CN117644698B - 一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料及制备方法,属于功能复合领域。本发明的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料中A层是以碳纤维平纹布与碳纤维网胎交替铺层得到,B层是氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化铝纤维毡交替铺层得到,C层为氧化铝薄膜;本发明的A层、B层和C层之间通过针刺得到针刺预制体,再通过化学气相沉积工艺、浸渍氧化铝浆料,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。本发明制备的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料可以同时兼顾耐高温和隔热性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料及制备方法,属于功能复合领域。
背景技术
随着航空航天高温端部件不断地更新迭代,人们对热防护材料的承载和隔热能力提出了更为严苛的要求。碳化硅(SiC)纤维和碳纤维具有高强度和优异的耐高温特性而被广泛的应用于航空航天等领域。
目前,航空航天高温端热防护材料多采用SiC/SiC、C/C复合材料结构,但SiC纤维和碳纤维材料的导热系数高,无法做到耐高温和隔热性能兼顾。
而,氧化铝纤维的耐高温性能好、在高温下的力学性能保持率高,并且有较好的抗蠕变性能,是隔热优质的隔热材料。常规氧化铝和碳纤维复合是将氧化铝粉末喷涂在碳纤维表面,之后进行烧结,制备氧化铝涂层的碳纤维,或者氧化铝陶瓷基碳纤维复合材料;也有将氧化铝纤维作为包覆层包覆于碳纤维表面来制备复合纤维。这类复合材料存在氧化铝粉末(纤维)、碳纤维的结合能力差,使得制备的复合材料很难同时发挥碳纤维的耐高温与力学性能、氧化铝纤维的隔热性能。
发明内容
[技术问题]
SiC纤维和碳纤维材料的导热系数高,无法做到耐高温和隔热性能兼顾。
[技术方案]
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料及其制备方法。本发明所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料为三层结构,其中A层是以碳纤维平纹布与碳纤维网胎交替铺层得到,其是作为非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的外层,可有效提高热防护材料的承载和耐高温性能;B层是氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化铝纤维毡交替铺层得到,其是作为热防护材料的内层,因其导热系数低,故可起到隔热的作用;C层为氧化铝薄膜,其是作为阻隔层,主要目的在于阻隔化学气相沉积工艺中热解碳的渗透,将A层和B层按功能需求分隔。本发明的A层、B层和C层之间通过针刺得到针刺预制体,针刺预制体通过化学气相沉积工艺、浸渍氧化铝浆料,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。本发明制备的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料可以同时兼顾耐高温和隔热性能。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,其由内到外依次包括A层、C层和B层;
其中,A层:由内层向外层,由15-25层碳纤维平纹布和15-25层碳纤维网胎交替叠层而成;总厚度为10-15mm;
B层:由内层向外层,由15-25层氧化铝平纹布和15-25层氧化铝纤维毡交替叠层而成;总厚度为10-15mm;
C层:由1-3层氧化铝薄膜构成,总厚度为0.4-0.6mm;
A层、B层和C层之间通过针刺连接在一起形成针刺预制体,针刺预制体通过化学气相沉积工艺、浸渍氧化铝浆料,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,A层中碳纤维平纹布的厚度为0.3mm-0.6mm,面密度为400g/m2-500 g/m2,经纱密度为2-4根/10mm,纬纱密度为2-4根/10mm。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,A层中碳纤维网胎的面密度为30g/m2-80g/m2,厚度为0.2mm-0.5mm。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,B层中氧化铝纤维平纹布的厚度为0.2mm-0.6mm,面密度为200g/m2-400 g/m2,经纱密度为6-8根/10mm,纬纱密度为6-8根/10mm。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,B层中氧化铝纤维毡的厚度为0.2mm-0.6mm,面密度为100g/m2-200 g/m2。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种制备非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在针刺机的底座上铺设B层:由内层向外层的方向依次按照一层氧化铝纤维平纹布,一层氧化铝毡的铺设方式进行铺设,直至氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化纤维铝毡各叠满15-25层;
(2)铺设C层:在步骤(1)的基础上,铺设1-3层氧化铝薄膜;
(3)铺设A层:在步骤(2)的基础上,由内层至外层方向,依次按照一层碳纤维平纹布,一层碳纤维网胎进行铺设叠加,直至碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎各叠满15-25层;
(4)待铺设完毕,进行针刺,得到针刺预制体;
(5)采用化学气相沉积工艺对针刺预制体的A层进行基体填充,得到热防护材料半成品;
