CN117693425A - 用于电池系统的热绝缘垫 - Google Patents
用于电池系统的热绝缘垫 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN117693425A CN117693425A CN202280049971.8A CN202280049971A CN117693425A CN 117693425 A CN117693425 A CN 117693425A CN 202280049971 A CN202280049971 A CN 202280049971A CN 117693425 A CN117693425 A CN 117693425A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- thermal insulation
- ribs
- insulation pad
- base plate
- frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于对电池系统中相邻的电池单元(2)、尤其是棱柱形电池单元进行绝缘的热绝缘垫(1),所述热绝缘垫包括由纤维‑弹性体复合结构制成的能弹性变形的基板(7),在基板(7)的两个主表面上设有确定数量的肋条(8),这些肋条相互平行地并且彼此间隔开地沿横向在基板(7)的主表面上延伸,两个主表面的肋部布置系统由环绕的框架(10)包围,并且在肋条(8)和框架(10)之间存在间隙(11),其中基板(7)的纤维‑弹性体复合结构由弹性体基质连同嵌入其中的至少一个由矿物纤维制成的中间层形成,并且所述热绝缘垫同时能够补偿电池单元的由于电池单元组件的化学老化和在充电和放电时电池单元的周期性膨胀和收缩而导致的系统固有的体积变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于电池系统、尤其是锂离子电池系统的热绝缘垫,所述热绝缘垫设置在电池系统的单个电池单体之间,以便在电池单体例如由于电池单体过热而发生故障情况下防止过热传播到相邻的电池单体。
根据本发明的热绝缘垫可以有利地用于电池系统,如在电动汽车领域中使用的电池系统。
背景技术
电池系统通常由多个电池单体构成,以便达到必要的高能量密度。这里,确定数量的电池单体组合成一个模块且各个模块组合成一个电池堆并且相互电连接。将所获得的电池系统安置在密封封闭的壳体中,以针对外部影响对其进行保护。
原则上,电池类型可以区分为圆柱形电池单元、棱柱形电池单元和袋式电池单元。棱柱形电池单元具有带有刚性壳体(也称为电池单元杯)的方体形状,相反,也称为咖啡袋电池单体的袋式单元具有由膜制成的柔性的外壳。
本发明尤其是涉及带有可充电电池、即所谓的二次电池单元的电池系统,也称为蓄电池。例如在电动汽车领域中常用的电池系统是基于锂离子电池的电池系统。
为确保由多个单个电池单元组成的电池系统的运行安全性,在一个电池单元例如由于过热发生单体起火情况下,必须防止电池单元火势蔓延到相邻的电池单元,甚至烧毁整个电池系统(热失控)。
在电池单元起火时,仅几秒钟之内就会出现600℃或更高的高温。为了防止过热并防止火势蔓延到相邻的电池单元,必须采取防止相邻电池单元的温度升高临界值之上的措施。
在锂离子电池中,所述临界温度值的决定性因素尤其是电解液或电解液的组成以及关断分离器的触发范围。
锂离子电池单元使用液态电解液,所述电解液包括沸点在100℃左右的和易燃的组分。因此,电池单元温度必须保持低于所述沸点,以防止在密封封闭的电池单元中发生压力升高。如果电池单元内部压力过高,则安全阀打开,所形成的气体逸出,并且在这种条件下高反应性的电解液通常会立即点燃。
关断分离器是一种用于抑制离子传输和使电流中断的安全措施,其方式是,在超过临界温度时使分离器的微孔隙闭合。已知这样的关断分离器,所述关断分离器由包括两个聚合物膜的层压结构构成,这里,各聚合物具有不同的熔点。
例如,常用的关断分离器由聚乙烯/聚丙烯层压结构构成,聚乙烯的熔点为120℃,聚丙烯的熔点为170℃。如果超过熔点较低的聚合物膜、这里是聚乙烯的熔点,聚合物膜发生熔化并使熔点较高的聚合物膜、这里是聚丙烯的孔隙封闭。
