CN117482223A - 一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗及其应用 - Google Patents
一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及疫苗学领域,具体是一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗及其应用。本发明基于叶酸‑IgM的特异性结合,构建叶酸修饰的脂质纳米载体,可负载特定肿瘤抗原,与不同体液中天然IgM结合并实现靶向性赋能,在IgM及其相关受体(如FcμR、补体受体等)介导下高效递送至关键抗原递呈细胞(如脾脏MZB细胞、粘膜M细胞、皮肤DCs等),调控免疫反应。本发明结果表明该技术可显著提高纳米疫苗对抗原细胞的靶向性,增强机体免疫反应,有望在肿瘤免疫治疗领域发挥作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及疫苗学领域,具体地说,是一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗及其应用。
背景技术
疫苗是现代公共卫生的基石。疫苗的发展有力地降低了全球传染病的死亡率和发病率。近年来,免疫学、分子遗传学和纳米技术的进步推动了疫苗研究的发展。与此同时,为了进一步提高免疫原性,纳米疫苗在疫苗学领域的研究中应运而生。纳米疫苗是指大小在几纳米到几百纳米之间的颗粒状的疫苗。它们可以根据需求,在大小、形状、表面修饰等参数上,制作成与免疫系统相似的目标,从而优化疫苗的生物分布以及与免疫细胞的相互作用,因此在疫苗领域展现出巨大的潜力。在疫苗学应用中,纳米颗粒有三个主要功能,分别是:作为佐剂、载体或者呈递平台。可以将这些作用中的一个或几个组合起来,以改善免疫反应。纳米颗粒作为颗粒佐剂和核酸载体已经取得了显著的成功。疫苗开发中的纳米颗粒呈递平台是将抗原附着到颗粒表面,以通过增强细胞受体的运输和识别,来促进免疫反应。然而纳米疫苗的抗原递呈过程复杂、递送效率低的问题严重限制了其安全有效性。因此,基于纳米疫苗的体内递送过程特点。开发高效的靶向递送技术,是助其临床转化的重要环节。
常见的抗原递呈细胞如:B细胞、DC细胞和M细胞,表面分别表达CR1、CR3和C5a等补体受体,B细胞还能表达免疫球蛋白IgM结合受体(FcμR)。B细胞在血液中分布较多,DC细胞主要分布于皮下黏膜,M细胞则存在于淋巴滤泡上皮之间,与肠上皮细胞紧密排列。因此,针对抗原递呈细胞在体内的分布,采用不同的接种途径,来提高疫苗对于这些细胞的结合,以期提高抗原递呈靶向性。纳米疫苗进入血液后将不可避免吸附血浆蛋白,在表面形成蛋白冠。这些被吸收的蛋白质的构象和生物活性会主导纳米疫苗的体内性能。所以,对生物纳米界面的精确调控为提高纳米疫苗的体内性能提供了新的动力。
免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)是个体发育中产生的第一个抗体,是免疫反应中第一个分泌的抗体,也是最有效的激活补体系统的免疫球蛋白之一。免疫细胞可通过补体受体和FcμR与其结合。结合抗原的IgM可以与带有补体受体CD21/CD35的B细胞相互作用。同时,FcμR是一种表达在B细胞上的特异性IgM Fc受体,在宿主防御和体液免疫中具有重要作用。由于IgM补体和FcμR途径都可以参与体液免疫应答,IgM可能是调节纳米疫苗与免疫细胞相互作用的关键血浆蛋白。但是需要主动操控IgM的结合来实现纳米疫苗的精准递送。
叶酸分子是B族水溶性维生素,参与机体核苷酸代谢。前期研究发现叶酸可与IgM特异性结合。叶酸作为结合IgM的靶分子修饰于纳米载体表面,可以显著增强纳米疫苗的抗原递呈效率。本发明以天然IgM作为佐剂,基于叶酸-IgM的特异性结合,主动精准调控纳米疫苗表面蛋白冠中的IgM,赋能纳米疫苗在不同接种途径均可靶向相关抗原递呈细胞(如脾脏边缘B细胞、粘膜M细胞和皮肤DCs等),开发一种普适性的纳米疫苗体内高效靶向递送技术,并评价其在抗肿瘤的安全有效性,助力纳米疫苗的临床转化。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种基于操控天然IgM佐剂、可在不同途径接种的纳米疫苗普适性靶向递送技术,并制备基于操控天然IgM佐剂技术的肿瘤纳米疫苗,助力肿瘤等重大疾病的防治及相关制剂的临床转化。
本发明基于叶酸-IgM的特异性结合,构建叶酸修饰的脂质载体,负载特定肿瘤抗原,与不同体液中天然IgM结合并实现靶向性赋能,在IgM及其相关受体(如FcμR、补体受体等)介导下高效递送至关键抗原递呈细胞(如脾脏MZB细胞、粘膜M细胞、皮肤DCs等),调控免疫反应,有望在抗肿瘤、细菌感染等领域发挥作用。