(6)将热防护材料半成品加热去除表面浆料,之后浸渍氧化铝料浆,待浸渍完全后,取出,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(4)中针刺工艺参数为:刺针型号选择为14×18×38×3M24-G333/C-Y2201型刺针;刺针间距为3.5mm-4.5mm,针刺密度为30-40针/cm2,针刺深度为10mm-20mm。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(5)中化学气相沉积中采用的碳源为丙烯,稀释气体为氮气,沉积方式为A层贴近进气口,沉积温度为1000-1500℃,沉积时间为450-550h。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(5)中化学气相沉积之后预制体的增重在0.5-3%。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中去除表面浆料是在150-180℃下加热20-30min。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中氧化铝料浆是氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶混合后通过球磨制备得到,其中氧化铝粉体的粒径为0.1μm-0.2μm,氧化铝溶胶粒子粒径为10nm-20nm,氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶的质量比为1:1-3,球磨是在35-45rpm下球磨2-6h。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中浸渍氧化铝料浆是在20-30℃下浸渍20-40min。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中烧结是以40-60℃/min升温至1000-1500℃下烧结2-4h。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中浸渍与烧结可以多次反复进行,使得增重在1-3%。
本发明的第三个目的是本发明所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料在航空航天领域中的应用。
本发明的第四个目的是提供一种航空航天耐高温器件,其采用了本发明所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
本发明的第五个目的是提供一种改善碳纤维复合材料使得其同时兼顾耐高温和隔热性能的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在针刺机的底座上铺设B层:由内层向外层的方向依次按照一层氧化铝纤维平纹布,一层氧化铝毡的铺设方式进行铺设,直至氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化纤维铝毡各叠满15-25层;
(2)铺设C层:在步骤(1)的基础上,铺设1-3层氧化铝薄膜;
(3)铺设A层:在步骤(2)的基础上,由内层至外层方向,依次按照一层碳纤维平纹布,一层碳纤维网胎进行铺设叠加,直至碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎各叠满15-25层;
(4)待铺设完毕,进行针刺,得到针刺预制体;
(5)采用化学气相沉积工艺对针刺预制体的A层进行基体填充,得到热防护材料半成品;
(6)将热防护材料半成品加热去除表面浆料,之后浸渍氧化铝料浆,待浸渍完全后,取出,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
[有益效果]
(1)本发明所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料在1600℃下弯曲强度能达到331MPa以上,剪切强度达到189MPa以上,具有更优的弯曲强度和剪切强度;导热系数在0.31W/m/K以下,隔热效果大大提升。
(2)本发明所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,结构组成简单,不仅具有轻量化的显著优势,还具有优异的抗剪切和抗弯性能,同时可有效地耐受1600℃的高温。
附图说明
图1为非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料中针刺预制体的结构,其中,1为碳纤维平纹布,2为碳纤维网胎,A为碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎的叠层结构;3为氧化铝纤维平纹布,4为氧化铝纤维毡,B为氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化铝纤维毡的叠层结构;C为氧化铝纤维膜,D为针刺纤维束。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的优选实施例进行说明,应当理解实施例是为了更好地解释本发明,不用于限制本发明。
测试方法:
层间剪切强度:采用标准ASTM D2344-2000进行测试;
高温弯曲性能:参照GB/T 14390-2008《精细陶瓷高温弯曲试验方法》进行测试;
导热系数:参照GB/T 10294-2008进行测试。
实施例中采用的原料:
碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎:购自宜兴市新立织造有限公司;
氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化铝纤维毡:购自上海榕融新材料有限公司;
碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎、氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化铝纤维毡的具体参数如表1:
表1
氧化铝薄膜:氧化铝纤维膜,长度为350mm,宽度为220mm,厚度为0.25mm;
氧化铝粉体:日本住友化学株式会社的AKP-50高纯超细氧化铝粉体,粒径为0.2μm;