从上文可以看出,电池单元温度必须保持在150℃以下,尤其是在120℃以下,优选尽可能地在100℃以下,以防止电池单元过热和发生与此相关的安全风险。
已知的是,在相邻的电池单元之间必须设置热绝缘装置,以防止相邻电池单元的升温超过临界温度并由此引发电池单元起火。
除了热绝缘之外,对于电池系统的安全运行还需要考虑其他方面。
这样,热绝缘结构还应同时具有电绝缘器的功能,以实现电池单元的电绝缘或模块的电池单元之间的电池单元壳体上的电位差的电绝缘。
在锂离子电池系统的设计中,另一个重要方面是电池单元与系统相关的体积变化(也作为膨胀已知)。对此的原因一方面是由于电池单元组件的化学老化导致的持续的电池单元膨胀,另一方面是电池单元在充电和放电时周期性膨胀和消胀。
尤其是在制造基于棱柱形电池单元的电池系统时,由于电池单元固定的电池单元壳体,必须考虑这种系统本身固有的体积变化。这里,电池单元组件的体积增加导致大的主表面的中心区域鼓起。相反,边缘区域通过到邻接的表面的角部获得机械稳定。
对于用于汽车应用领域的棱柱形电池的236mm、高为115mm、厚为32mm的常见尺寸,在给老化的棱柱形电池充电时,主表面可能鼓起0.2mm至小于1mm,因此,对于通常具有10至14个电池单元的模块而言,可能出现2mm至小于10mm总膨胀。
因此,附加于对相邻的电池单元的热绝缘和电绝缘,热绝缘垫还应该能在电池单元的使用寿命期间有利地补偿电池单元的体积膨胀,包括在充电和放电过程中周期性体积变化以及持续的体积增大。
此外,热绝缘垫应具有尽可能小的重量,能节省空间地安装,并且是经济的。
热绝缘意味着,当在仅30秒内以600℃或更高发热发生电池单元起火时,到相邻电池单元的热传递应该有利地限制在100℃以下。
确保在使用寿命期间对电池单元的体积变化进行补偿要求,材料是可弹性变形的并且具有足够低的压力变形残余,使得所述材料在压力载荷和温度波动下不会发生沉降(setzen)。
此外,还要考虑到,为了组成模块,将希望数量、通常为12至14个的单电池单元的组合成电池堆,利用确定的例如5至19kN的预紧力将所述单电池单元压紧并在这个预紧力下将其固定,以获得确定的电池堆几何形状。
热绝缘垫必须在整个使用寿命期间都能承受所述预载荷,以确保模块的尺寸稳定性。
发明内容
根据本发明,上述问题可以通过一种热绝缘垫来解决,所述热绝缘垫具有由纤维-弹性体复合结构制成的能弹性变形的基板,在基板的两个主表面上设有一定数量的肋条,这些肋条相互平行地并且彼此间隔开地横向地在基板的主表面上延伸,所述两个主表面的肋条相互错开地设置,并且带有肋条结构的基板由环绕的框架包围,所述肋条与框架是脱离的。框架优选同样也由弹性体材料形成。
肋条的“错开设置”是指基板的一个主表面的肋条在基板的另一个主表面的两个肋条之间的间距之内延伸。
肋条之间的间距应宽于在其上方延伸的肋条的宽度,以便允许肋条弹性压入到所述间距中。
“脱离”是指肋条不与所述框架连接,就是说肋条的端面和相应最外侧的肋条的外侧面均不与框架接触。
根据本发明的热绝缘垫的尺寸取决于相应的使用目的。
在这里所说明的形式中,所述热绝缘垫尤其是设计成用于棱柱形电池单元之间。但所述热绝缘垫也可以为了与其他类型的电池一起使用而容易地适配。
为了作为棱柱形电池单元的中间绝缘件使用,所述热绝缘垫具有基本上矩形的基本形状。在安装状态下,所述热绝缘垫的周边可以与电池单元的周边齐平。备选地,所述框架或所述框架的边缘例如以长边或短边或以两者突出于电池单元的周边。
可弹性变形的基板具有面式的长方形形状,具有两个主表面。在每个主表面上都设有一定数量的肋条,这些肋条相互平行并且彼此间隔开地设置,并且横向地在主表面上延伸,所述两个主表面的肋条彼此错开地设置。
带有肋部布置系统的基板由环绕的框架包围。
根据本发明的热绝缘垫以主表面贴主表面的方式设置在邻接的棱柱形电池单元之间。在安装状态下,框架的自由上侧抵靠在相邻的电池单元上或多个电池单元上。
在组装状态下,热绝缘垫的框架由此沿着电池单元的尺寸刚性边缘延伸并且可以支撑在所述边缘上。
这样,在模块构建时施加到电池单元和热绝缘垫的框架上的预紧压力可以通过环绕的框架吸收和补偿。
所述框架由于预紧压力最多只能轻微变形,并且相应具有较低的可压缩性。
所述框架的抗压强度可以以不同方式和形式通过材料的弹性、框架宽度和框架结构来影响和调整。