本发明首先制备叶酸修饰的脂质体,可包载目标抗原(如模型抗原鸡卵白蛋白OVA、肿瘤抗原等)制备纳米疫苗,并表征其理化性质。包括利用马尔文粒径仪、冷冻电镜等表征各纳米疫苗的粒径、电位、形貌;利用ELISA计算各纳米疫苗与不同来源IgM的结合力;利用免疫金标和透射电镜观察IgM蛋白冠在纳米疫苗表面分布情况;将纳米疫苗与不同体液孵育后,利用LC/MS/MS、Western Blot分析纳米疫苗表面IgM蛋白冠含量;利用荧光共振能量转移技术考察纳米疫苗结构稳定性等。
其次,考察纳米疫苗的体内靶向递送能力,包括药动学、生物分布、靶向性和免疫原性等。重点考察纳米疫苗经血道途径、胃肠道途径及皮肤途径的抗原递呈过程。包括利用小动物活体成像仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、流式细胞仪等设备,通过生物分布、组织切片、细胞分选与摄取、蛋白组学等技术,评价纳米疫苗在体内对不同抗原递呈细胞(如脾脏MZB细胞、粘膜M细胞以及皮肤DCs等)的靶向性,明晰抗原递呈的受体途径(如经FcμR、补体受体等),揭示IgM赋能靶向机制。
最后,对纳米疫苗进行药效评价,验证基于操控IgM佐剂策略的纳米疫苗在抗肿瘤的药效。包括预防性药效和治疗性药效。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
1.叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备与表征
首先合成叶酸修饰的高分子材料叶酸-PEG-DSPE、叶酸-PEG-PLA、叶酸-PEG-PLGA、叶酸-PEG-PCL等。通过叶酸的羧基与H2N-PEG-DSPE、H2N-PEG-PLA、H2N-PEG-PLGA、H2N-PEG-PCL等所含氨基通过酰胺缩合反应实现材料的合成。
然后制备叶酸修饰的纳米疫苗。一定量的叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-PLA和mPEG-PLA、或叶酸-PEG-PLGA和mPEG-PLGA、或叶酸-PEG-PCL和mPEG-PCL,磷脂,胆固醇,MPLA,以及一定量抗原药物,采用成膜水化等方法分别制备相应的叶酸修饰脂质体、聚合物胶束、聚合物圆盘、聚合物纳米粒等纳米疫苗;激光散射粒度仪表征纳米疫苗粒径和粒径分布。利用ELISA法测定叶酸修饰的纳米疫苗与不同来源IgM(包括血清、肠黏液、支气管肺泡灌洗液等)的结合活性。
2.叶酸修饰纳米疫苗与天然IgM的结合及表征
首先制备结合IgM后的蛋白冠样品。通过尾静脉注射叶酸修饰纳米疫苗至小鼠体内,1h后眼眶取血收集血清,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀,可获得体内蛋白冠样品。同法也可体外模拟蛋白冠形成,如取叶酸修饰纳米疫苗分别与等体积不同含IgM的体液(包括血清、唾液和肠道粘液)混合,体外孵育后,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀获得体外蛋白冠样品。
然后对蛋白冠样品中的IgM成分进行表征。采用LC-MS/MS法对不同蛋白冠进行组学表征。制备蛋白冠样品后,首先经过SDS-PAGE电泳分离,再采用Western Blot法鉴定蛋白冠中IgM。利用免疫金标和透射电镜观察IgM蛋白冠在纳米疫苗表面分布情况。
3.纳米疫苗的体内靶向递送考察
药动学考察:制备包载荧光素的叶酸纳米疫苗,然后分别经尾静脉注射或者口服灌胃等方式给药至大鼠体内,并于给药后不同时间眼眶取血,收集血清,测定血清样品荧光值,绘制药时曲线,计算药动学参数(AUC、t1/2、tmax等)。
生物分布考察:将包载荧光素的叶酸纳米疫苗经尾静脉注射或灌胃等至小鼠体内,并于给药后不同时间点麻醉小鼠,分离心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胃肠道等主要脏器。通过活体成像仪观察各脏器荧光强度。称重各脏器,收集各脏器匀浆液,测定荧光值,根据标准曲线,计算叶酸脂质体的脏器分布。
抗原递呈细胞的识别与內吞:以骨髓来源树突状细胞(Bone marrow-deriveddendritic cells,BMDCs)和巨噬细胞RAW264.7为代表,考察体内专职抗原递呈细胞对纳米疫苗的识别与内吞。
脾脏MZB细胞靶向性摄取考察:制备包载荧光素的叶酸纳米疫苗,经尾静脉注射至小鼠体内,并于给药收集脾脏。利用流式细胞仪分选出脾脏MZB细胞(CD19+CD21highCD23-),比较脾脏MZB细胞摄取脂质体的差异。另一方面制备脾脏冷冻切片,利用激光共聚焦观察脂质体在脾脏中的分布。
