine the potassium tracking amount of the potatoes in different diagnosis periods.
2. The recommended method for dressing potato potash fertilizer in the growing period of claim 1, wherein the diagnosis period of potato is a seedling period, a tuber forming period, a tuber expanding period, a starch accumulating period.
3. The method for promoting and recommending potato potash fertilizer dressing in a growing period according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the construction method of a regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index is as follows:
step (1-1), dividing the planted potatoes into a test group A and a test group B; the test group A and the test group B are planted by drip irrigation; the potassium application amount is set in a gradient manner during drip irrigation;
step (1-2), measuring the potassium concentration, the dry matter mass and the She Weicha index of the whole potato plant in the whole growth period; calculating the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant dry matter sampled in each growth period and the theoretical critical potassium concentration;
step (1-3), determining a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model according to the theoretical critical potassium concentration and the maximum total plant dry matter mass in each growth period;
step (1-4), calculating the potassium nutrition index of each growth period according to a potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model;
and (3) performing multiple linear regression analysis on the leaf level difference index of each growth period measured in the step (1-2) and the potassium nutrition index of each growth period in the step (1-4), and obtaining a regression model of She Weicha indexes and potassium nutrition indexes.
4. The recommended method for topdressing potato potash fertilizer in growth period of claim 1, wherein in step (1), she Weicha index is the difference in potassium concentration between the inverted 4-leaf and the inverted 8-leaf petioles of potato, expressed as L 4-8 Or the ratio of potassium concentration of potato leaf stalks of 4 to 8, expressed as L 4/8 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Potato reverse 4-leaf petiole Potassium concentration L by LAQUA Twin Handheld Potassium ion from HORIBA Corp 4 And potassium concentration of leaf stalk of Fang8 leaf 8 。
5. A method according to claim 3, wherein in step (1-1), the potato growth of test group a is limited by the potassium nutrition; the potato growth of test group B was not limited by potassium nutrition; the analysis of variance was used to classify whether potato growth was limited by potassium nutrient levels by comparing the total plant dry matter mass and corresponding potassium concentration values at different potassium levels at each sampling.
6. The recommended method for topdressing potato potash fertilizer during the growing period of claim 5, wherein in step (1-2), the theoretical critical potassium concentration of each growth period sample is determined by: performing linear fitting on the total plant dry matter mass of the potatoes measured in the test group A and the corresponding total plant potassium concentration value to obtain a linear fitting curve A taking the total plant dry matter mass as an abscissa; taking the average value of the total plant dry matter mass of the potatoes measured in the test group B as the maximum value of the total plant dry matter mass; the potassium concentration corresponding to the maximum value of the mass of the whole plant dry matter on the linear fitting curve A is the theoretical critical potassium concentration in the growth period.
7. The recommended method for topdressing potato potash fertilizer in a growing period of claim 6, wherein in the step (1-3), the critical potassium concentration dilution curve model of the potato is:
Kc＝aW -b （1）；
in the formula (1): kc is the theoretical critical potassium concentration of potato plants,%; w is the maximum value of the dry matter mass of the whole potato plant, and t/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter content of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the critical potassium concentration dilution curve.
8. The recommended method for topdressing potato potash fertilizer in the growing period of claim 7, wherein in the step (1-4), a potassium nutrition index KNI model is constructed, which is the ratio of the actual measured value of the potassium concentration of the whole potato plant to the theoretical critical potassium concentration value obtained according to the critical potassium concentration dilution curve; the calculation formula of the potassium nutrition index in each growth period is as follows:
KNI＝K/Kc（2）；
in the formula (2): KNI is the potassium nutrition index, K is the potassium concentration of the whole potato strain measured in the step (1-2); kc is the theoretical critical potassium concentration of the plant calculated in the step (1-2);
in the step (1-5), the leaf level difference index L is used 4-8 Carrying out multiple linear regression analysis on the potassium nutrition index KNI obtained by calculation by adopting SPSS 25.0 software; the regression model of She Weicha index and potassium nutrition index is:
y=k 1 x 2 + k 2 x+ k 3 （3）；
in the formula (3), y is KNI value, x is L 4-8 ，k 1 、k 2 And k 3 The resulting constant coefficients were fitted to the SPSS 25.0 software.
9. The method for topdressing recommendation of a potato potash fertilizer in a growing period of claim 8, wherein in step (2), a critical potassium accumulation amount K of potato uptc The relationship with the maximum dry matter amount W is as follows:
K uptc =10KcW （4）；
wherein: k (K) uptc For diagnosing critical potassium accumulation in the period potato, kg/hm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Kc is theoretical critical potassium concentration,%; 10 is a unit conversion value;
and (3) according to the formula (4) and the formula (1) of the potato critical potassium concentration dilution curve model, obtaining a potato critical potassium absorption model:
K uptc =10aW 1-b （5）；
in the formula (5), a is the potassium concentration corresponding to the dry matter content of the whole potato plant reaching 1 t; b is the slope of the potato critical concentration dilution curve; 1-b is a growth parameter; w is the maximum value of the dry matter mass of the whole potato plant, and t/hm 2 ；
Calculating potassium deficiency K of potatoes in different diagnosis periods according to the model and ：
The potassium deficiency formula of the potato in the diagnosis period is calculated as follows:
K and = K uptc -K na （6）；
in the formula (6), K and For diagnosing potassium deficiency of potato in kg/hm 2 ；K na For diagnosis of the actual potassium accumulation of potatoes in kg/hm 2 ；K uptc For diagnostic period the critical potassium accumulation of potato in kg/hm 2 。
10. The method for topdressing and recommending potato potash fertilizer in a growing period according to claim 9, wherein in the step (3), two potato varieties are selected, and a potassium deficiency data set of the potato in the whole growing period is obtained through calculation according to a formula (6); determining the potassium nutrition index of potatoes in the whole growth period; regression curve fitting is carried out on the potassium deficiency of the potatoes of the two varieties in the whole growth period and the corresponding potassium nutrition indexes, so as to obtain a regression model of the potassium nutrition indexes and the potassium deficiency of the potatoes in the whole growth period:
Y=kX+m （7）；
in the formula (7), Y is potassium deficiency, X is potassium nutrition index, and k and m are coefficients obtained by linear fitting;
and (3) determining and calculating the potassium nutrition index of the potato in the diagnosis period, and calculating the potassium deficiency of the potato in the diagnosis period by the formula (7).
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