例如,可以根据用于制造所述框架使用的弹性材料的压缩模量这样来选择框架高度,即,使得在模块构建时在夹紧之后获得希望的框架厚度。
由于因老化和因充电过程导致的体积增大出现的电池单元主表面鼓起通过与可弹性变形的基板连接的肋条来补偿,如下面具体说明的那样。
如果由于电池单元的主表面鼓起而向相邻贴合的根据本发明的热绝缘垫的肋条上施加压力,则肋条由于基板变形向位于相应肋条下方的、设置在基板的另一个侧面上的肋条之间的间距中偏移。当压力解除时,例如在由于放电所述鼓起消退(Abschwellen)时,肋条可以由于基板的弹性回到其初始状态。
可弹性变形的基板连同设置在其上的肋条起到弹簧元件的作用,在受到压力载荷时发生弹性压入,并且在压力卸载时发生弹出到初始状态。
根据一个有利的设计方案,通过作为弹簧元件起作用的、基板连同设置在其上的肋条附加地可以向电池单元表面上施加可调节的压力,从而附加于预紧压力略微压缩电池单元堆。已经证实,能这样实现的附加压力可以对电池堆的电池单元的循环稳定性产生积极影响。
弹性压入的程度可以通过一系列不同的措施来控制,这些措施可以单独地或也可以以两个或多于两个措施的组合来使用。
这样,在几何上可以通过肋条之间的间距来控制弹性压入的程度,所述间距至少应为肋条宽度的1.5至2倍。
与肋条宽度相比,所述间距越宽,由基板和肋条组成的结构可变形性越大,就是说,肋条连同基板可以更深地压入所述间距中。
此外,弹性压入的程度还通过用于基板的结构和材料来确定。
基板由纤维-弹性体复合结构形成,所述纤维-弹性体复合结构具有由弹性的塑料(弹性体)制成的基质和至少一个嵌入基质中的由纤维制成的中间层(也称为纤维中间层)。
除了必要的弹性以外,所述弹性体还必须具有足够的耐热性,以便能够承受电池起火情况下出现的高温。
适当的耐高温的弹性体的例子有:硅酮弹性体,例如甲基苯基硅橡胶(PMQ)、甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶(PVMQ)、甲基硅橡胶、甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(VMQ)、氟乙烯基甲基硅橡胶(FVMQ)、乙烯-丙烯-二烯橡胶(EPDM)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、丙烯腈-丁二烯橡胶(NBR)、天然橡胶(NR)、丁基橡胶、异丁烯-异戊二烯橡胶(IIR)和异戊二烯橡胶(IR)以及聚氨酯(PUR)。
弹性体的弹性优选处于肖氏硬度A为20至80、尤其是45至75,特别优选在50至60的范围内。
在希望的耐热性方面,对于由纤维制成的中间层使用矿物纤维,如玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、硅酸盐纤维和氧化物陶瓷纤维。
所述矿物纤维可以以面式结构物、如织物或无纺布的形式存在,所述面式结构物本身可以是由这些纤维构成的粗纱或纱线制成。
通常使用面密度为20g/m2至200g/m2的纤维。如果设有例如两个或更多的纤维中间层,则各个层的面密度可以在下部范围内或者甚至低于这个范围。
纤维作为增强的中间层被嵌入弹性体基质中。在有两个或更多纤维中间层时,可以在各个纤维中间层之间设置由作为粘合剂的弹性体制成的薄层。
用于基板的优选材料组合是硅弹性体连同一个或两个由玻璃纤维织物构成的中间层。
除了弹性体的种类外,基板的可变形性以及由此还有弹性压入的程度也通过纤维的走向来确定。
0°/90°的走向具有最低的可变形性,从而这里没有发生或最多只发生轻微的弹性压入。与此相反,纤维在±45°的走向下表现出最大的纤维可位移性连同肋条相互间最大的弹性压入。
介于这些值之间的合适的走向的一个例子是30°/120°走向。
在弹性压入时,基板沿纵向方向伸长,此时纤维之间的角度减小,就是说,基体与纤维之间产生相互作用。
此外,还可以通过给弹性体基质添加无机填充物来改变弹性。此时,填充物可以承担纯机械的功能。当弹性体变形时,填充物颗粒之间的间距减小,直至所述颗粒发生接触,由此阻止弹性体继续变形。
这种阻止效应的表现会受到一系列参数的影响,如填充度、颗粒尺寸和形状、粒度分布(单、双或三模态)。例如,颗粒形状、例如圆形或尖角形,会影响颗粒之间和在基质中的滑动性能和阻止性能。