粘膜M细胞靶向性摄取:使用单向肠灌流方式考察粘膜M细胞对脂质体疫苗的体内摄取情况。利用包载荧光素的叶酸纳米疫苗进行灌流至肠断吸收平衡,收集肠内壁的派尔集合淋巴结。分别制备冷冻切片,利用激光共聚焦观察脂质体被M细胞捕获情况。另外研磨派尔集合淋巴结,制备单细胞悬液,抗体标记M细胞,利用流式细胞仪分析M细胞摄取脂质体情况。
皮肤DCs靶向性摄取:利用皮肤外植体考察纳米疫苗的皮肤DCs靶向性摄取。制备包载荧光素的叶酸脂质体,与含IgM的血清体外孵育后,皮内注射至皮肤外植体。制备冷冻切片,利用激光共聚焦观察脂质体被皮肤DCs捕获情况。
4.纳米疫苗的药效评价
E.G7-OVA皮下瘤模型预防性抗肿瘤药效。现注射叶酸纳米疫苗至小鼠体内,每周一次,共三次。在最后给药后一周时,再将E.G7-OVA细胞接种于雌性C57BL/6小鼠右腋皮下,建立E.G7-OVA皮下瘤模型,以考察脂质体疫苗的预防性药效。以小鼠中位生存期、肿瘤生长曲线为指标评价体内抗肿瘤效果。
E.G7-OVA皮下瘤模型治疗性抗肿瘤药效:先将E.G7-OVA细胞接种于小鼠右腋皮下,建立E.G7-OVA皮下瘤模型。种瘤第二天再将叶酸纳米疫苗给药至小鼠体内,每周一次,共三次,以考察纳米疫苗治疗性药效。以小鼠中位生存期、肿瘤生长曲线、瘤重、肿瘤组织T细胞浸润等为指标评价体内抗肿瘤效果。
基于以上技术方案,本发明的第一方面,提供一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(A)叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备:
首先合成叶酸修饰的高分子材料叶酸-PEG-DSPE、叶酸-PEG-PLA、叶酸-PEG-PLGA、叶酸-PEG-PCL等;进一步地,通过叶酸的羧基与H2N-PEG-DSPE、H2N-PEG-PLA、H2N-PEG-PLGA、H2N-PEG-PCL等所含氨基通过酰胺缩合反应实现叶酸修饰的高分子材料的合成。
然后制备叶酸修饰的纳米疫苗:一定量的叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-PLA和mPEG-PLA、或叶酸-PEG-PLGA和mPEG-PLGA、或叶酸-PEG-PCL和mPEG-PCL,磷脂,胆固醇,MPLA,以及抗原药物,采用成膜水化等方法分别制备相应的叶酸修饰脂质体、聚合物胶束、聚合物圆盘、聚合物纳米粒等叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
(B)结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备:
通过尾静脉注射叶酸修饰纳米疫苗至小鼠体内,1h后眼眶取血收集血清,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀,可获得体内结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗;同法也可体外模拟纳米疫苗的形成,如取叶酸修饰纳米疫苗分别与等体积不同含IgM的体液(包括血清、唾液和肠道粘液)混合,体外孵育后,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀获得体外结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
进一步的,所述的步骤(B)中的抗原药物选自模型抗原(如OVA等)、肿瘤特异性/相关性抗原(如HER2、CEA、PSA和MUC1等)、肿瘤新生抗原(如Adpgk)、核酸类抗原(如mRNA)。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中,所述的步骤(A)中用一定量氯仿将对应质量(9.58mg:3.19mg:2.55mg:1.125mg:50μg)的HSPC,CHOL,DSPE-mPEG2000,FA-DSPE-mPEG3400和单磷酰基脂质A(MPLA,购自Avanti,货号699800P)溶解混合,置于旋蒸仪,水化蒸发法制备脂质体(25℃,60r,40min),观测到圆底烧瓶底部有透明薄膜形成;以鸡卵白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)作为模型抗原,加入5mg/ml的OVA的生理盐水溶液,水化旋蒸(45℃,80r,1h);细胞破碎仪探头冰浴超声10min(工作2s,间隔1s,