氧化铝溶胶:合肥翔正化学科技有限公司的XZ-1128纳米氧化铝溶胶,胶体粒子粒径为10-20nm;
氧化铝浆料:氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶按照质量比为1:1混合,在40rpm下球磨4h,得到氧化铝浆料。
实施例1
一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,结构如图1,其由内到外依次包括A层、C层和B层;
其中,A层:由内层向外层,由20层碳纤维平纹布和20层碳纤维网胎交替叠层而成;总厚度为14mm;A层主要起到耐高温和承载作用;
B层:由内层向外层,由20层氧化铝平纹布和20层氧化铝纤维毡交替叠层而成;总厚度为11mm;B层可起到隔热和承载效果,有效阻隔了外部的热量进一步传递;
C层:由2层氧化铝薄膜构成,总厚度为0.5mm;C层的作用是隔绝A层和B层结构,防止在化学气相沉积过程中热解碳进入B层;
制备非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在针刺机的底座上铺设B层:由内层向外层的方向依次按照一层氧化铝纤维平纹布,一层氧化铝毡的铺设方式进行铺设,直至氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化纤维铝毡各叠满20层;
(2)铺设C层:在步骤(1)的基础上,铺设2层氧化铝薄膜;
(3)铺设A层:在步骤(2)的基础上,由内层至外层方向,依次按照一层碳纤维平纹布,一层碳纤维网胎进行铺设叠加,直至碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎各叠满20层;
(4)待铺设完毕,进行针刺,刺针型号选择为14×18×38×3M24-G333/C-Y2201型刺针;刺针间距为4mm,针刺密度为32针/cm2,针刺深度为15mm;针刺参数设定完毕,启动针刺机,对铺层织物进行针刺;待整体针刺完毕,将针板旋转90°再针刺一次,得到针刺预制体;
(5)将针刺预制体置于化学气相沉积炉子中,将A层尽可能贴近进气口,以保证A层结构能充分填充碳基体;具体的:打开化学气相沉积炉的气体阀门通入一定量的氮气做保护气体以驱赶真空炉内残留的空气,防止被预制体氧化;随后,打开升温开关,通入丙烯气体作为前驱体,以氮气作为保护气体和稀释气体,以20℃/min的升温速率稳定升温至1000℃,再进行热解碳的沉积,沉积时间为500h,直至增重为1%,得到热防护材料半成品;
(6)将热防护材料半成品在150℃下加热30min去除表面浆料,之后25℃浸渍氧化铝浆料30min,待浸渍完全后,取出,置于烧结炉中以60℃/min的升温速率稳定升温至1100℃,进行烧结2h,重复上述浸渍-烧结一次,直至增重为1%,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
实施例2
调整实施例1中A层是由15层碳纤维平纹布和15层碳纤维网胎交替叠层而成;B层是由15层氧化铝平纹布和15层氧化铝纤维毡交替叠层而成;
其他和实施例1保持一致,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
对比例1
省略实施例1中的C层氧化铝薄膜;其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例2
调整实施例1中B层和A层一样,由20层碳纤维平纹布和20层碳纤维网胎交替叠层而成;其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例3
调整实施例1中A层和B层一样,由20层氧化铝平纹布和20层氧化铝纤维毡交替叠层而成;其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例4
省略实施例1中A层中的碳纤维网胎,仅仅采用40层碳纤维平纹布,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例5
省略实施例1中B层中的氧化铝纤维毡,仅仅采用40层氧化铝平纹布,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例6
省略实施例1步骤(5)中的化学气相沉积,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例7
省略实施例1步骤(6)中的去除浆料的步骤,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
对比例8
调整实施例1步骤(4)-(6)为树脂热压粘合,具体是采用固含量为50%的环氧树脂乳液进行浸渍,取出,在3MPa下加压粘合固化2h,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到复合材料。
将得到的复合材料进行性能测试,测试结果如下;
从表2可以看出:在1600℃下弯曲强度能达到331MPa以上,剪切强度达到189MPa以上,具有更优的弯曲强度和剪切强度;导热系数在0.31W/m/K以下,隔热效果大大提升,一旦铺层发生变化、三层结构设计发生变化、操作上存在区别,都会极大的影响复合材料的性能。
表2
例 | 弯曲强度(MPa) | 剪切强度(MPa) | 导热系数(W/m/K) |
实施例1 | 343 | 194 | 0.31 |
实施例2 | 331 | 189 | 0.30 |
对比例1 | 316 | 178 | 0.56 |
对比例2 | 355 | 206 | 2.1 |
对比例3 | 267 | 117 | 0.23 |
对比例4 | 373 | 206 | 2.4 |
对比例5 | 278 | 141 | 0.21 |
对比例6 | 316 | 175 | 0.85 |
对比例7 | 307 | 164 | 0.65 |
对比例8 | 205 | 134 | 2.5 |
虽然本发明已以较佳实施例公开如上,但其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技术的人,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,都可做各种的改动与修饰,因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,其特征在于,由内到外依次包括A层、C层和B层;