填充物的原则上可以具有陶瓷的、碳基的或金属的性质。但在选择填充物时鉴于根据本发明的热绝缘垫的基本的热和电绝缘功能要考虑填充物的热和电特性。
因此,具有尽可能低的导电率的填充物、如例如陶瓷填充物是优选的。
除了调整机械和电气特性以外,也可以为了改善弹性体的热特性而添加填充物。
例如,可以使用降低热传导的填充物。这可以是形成绝缘的空气垫或气垫的材料,如空心体,例如空心玻璃球,或者是具有高孔隙度的材料,如气凝胶、气溶胶或膨胀材料
还可以使用在起火温度下发生吸热反应并从系统中吸取热能的填充物。它例如在起火温度下是陶瓷化的、玻璃化的或碳化的、起冷却作用并能吸收氧的材料,如例如原则上作为用于塑料的阻燃剂已知的材料。
合适的例子是金属氢氧化物或金属羟基氧化物,它们在加热时会分解出水并形成保护性的陶瓷层,如例如氢氧化铝(三水合氧化铝(ATH)),这种物质从约200℃起反应形成Al2O3和水,或者是氢氧化镁,这种物质从约300℃起反应形成MgO和水。
吸热填充物的合适的其他例子基于聚磷酸盐,如三聚氰胺或聚磷酸铵,这种物质在分解出氨(NH3)情况下起到膨胀(胀起)的作用,并通过氨形成氮和水的反应起吸收氧的作用。
原则上,有利地可以通过改变填充物和填充度有针对性地调整和适配材料特性。此时,可能达到的填充度在很大程度上取决于填充物颗粒的粒度分布、粒度和表面反应性。例如,大小在10至100μm之间的颗粒占主要比例的颗粒,填充度可高达60重量百分比,并且对于纳米级颗粒填充度可达到远超过100体积百分比。
所有填充物的前提条件都是,所述填充物不会对弹性体的弹性性能产生不利影响。
根据一个有利的实施方案,在需要时,可以在根据本发明的热绝缘垫中设置通道,以用于导出通过填充物的反应和弹性体热分解而形成的气体。借助于这些通道可以防止在模块中在电池单元的壁部与热绝缘垫之间由于预紧压力基本上密封封闭的区域中产生过压。
为此,可以在肋条中设置横向延伸的中断部和/或在环绕的框架中设置出口。
可能形成的反应气体此时可以沿所述中断部在基板表面上分布地并通过所述出口逸出。
特别有利的是,所述中断部具有持续的布置形式。这里,相邻的肋条中的中断部设置在彼此的延长部中并由此形成由肋条之间的间距中断的持续的通道。由于中断部的这种持续的布置形式,气体可以定向地逸出。
如已经提及的那样,根据本发明的热绝缘垫的尺寸及其结构由具体应用场合的要求确定。对于在由棱柱形电池单元组成的电池系统中、例如在模块中作为热中间绝缘件使用,所述热绝缘垫应具有尽可能薄的整体厚度。
在不受载荷的状态下,厚度优选应不超过3mm,同时肋条高度为0.4至0.5mm,肋条宽度在1.0至3.0mm的范围内,并且肋条之间的间距在肋条宽度的1.5至3倍的范围内,以及框架厚度为5至10mm。
在电池模块的5kN的预紧压力下,热绝缘垫的总厚度有利地为1.5mm或更小,尤其是为1mm或更小。
当然,这些数值都是示例性的并且可以很容易地根据相应的要求进行改变。
根据另一个有利的实施方案,可以在基板中附加地设置由反射红外辐射的金属箔、例如铝箔组成的中间层。考虑到节省空间的要求,所述箔应尽可能薄,例如约为0.1mm。
为了制造根据本发明的热绝缘垫,可以采用常用的制造方法,如对于由纤维增强的塑料制造构件已知的方法。一个例子是,在使用根据构件希望的结构设计的成型模具情况下使用浇铸方法或压制方法。这样,例如在模具中可以首先布设用于形成肋条结构和必要时还有用于环绕框架的结构的第一弹性体层,然后可以置入用于纤维中间层的纤维材料,并且接下来可以用另外的弹性体材料填充模具,以浸渍纤维并建立另外的肋条结构和必要时构成框架结构。
通过本发明,可提供一种热绝缘垫,这种热绝缘垫可以满足实际应用的所有希望的要求:
·所述热绝缘垫表现出以下热绝缘性能,在材料厚度约为1.5mm并且在热侧温度为700℃时,所述热绝缘垫在冷侧的稳定低于100℃。
·由纤维-弹性体复合结构制成的基板可压缩至少0.4毫米,以便可以补偿电池单元由于电池单元老化和充电循环导致的鼓起;
·仅有很小的压力变形残余,使得在电池模块的整个使用寿命期间可以在保持电池单元复合体中的预紧压力的情况下确保实现位移补偿功能;
·对于希望的电绝缘性能,击穿电压强度可以设置到至少3kV;