160W);置于液氮与37℃水浴,反复冻融8次;离心30min(14000rpm,4℃)弃上清,用生理盐水重悬,操作两次;得到1%叶酸修饰度的纳米疫苗,命名为FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中,所述的步骤(B)中将FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA与血清预孵育,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA:血清=4:1,37℃孵育1h,得到结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
本发明的第二方面,提供一种采用如上所述的制备方法制备得到的操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
本发明的第三方面,提供一种如上所述操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗在制备脂质体递药系统、脂质纳米粒递药系统、聚合物胶束递药系统、聚合物圆盘递药系统、聚合物纳米粒递药系统中的应用。
本发明的第四方面,提供一种如上所述操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗在制备肿瘤治疗药物中的应用。
本发明优点在于:
1、创新性提出“天然IgM佐剂靶向赋能策略”,利用叶酸-IgM特异性结合,实现基于调控纳米疫苗表面吸附IgM佐剂的体内高效递送。
2、利用M细胞表面FcμR介导的逆胞吞转运途径,率先实现纳米疫苗的粘膜M细胞靶向递送。
3、提出天然IgM可作为关键蛋白,实现纳米疫苗不同接种途径的靶向抗原递呈。
附图说明
图1.不同叶酸修饰的脂质体粒径分布图。
图2.不同叶酸修饰的脂质体与血清来源的天然IgM的结合力曲线(Mean±SD,n=3)。
图3.不同叶酸修饰的脂质体蛋白冠样品的SDS-PAGE胶图。图中箭头指代分子量在72kDa处IgM的特征碎片蛋白。
图4.不同叶酸修饰的脂质体蛋白冠样品的western blot分析图。
图5.1%叶酸修饰度脂质体蛋白冠样品的透射电镜图。白色箭头指代金纳米粒标记的IgM。比例尺为50μm。
图6.荧光脂质经尾静脉注射只小鼠体内4小时后的脾脏荧光分布(Mean±SD,n=4)。A图为小动物成像系统拍摄的脾脏荧光图。B图为不同荧光脂质体的脾脏荧光值半定量分析。
图7.叶酸脂质体在脾脏边缘B(MZB)细胞的摄取结果。左图为利用MZB特异性标志物的流式分选图。右图为MZB细胞摄取脂质体的荧光半定量分析图(Mean±SD,n=4)。
图8.叶酸脂质体与脾脏边缘B(MZB)细胞共定位的共聚焦显微镜照片。图中从左至右分别为DAPI标记的细胞核(蓝色),FITC-IgM标记的MZB细胞(绿色),DiD荧光标记的叶酸脂质体(红色),重叠图以及局部放大图。
图9.脾脏B淋巴细胞摄取叶酸脂质体的机制分析(Mean±SD,n=4)。BSA为牛血清白蛋白,normal serum为正常含IgM的小鼠血清,serum(C-)为补体热灭活的小鼠血清,serum(anti-FcμR)为小鼠血清中提前加入抗FcμR抗体,SCID serum为不含IgM的小鼠血清。
图10.脾脏B淋巴细胞摄取叶酸脂质体的激光共聚焦显微镜拍摄照片。图中从左至右分别为DAPI标记的细胞核(蓝色),FITC-IgM标记的MZB细胞(绿色),DiD荧光标记的脂质体(红色)以及融合图片。
图11.叶酸脂质体与脾脏巨噬细胞共定位的共聚焦显微镜照片。图中从左至右分别为DAPI标记的细胞核(蓝色),DiD荧光标记的脂质体(红色),CD68抗体标记的巨噬细胞(绿色),重叠图以及局部放大图。
图12.小鼠经免疫刺激后的脾肿大分析。A图小鼠经不同组别刺激后的脾脏照片。B图为各组小鼠脾肿大系数分析图(Mean±SD,n=4)。
图13.利用CCK-8法考察不同免疫小鼠经OVA再刺激后的脾B淋巴细胞增殖情况(Mean±SD,n=4)。
图14.不同免疫小鼠经OVA再刺激后的脾脏CD19+的B淋巴细胞表面CD80表达情况(Mean±SD,n=4)。
图15.小鼠经尾静脉免疫后的OVA特异性IgG抗体滴度水平时间曲线(Mean±SD,n=5)。
图16.小鼠经皮下免疫后的OVA特异性IgG抗体滴度水平时间曲线(Mean±SD,n=3)。
图17.小鼠经口服免疫后的OVA特异性IgG抗体滴度水平时间曲线(Mean±SD,n=5)。
图18.小鼠经尾静脉免疫后血液中OVA抗体片段特异性的CD8+T细胞表达水平(Mean±SD,n=5)。A图为流式分选图。B图为OVA抗体片段特异性的CD8+T细胞定量分析结果。