其中,A层:由内层向外层,由15-25层碳纤维平纹布和15-25层碳纤维网胎交替叠层而成;总厚度为10-15 mm;
B层:由内层向外层,由15-25层氧化铝平纹布和15-25层氧化铝纤维毡交替叠层而成;总厚度为10-15 mm;
C层:由1-3层氧化铝薄膜构成,总厚度为0.4-0.6 mm;
A层、B层和C层之间通过针刺连接在一起形成针刺预制体,针刺预制体通过化学气相沉积工艺、浸渍氧化铝浆料,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料;
所述化学气相沉积中采用的碳源为丙烯,稀释气体为氮气,沉积方式为A层贴近进气口,沉积温度为1000-1500℃,沉积时间为450-550 h;
所述氧化铝料浆是氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶混合后通过球磨制备得到,其中氧化铝粉体的粒径为0.1μm -0.2μm,氧化铝溶胶粒子粒径为10 nm -20nm,氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶的质量比为1:1-3,球磨是在35-45rpm下球磨2-6h。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,其特征在于,A层中碳纤维平纹布的厚度为0.3 mm-0.6 mm,面密度为400 g/m2-500 g/m2,经纱密度为2-4根/10mm,纬纱密度为2-4根/10mm;碳纤维网胎的面密度为30 g/m2-80g/m2,厚度为0.2 mm -0.5 mm。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料,其特征在于,B层中氧化铝纤维平纹布的厚度为0.2 mm -0.6mm,面密度为200 g/m2-400 g/m2,经纱密度为6-8根/10mm,纬纱密度为6-8根/10mm;氧化铝纤维毡的厚度为0.2 mm -0.6mm,面密度为100 g/m2-200 g/m2。
4.一种制备权利要求1-3任一项所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)在针刺机的底座上铺设B层:由内层向外层的方向依次按照一层氧化铝纤维平纹布,一层氧化铝毡的铺设方式进行铺设,直至氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化纤维铝毡各叠满15-25层;
(2)铺设C层:在步骤(1)的基础上,铺设1-3层氧化铝薄膜;
(3)铺设A层:在步骤(2)的基础上,由内层至外层方向,依次按照一层碳纤维平纹布,一层碳纤维网胎进行铺设叠加,直至碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎各叠满15-25层;
(4)待铺设完毕,进行针刺,得到针刺预制体;
(5)采用化学气相沉积工艺对针刺预制体的A层进行基体填充,得到热防护材料半成品;
(6)将热防护材料半成品加热去除表面浆料,之后浸渍氧化铝料浆,待浸渍完全后,取出,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中针刺工艺参数为:刺针型号选择为14×18×38×3M24-G333/C-Y2201型刺针;刺针间距为3.5mm-4.5mm,针刺密度为30-40针/cm2,针刺深度为10mm-20mm。
6. 根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中化学气相沉积中采用的碳源为丙烯,稀释气体为氮气,沉积方式为A层贴近进气口,沉积温度为1000-1500℃,沉积时间为450-550 h。
7. 根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)中氧化铝料浆是氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶混合后通过球磨制备得到,其中氧化铝粉体的粒径为0.1μm -0.2μm,氧化铝溶胶粒子粒径为10 nm -20nm,氧化铝粉体和氧化铝溶胶的质量比为1:1-3,球磨是在35-45rpm下球磨2-6h。
8.权利要求1-3任一项所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料在航空航天领域中的应用。
9.一种航空航天耐高温器件,其特征在于,采用了权利要求1-3任一项所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
10.一种权利要求1-3任一项所述的非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的应用,其特征在于,所述应用是用于改善碳纤维复合材料使得其同时兼顾耐高温和隔热性能;所述非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料的制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)在针刺机的底座上铺设B层:由内层向外层的方向依次按照一层氧化铝纤维平纹布,一层氧化铝毡的铺设方式进行铺设,直至氧化铝纤维平纹布和氧化纤维铝毡各叠满15-25层;
(2)铺设C层:在步骤(1)的基础上,铺设1-3层氧化铝薄膜;
(3)铺设A层:在步骤(2)的基础上,由内层至外层方向,依次按照一层碳纤维平纹布,一层碳纤维网胎进行铺设叠加,直至碳纤维平纹布和碳纤维网胎各叠满15-25层;
(4)待铺设完毕,进行针刺,得到针刺预制体;
(5)采用化学气相沉积工艺对针刺预制体的A层进行基体填充,得到热防护材料半成品;
(6)将热防护材料半成品加热去除表面浆料,之后浸渍氧化铝料浆,待浸渍完全后,取出,烧结,得到非均质结构热防护针刺复合材料。
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