·对于电池系统希望的低封装密度,可以保持空间需求低;
·并且这种热绝缘垫可以简单且经济地制造。
附图说明
下面参考附图详细说明根据本发明的热电池单元绝缘垫,附图示意性地示出根据本发明的热绝缘垫的一个实施形式,如适用于棱柱形电池单元的热绝缘垫。
其中:
图1示出四个棱柱形电池单元连同设置在其间的根据本发明的热绝缘垫的布置系统的俯视图,
图2示出棱柱形电池单元在鼓起状态下的侧视图,
图3示出根据本发明的热绝缘垫的俯视图,
图4示出根据图3的根据本发明的热绝缘垫的侧视图,
图5a示出根据图4的根据本发明的热绝缘垫在不受载荷的状态下沿一个肋条和框架的剖视图,
图5b示出在受压力载荷的状态下根据图5a的图示,
图6示出根据本发明的热绝缘垫不带框架的示意性分解图,
图7示意性示出带有错开设置的肋条的处于受载荷(弹性压入)的状态下的图示,
图8a示出根据本发明的由纤维-弹性体复合结构制成的基板的基本结构在不受载荷的状态下的俯视图,
图8b示出的在受载荷(弹性压入)的状态下的根据图8a的结构,
图9a在不受载荷的状态下示意性示出装有填充物的由纤维-弹性体复合结构制成的基板基本结构的实施形式,
图9b在受载荷(弹性压入)的状态下示意性示出根据图9a的结构,
图10示出带有用于气体导出的通道结构的一个实施形式的根据本发明的热绝缘垫的示意性俯视图,
图11示出在根据本发明制造的试样上进行的传热测量结果的图表;
图12示出根据本发明制造的试样的弹簧特性曲线与肋间距相关的图表;
图13示出根据本发明制造的试样的弹簧特性曲线与硅弹性体硬度(肖氏硬度A)的相关性的图表;以及
图14示出根据本发明制造的试样的变形性能与肋间距的相关性的对比的图表。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据现有技术的带有四个棱柱形电池单元2的电池装置,分别在两个相邻的电池单元2之间设有根据本发明的热绝缘垫1。
电池单元2的内部结构由固体的方体形或棱柱形电池壳体密封地包围,其所述电池壳体在一个窄侧面上具有两个连接端子3、4和一个安全阀5。当由于温度升高而形成的反应气体导致电池单元内部压力升高超过临界值时,安全阀5打开,使得气体可以逸出并防止电池单元爆炸。
图2示出一个棱柱形电池单元2,这里,电池单元壳体的主表面6发生鼓起。这种变形基本上只发生在主表面6的中心区域,因为电池壳体的边缘通过到邻接的较小侧面的角部而是机械稳定的,并且在正常工作时不会变形。
图3是根据本发明的热绝缘垫1的俯视图,这里可以看到根据本发明的热绝缘垫的肋部布置系统,所述热绝缘垫具有基板7和一排的肋条8,这些肋条彼此平行并且相互隔开间距9横向地在基板7上延伸。这里,间距9比肋条8宽。
肋部布置系统由环绕的框架10包围,肋条8与框架10是脱离的,即肋条8与框架10没有接触。肋条8的端面和外侧的肋条的侧面都没有与框架10连接,从而肋条10的端面与框架8之间存在间隙11。
这里,框架10具有平坦的自由的上侧,通过该上侧,框架10在安装状态下以所述上侧贴靠在电池单元环绕的边缘上。在所示出的设计方案中,框架10也比肋条8宽,从而所述框架具有比肋条具有更高的变形阻力。在安装的加载的状态下,框架10可以补偿预紧压力,而所述预紧压力不会影响肋条。
图4以从斜前方观察的视图示出根据本发明的热绝缘垫1的图示。可以清楚地看到,肋条8在基板7在图中上部的主表面上的布置形式以及环绕的框架10,所述框架围绕上部以及下部肋部布置系统连同设置在其间的基板7延伸。所述基板7具有纤维材料制成的中间层12。
在图5a和5b中示出沿一个肋条8和通过环绕的框架10的纵向剖视图,其处于未加载的状态(图5a)以及在电池模块组装时通过预紧压力向框架10压力加载时的受载荷的状态。
在不受载荷的状态下,框架10的高度高于肋条8的高度,肋条8的端面与框架10之间存在间隙11,所述间隙围绕整个肋部布置系统延伸。
图5b示出在通过预紧压力加载压力时的状态,在装配时给电池模块加载所述预紧压力。通过所述预紧压力,框架10在高度上被压缩,此时框架10和肋条8的高度相等。在对框架10压力加载时,也留出了间隙11,从而在对框架10压力加载时,肋条8也与环绕的框架10脱离。