图19.不同静脉免疫小鼠接种EG7-OVA细胞后的肿瘤生长曲线(Mean±SD,n=7)。
图20.不同静脉免疫小鼠接种EG7-OVA细胞后的肿瘤重量(Mean±SD,n=7)。A图为剥离的肿瘤直观照片。B图为不同处理组的肿瘤重量分析图。
图21.肿瘤区域的T细胞浸润情况。A图为不同组别肿瘤的荧光切片照片,图中蓝色为DAPI标记的细胞核,红色为CD8抗体标记的T细胞。B图为不同视野下CD8+T细胞的数量统计分析图(Mean±SD,n=5)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的具体实施方式作详细说明。
实施例1:叶酸脂质体纳米疫苗的制备及表征
1.叶酸修饰脂质体的制备及表征
按照表1,用一定量氯仿将处方量的氢化大豆磷脂(HSPC),胆固醇(CHOL),聚乙二醇化磷脂(DSPE-mPEG2000)和叶酸修饰的聚乙二醇化磷脂(FA-DSPE-mPEG3400)溶解混合,置于旋蒸仪,利用薄膜水化法制备不同叶酸修饰度的脂质体,观测到圆底烧瓶底部有透明薄膜形成。加入适量去离子水,45℃水化旋蒸1h。溶液经细胞破碎仪探头冰浴超声10min(工作2s,间隔1s,160W)。过0.22μm微孔滤膜,得到不同叶酸修饰度的脂质体,置于4℃保存备用。马尔文粒径仪测定其粒径(图1,表2)。
表1.不同叶酸修饰度脂质体处方
表2.不同叶酸修饰的脂质体粒径大小与分散系数
2.叶酸修饰脂质体纳米疫苗的制备
按照表3,用一定量氯仿将对应质量的HSPC,CHOL,DSPE-mPEG2000,FA-DSPE-mPEG3400和单磷酰基脂质A(Monophosphoryl-lipid A,MPLA)溶解混合,置于旋蒸仪,水化蒸发法制备脂质体(25℃,60r,40min),观测到圆底烧瓶底部有透明薄膜形成。以鸡卵白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)作为模型抗原,加入5mg/ml的OVA的生理盐水溶液,水化旋蒸(45℃,80r,1h)。细胞破碎仪探头冰浴超声10min(工作2s,间隔1s,160W)。置于液氮与37℃水浴,反复冻融8次。离心30min(14000rpm,4℃)弃上清,用生理盐水重悬,操作两次。得到1%叶酸修饰度的纳米疫苗,命名为FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA。
表3.纳米疫苗处方
3.OVA抗原包封率测定
采用二喹啉甲酸(BCA)法测定OVA蛋白浓度。将25mg/mL蛋白标准溶液用PBS稀释到0.5mg/mL。取BCA试剂A液和B液按50:1的比例混合得到BCA工作液。用PBS稀释将0.5mg/mL的蛋白标准溶液稀释成浓度分别为0、0.025、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5mg/mL的蛋白标准溶液,各取20μL加至96孔板中。取2μL纳米疫苗加至96孔板中,再用PBS稀释到20μL,37℃放置25min,每个样品设置三个复孔。用酶标仪测定562nm波长处的吸光度。以吸光度数值和标准品浓度绘制标准曲线,得到标准曲线公式,将样品孔吸光度数值带入可得到样品蛋白浓度。通过以下公式计算OVA蛋白的包封率:包封率=装载药物量/投入药物量×100%。
结果显示,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA的OVA含量为1.35mg/mL,包封率为26.94%。sLip/OVA/MPLA的OVA含量为1.39mg/mL,包封率为27.76%。
实施例2:天然IgM佐剂的操控
1.叶酸修饰脂质体与IgM结合能力考察
采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测不同叶酸修饰度的脂质体与IgM的结合能力。以每孔20μg脂质体铺于高结合力板中,4℃孵育过夜。次日弃去孔内液体,在纸巾上轻轻叩打以吸去残留液体,加入PBST(含0.1%吐温20的PBS溶液),150μL/孔,洗涤3次,每次3min。弃去孔内液体,在纸巾上轻轻叩打以吸去残留液体,加入5%BSA溶液,150μL/孔,37℃孵育1h。弃去孔内封闭液。加入PBST洗液,150μL/孔,洗涤1次,每次3min。弃去孔内液体,在纸巾上轻轻叩打以吸去残留液体。加入梯度稀释的C57小鼠血清,100μL/孔,37℃孵育1h。加入PBST洗液,150μL/孔,洗涤4次,每次5min。弃去孔内液体,在纸巾上轻轻叩打以吸去残留液体。加入goat anti-mouse IgM(HRP),稀释液为0.1% BSA,100μL/孔,37℃孵育1h。弃去孔内液体,在纸巾上轻轻叩打以吸去残留液体,加入PBST洗液,150μL/孔,洗涤4次,每次3min。按100μL/孔,加入TMB显色液,室温避光反应15min。于各反应孔中加入0.18M硫酸溶液100μL。用酶标仪测450nm处的吸光度值(图2)。结果显示,叶酸修饰脂质与小鼠IgM的Kd值为0.0133,表明脂质体通过叶酸修饰,显著提高了IgM的结合。