通过框架的宽度可以实现对希望的变形阻力的调整,这里变形阻力随宽度增加。此外,还可以通过选择材料、弹性体的交联度、压缩模量等来适配变形阻力。
结果是,在组装的具有设置在两个电池单元2之间置的根据本发明的热绝缘垫1的模块中,通过预紧压力对框架10加载,但肋条8保持基本上不受载荷。
图6示出根据本发明的热绝缘垫1的一个实施形式的分解图,其中,为了示出结构而省去了环绕的框架10。
可以看到,肋条8在基板7主表面上的布置形式,这里,肋条8在每个主表面上都相互平行地并且彼此隔开间距9地设置,并且肋条8横向地在主表面上延伸。
这里,一个主表面的肋条8之间的间距9大于肋条8的宽度,间距9优选为肋条8宽度的至少1.5倍至2倍。
两个主表面上的肋条相互错开地设置,一个主表面的一个肋条8沿另一个主表面上的一个间距9延伸。
基板7由弹性体材料形成,所述弹性体材料具有由矿物纤维12制成的中间层。
如果根据其他的实施形式设有一个或两个另外的由纤维材料12制成的中间层,则可以在两个由纤维材料制成的中间层之间作为粘合剂设置附加的弹性体材料。
对于制造带有由纤维材料12制成的中间层的基板7和对于肋条8,可以使用相同的弹性体材料,这里,肋条8可以作为基板7整体的组成部分成形。框架10也可以由相同的弹性材料制成,并作为整体的组成部分与基板7一起成形。
如图7所示,在电池单元的主表面不断鼓起增加过程中(这里未示出),压力施加到肋条8上,并且肋条8与位于其下的基板7被压入到基板7相对置的主表面的错开设置的肋条8的间距9中。
在这种弹性压入状态下,基板7形成之字形的走势,这种走势具有交替向上或向下伸入到相应间距9中的拱曲部。在压力载荷减小时,例如在电池单元放电过程中,这些变形由于基板7的弹性而相应地复原。
变形程度主要由间距9的宽度和基板7的可变形性确定,所述可变形性尤其受弹性体硬度(弹性)和纤维走向的影响,并且如在图8a、b以及9a、b中示例性示出的那样。
图8a、b以及图9a、b用内部结构在不受载荷的状态下(图9a和10a)和在弹性压入的状态下(图9b和10b)的示意图分别示出带有纤维中间层12的基板7的俯视图。
纤维中间层12的纤维分别具有±45°的走向,从而具有不同符号的纤维以90°的角14a交叉。埋入纤维的弹性体基质13作为灰色的面示出。此外还示出沿横向在这个面上延伸的肋条8。在左边和右边沿着肋条8延伸的边缘表示位于其下的在基板7的下侧上设置的错开布置的肋条8之间的间距9。
在这里所示的不受载荷的状态下,具有不同符号的纤维以90°的角14a交叉。
如在图8b中所示,如果向热绝缘垫1施加压力,并且肋条8发生弹性压入,则基板7的纤维-基体复合结构(通过向左或右指向的剪头示出)在宽度减小的情况下伸长(通过在图中上边缘和下边缘处的箭头示出)。因此,纤维之间的交叉角14b减小,这里减小到60°。
如在图9a中在不受载荷的状态下和在图9b中在弹性压入的状态下示出的那样,在对其弹性体材料中添加有填充物颗粒15的基板的肋条8施加压力和弹性压入时,变形发生类似变化。
这里,在交叉角14a为90°的纤维中间层12中也存在±45°的纤维走向。
对于这个示例,使用了不同大小的填充物颗粒15。
在由于邻接的电池单元(未示出)的鼓起而施加压力而发生压缩时,基板7伸长(左和右箭头),并且基板7的宽度减小(上和下箭头)。同时,具有不同符号的纤维的交叉角14b减小到60°。
与图8a和图8b中不同,这里变形的程度附加地受填充物颗粒15的控制,因为通过压缩颗粒15之间的间距减小。一旦所述间距减小到颗粒15发生接触并由此相互勾连的程度,进一步的变形被阻止,因为纤维不再能相对于彼此移动。
图10是根据本发明的热绝缘垫1的俯视图,所述热绝缘垫具有平行设置的肋条8、环绕的框架10和肋条8与环绕的框架10之间的间隙11,其中,肋条8具有由基本上沿横向在肋条8上延伸的中断部16构成的结构。
这些中断部16和出口17、18用于导出反应气体,所述反应气体可能在过热时通过尤其是填充物的相变和分解而形成。由此形成的气相连同由于弹性体热分解形成的气相一起可以在电池单元壁部和基板7之间的由框架10密封的区域内导致出现很高的气体压力。为了减小这个压力,可能有利的是,将中断部16和出口17、18作为辅助排气措施集成到热绝缘垫1中,如在图10中的示例示出的那样。
这里,中断部16在前后相继的肋条8中作为持续的结构形成。这里,在一个肋条8旁边设置在左边或右边的肋条中的中断部16形成16在位于其间的肋条8中的中断部16的延续。结果是,获得持续的用于导出气体的通道。在图10中具体示出的示例中,这些中断部16分别沿对角线从基板的中心出发朝四个角的方向延伸,并且在总图中形成宽X的形状。
此外,附加地在环绕的框架8的短边中设有出口17、18,以用于将反应气体从电池单元壁部和热绝缘垫1之间的中间空间区域导出。
已经对根据本发明的热绝缘垫的绝缘作用和膨胀性能进行了研究。结果在图11至14中的图表中示出。
为了制造试样,使用了市场上可购得的在室温下交联的具有不同的肖氏硬度A的双组分液态硅酮作为硅酮弹性体。表1列出了产品数据和生产商。
在图11中示出对一个示例性的电池单元热绝缘垫进行传热测量的结果。测试是在传热测量台上在1.9bar的压力加载以模拟膨胀过程情况下进行的。试样件是由ELANTAS公司的肖氏硬度A为45的硅弹性体SK85L7制成的,所述试样件具有面密度分别为163g/m2的两层E玻璃纤维织物。试样件尺寸为235mm×113.5mm×2.0mm,与常见的棱柱形电池的尺寸一致。肋高为0.4mm,肋宽为1.0mm,肋间距为2.0mm。
为了进行测量,首先将试样在50℃下保持5分钟,以达到均匀的温度分布,在这段时间期间对压力进行调节。
接下来在200秒内加热至700℃(没有再调节压力)。利用高温计测量在正面和背面上的温升。
结果发现,在正面上的温度从50℃升高至700℃之后,背面温度也仅为低于100℃。由此,背面温度明显地处于实际应用所要求的范围之内。
在图12和图13中以根据本发明的电池单元热绝缘垫的常见材料试样的弹簧特性曲线示出应力应变图。
试样件的尺寸为40mm×40mm,其中肋高为0.4mm,肋宽为2mm,试样的总厚度为2mm。纤维中间层的厚度在0.8至0.9mm之间。
这里,在图12中示出在其他条件相同的情况下弹簧性能与肋间距的相关性;图13示出在其他条件相同的情况下弹簧性能与带有玻璃纤维织物的硅弹性体的硬度相关的变化。
对于根据图12的试验,使用了由肖氏硬度A为45的硅弹性体ADDV-42和面密度为25g/cm2并且走向为+/-45°的亚麻布编法的E玻璃纤维织物制成的纤维中间层组成的试样。
对于图13中示出的试验,材料试样的肋间距统一为2mm。
纤维中间层分别是面密度为80g/cm2和走向为0°/90°的亚麻布编法的E玻璃纤维织物。
这里,所有试样直到约40%的伸长率都表现出大致一致的性能,这里由肖氏硬度A分别为45和55的SK85L7-45和QSil550制成的试样的曲线7和曲线8具有最小的升高斜率。
在图14中示出不同总厚度的试样在预紧载荷和满载荷下变形性能与肋间距的相关性。试样件的尺寸与上面对根据图12和图13的试验说明的尺寸相同,但肋间距有所变化。
对于材料结构,使用了根据表1的硅弹性体SK85L7-45,设有两个由面密度为80g/cm2和走向为+/-45°的亚麻布编法的E玻璃纤维织物制成的纤维中间层。
在各试样没有压力加载情况下的初始厚度从1.860mm到1.530mm之间变化。对试样施加0.186N/mm2的预紧载荷和1.115N/mm2的最大面压力并测量变形程度。此时,预紧强度相当于常用的5kN预紧强度。应确定在预紧载荷下在1.4mm的目标厚度附近的变形的变化,如目前对于与棱柱形电池单元一起使用通常希望的目标厚度。
此时,肋间距为2mm的试样以及肋间距为1.5mm或2.5mm的试样表现出最好的结果,其预紧强度仅略高于1.4mm的期望值。
本发明涉及一种用于对电池系统中相邻的电池单元2、尤其是棱柱形电池单元进行绝缘的热绝缘垫1,所述热绝缘垫包括由纤维-弹性体复合结构制成的能弹性变形的基板7,在基板7的两个主表面上设有确定数量的肋条8,这些肋条相互平行地并且彼此间隔开地沿横向在基板7的主表面上延伸,两个主表面的肋部布置系统由环绕的框架10包围,并且在肋条(8)和框架10之间存在间隙11,其中基板7的纤维-弹性体复合结构由弹性体基质连同嵌入其中的至少一个由矿物纤维制成的中间层形成,并且所述热绝缘垫同时能够补偿电池单元的由于电池单元组件的化学老化和在充电和放电时电池单元的周期性膨胀和收缩而导致的系统固有的体积变化。
附图标记列表
1 绝缘垫
2 电池单元