2.蛋白冠的制备与分离
腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠(50mg/kg)麻醉小鼠,取血300μL于EP管中,静置15min,离心30min(4℃,4500rpm),取上清得到血清。分别取等体积的Blank sLip、1% FA-sLip与血清至低蛋白吸附管中,37℃孵育1h。将孵育过的样品用预冷的PBS稀释至800μL,离心30min(4℃,14000g),弃上清。将沉淀用PBS溶解,离心30min(4℃,14000g),洗涤3次,弃上清。将所得蛋白用30μL的PBS溶解,加入2μL的β-巯基乙醇,8μL的5×上样缓冲液,在100℃金属浴10min,取出冷却至室温,放入-20℃冷冻备用。
3.SDS-PAGE银染分析蛋白冠
根据IgM的蛋白分子量,选择12%的分离胶浓度进行SDS-PAGE电泳。将凝胶放入电泳槽中,血清上样0.5μL,Blank sLip及1% FA-sLip蛋白冠样品组均上样10μL。采用60mA恒流直至电泳结束。电泳结束后,将凝胶小心地取下放入容器中,按照试剂说明书对胶条进行染色标记。大致实验步骤如下:
取凝胶放入约50mL固定液中,在摇床上室温摇动1h。弃固定液,加入50mL 30%乙醇,在摇床上室温摇动10min。弃30%乙醇,加入50mL蒸水,在摇床上室温摇动10mi。弃水,加入50mL银染增敏液,在摇床上室温摇动2min。弃原有溶液,加入双蒸水,在摇床上室温摇动1min,重复一次。弃水,加入50mL银溶液,在摇床上室温摇动10min。弃原有溶液,加入50mL双蒸水,在摇床上室温摇动1min。弃水,加入50mL银染显色液,在摇床上室温摇动5min,直至出现比较理想的预期蛋白条带。弃银染显色液,加入50mL银染终止液(1X),在摇床上室温摇动10min。弃银染终止液,加入50mL双蒸水,在摇床上室温摇动5min。结果如图3所示,在72kd处出现了IgM的特征碎片条带,证明了蛋白冠中具有IgM成分。
3.Western Blot分析蛋白冠
电泳结束后,将制胶玻璃板拿出,放入转膜液中浸泡。浸泡约1min后,用切胶板小心地将胶切下来。将转膜夹负极面放在下方,放置湿润的3M滤纸,将凝胶置于滤纸上面,预先甲醇激活的PVDF膜覆盖于凝胶之上后加入另一侧的3M滤纸,最后盖上转移夹夹紧。安装好转移槽后放入冰水中,保持低温,恒流400mA转膜25min。塑料盒中倒入一部分已配好的封闭液,电泳完毕取出PVDF膜,将膜投入封闭液中,再将塑料盒置于摇床上室温缓慢封闭1h。倒尽封闭液,加入稀释的goat anti-mouse IgM-HRP(abcam,97230),置于摇床上37℃孵育1h。抗体孵育完成后,用PBST快速洗涤3次,每次10min。洗涤完毕后除去膜洗涤液,将ECL发光显色液A和B按照体积比1:1均匀混合后滴加在膜表面,并确保膜被显色液完全覆盖,避光反应1min后用成像仪曝光显色。结果如图4所示,叶酸脂质体吸附的IgM量随叶酸修饰度增加而逐渐增加。
4.透射电镜表征
为了直接观察脂质体上结合的IgM,制备1% FA-sLip蛋白冠样品,与纳米金偶联的山羊抗小鼠IgMμ链抗体(Abcam,ab39606,1/20稀释)室温孵育1h,以标记蛋白冠中的IgM。然后用2%磷钨酸进行负染色。在JEM-1400plus透射电子显微镜(TEM)上观察样品(图5)。图中白色箭头标记的为所吸附的IgM,分布在脂质体表面。
实施例3:纳米疫苗对不同抗原递细胞的靶向性评价
1.脾脏边缘B(marginal zone B,MZB)细胞靶向性
C57BL/6小鼠静脉注射负载DiD的sLip和FA-sLip(50mg HSPC/kg小鼠体重)。尾静脉注射后4小时和12小时,牺牲小鼠,收集脾脏。使用活体成像系统(IVIS Spectrum,Caliper,USA)对脾脏中的脂质体积累进行了可视化和半定量分析(图6)。结果显示,叶酸脂质体在小鼠脾脏的蓄积明显高于普通脂质体。收集脾脏细胞悬液,使用相应的抗体通过流式细胞仪(BD Celesta,Beckman)对MZB(CD19+CD21highCD23low)细胞进行分类,测定MZB细胞的摄取情况(图7)。结果显示,在不同时间点叶酸脂质体被MZB细胞摄取量均高于普通脂质体。此外,将脾脏包埋入Tissue Tek O.C.T.化合物中,并切成10μm厚的切片。然后用DAPI和FITC偶联的抗IgM抗体对切片进行染色。使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(TCS SP5,Leica)观察脂质体与IgM+MZB细胞的共定位情况(图8)。结果显示,叶酸脂质体主要分布在脾脏红髓和边缘区域,分布在边缘区域的叶酸脂质体与MZB细胞具有明显共定位,表明被MZB细胞捕获。
为了考察纳米疫苗与MZB细胞的直接结合,使用淋巴细胞分离介质分离C57BL/6小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞悬液。淋巴细胞用RPMI-1640培养基培养,并接种到24孔板中。FA-sLip/DiD首先与BSA、正常小鼠血清、热灭活小鼠血清(56℃下1小时)、经抗FcμR抗体处理的小鼠血清和SCID血清在37℃下培养1小时。然后,将淋巴细胞(每孔5×105)与上述样品在4℃下孵育4小时。用流式细胞仪(BD Celesta,Beckman)分析细胞结合情况(图9)。结果显示,叶酸脂质体与脾脏淋巴细胞的结合高于普通脂质体,且结合强度与血清中的补体以及FcμR抗体有关。结果提示叶补体受体和FcμR参与叶酸脂质体与脾脏淋巴细胞的结合。用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(TCS SP5,Leica)观察脂质体与FITC结合的抗IgM抗体标记的MZB细胞的共定位情况(图10)。结果同样表明叶酸脂质体与脾脏淋巴细胞结合,且结合能力高于普通脂质体。
2.巨噬细胞的靶向性
C57BL/6小鼠静脉注射负载DiD的sLip和FA-sLip(50mg HSPC/kg小鼠体重)。尾静脉注射后4小时后,牺牲小鼠,收集脾脏。将脾脏包埋入Tissue Tek O.C.T.化合物中,并切成10μm厚的切片。然后用DAPI和FITC偶联的抗CD68抗体对切片进行染色。使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(TCS SP5,Leica)观察脂质体与巨噬细胞的共定位情况(图11)。结果显示,分布在脾脏叶酸脂质体也会被巨噬细胞捕获。
实施例4:纳米疫苗免疫功能评价
1.小鼠免疫接种
取6~8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠(18~20g),随机分为三组。小鼠分为口服(i.g.)免疫组、静脉(i.v.)免疫组和皮下(s.c.)免疫组。七天给药一次,共免疫三次:口服免疫分为四组,分别为Free OVA、sLip/OVA/MPLA、FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA和FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA+IgM组(即FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA通过与血清预孵育,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA:血清=4:1,37℃孵育1h),每组5只,OVA给药剂量为150μg/只小鼠;静脉免疫分为三组,分别为Free OVA、sLip/OVA/MPLA和FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA,每组5只,OVA给药剂量为20μg/只小鼠;静脉免疫分为四组,分别为FreeOVA、sLip/OVA/MPLA、FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA和FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA+IgM,每组3只,OVA给药剂量为20μg/只小鼠。
2.脾脏淋巴细胞增殖