3、4 连接端子
5 热安全阀
6 电池的鼓起主表面
7 基板
8 肋条
9 间距(两个肋条之间)
10 环绕的框架
11 间隙(肋条和框架之间)
12 纤维组成的中间层
13 弹性体基质
14a、b 交叉角
15 填充物颗粒
16 中断部
17、18 框架10中的出口。
Claims (15)
1.热绝缘垫(1),所述热绝缘垫尤其是用于在电池系统中对相邻的电池单元(2)进行绝缘,所述热绝缘垫具有由纤维-弹性体复合结构组成的能弹性变形的基板(7),在所述基板(7)的两个主表面上设有一定数量的肋条(8),所述肋条相互平行并且彼此间隔开地沿横向在基板(7)的主表面上延伸,这两个主表面的肋条布置系统由环绕的框架(10)包围,并且在所述肋条(8)和框架(10)之间存在间隙(11),所述基板(7)的纤维-弹性体复合结构由弹性体基质连同至少一个由矿物纤维组成的中间层形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,弹性体材料选自硅弹性体、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、丙烯腈-丁二烯橡胶(NBR)、天然橡胶(NR)、丁基橡胶、异丁烯-异戊二烯橡胶(IR)和异戊二烯橡胶(IR)以及聚氨酯(PUR)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,所述弹性体选自硅弹性体和聚氨酯。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,用于中间层的矿物纤维选自玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、硅酸盐纤维和氧化物陶瓷纤维。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,在没有受到压力载荷的状态下,环绕的框架(10)的高度大于肋条(8)的高度,并且环绕的框架(10)的变形阻力大于肋条(8)的变形阻力。
6.根据权利要求5所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,环绕的框架(10)的宽度大于肋条(8)的宽度。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,两个相邻的肋条(8)之间的间距(9)的宽度为肋条(8)宽度的至少1.5倍至2倍。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,所述肋条(8)和环绕的框架(10)由弹性体材料形成。
9.根据权利要求8所述的热绝缘垫,其中,所述肋条(8)或者所述肋条(8)和环绕的框架(10)由与基板相同的弹性体材料形成。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,所述基板(7)具有两个或更多个由矿物纤维制成的中间层(12)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,在两个由矿物纤维(12)制成的中间层之间设有弹性体材料作为粘合剂。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,在所述基板(7)中设有反射红外辐射的金属箔。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,所述基板(7)、肋条(8)和环绕的框架(10)是一体的构件。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热绝缘垫(1),其中,在肋条(8)中设有横向延伸的中断部(16)和/或在环绕的框架(10)中设有至少一个用于导出反应气体的出口(17、18)。
15.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的热绝缘垫的用于具有棱柱形电池单元的电池系统的应用。
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