以静脉免疫接种为例,取实施例4.1中的静脉免疫小鼠,于最后一次给药后一周后,称量体重。收集脾脏,称量脾重。计算脾脏肿大系数(即脾重与体重百分比,图12)。结果显示,接受FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA刺激的小鼠脾脏发生明显肿大,提示淋巴细胞发生增值。再使用淋巴细胞分离液分离各组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞悬液。淋巴细胞用RPMI-1640培养基培养,并接种到96孔板中,2×106每孔。用50μg/ml的OVA刺激小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,37℃下培养24小时。使用CCK-8法测量细胞活力,多功能酶标仪测量450nm处的吸光度(图13)。结果显示,接受FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA刺激的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增值显著高于对照组。另分离各组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞悬液,分别用FITC标记的CD80抗体及PE标记的CD19抗体与细胞孵育,利用流式细胞仪检测,以测定B细胞分化增殖分化情况(图14)。结果显示,接受FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA刺激的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞发生增值与活化,且强于对照组。
3.抗体滴度检测
实施例4.1中的不同接种途径的免疫小鼠在末次免疫接种完成后第7天,取血离心15min(4℃,3500rpm),获得血清。ELISA法测定小鼠血清中的特异性IgG抗体滴度,大致步骤如下:
配置0.1mg/mL OVA溶液,加入高结合力96孔板(50μL/孔),4℃过夜孵育后甩干,PBST洗涤。每孔加入150μL含5% BSA的PBS封闭液,37℃孵育2h,甩干,PBST洗涤。将待测血清用PBS梯度稀释,每孔加入100μL,37℃孵育1h,甩干,PBST洗涤。将HRP标记的IgG抗体稀释500倍、每孔加入100μL,37℃孵育1h,甩干,洗涤。每孔加入100μL TMB显色液,反应至显现深蓝色,加入100μL 0.18M H2SO4终止反应,读取450nm处吸光度(图15-17)。结果表明疫苗经三种途径给药后,均能在一定时间内保持较高的抗体滴度。其中经静脉注射叶酸修饰的纳米疫苗可以刺激机体产生更高的抗体滴度水平。
4.抗原特异性的CD8+T细胞水平检测
取实施例4.1中静脉免疫小鼠,在末次免疫接种完成后第7天,眼眶取血离心10min(4℃,3500rpm),收集全血。裂解红细胞后,收集血细胞,加入APC标记的抗小鼠H-2Kb偶联SIINFEKL抗体和PE标记的抗小鼠CD8a抗体,利用流式细胞仪分析抗原特异性CD8+T细胞水平(图18)。结果显示,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA免疫小鼠外周血中出现更高水平的抗原特异性CD8+T细胞。
实施例5:纳米疫苗的肿瘤免疫药效评价
按实施例4中描述的静脉免疫方法及分组,对小鼠进行静脉免疫接种(n=7)。末次免疫后一周,所有小鼠右侧腋下皮下注射E.G7-OVA细胞(20万/只)。五天后开始观察,每两天测量小鼠肿瘤体积,肿瘤体积=0.5×长径×短径×短径(图19)。实验结束后,剥离皮下肿瘤组织,称重(图20)。同时制备肿瘤冷冻切片,用PE标记的抗小鼠CD8a抗体染色,观察肿瘤组织的T细胞浸润情况(图21)。结果显示,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA免疫小鼠的肿瘤生长速度缓慢,且肿瘤组织的免疫环境得到改善。提示FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA具有肿瘤预防性效果。
以上已对本发明创造的较佳实施例进行了具体说明,但本发明创造并不限于所述实施例,熟悉本领域的技术人员在不违背本发明创造精神的前提下还可做出种种的等同的变型或替换,这些等同的变型或替换均包含在本申请权利要求所限定的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(A)叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备:
首先合成叶酸修饰的高分子材料叶酸-PEG-DSPE、叶酸-PEG-PLA、叶酸-PEG-PLGA、叶酸-PEG-PCL;
然后制备叶酸修饰的纳米疫苗:叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-DSPE和mPEG-DSPE、或叶酸-PEG-PLA和mPEG-PLA、或叶酸-PEG-PLGA和mPEG-PLGA、或叶酸-PEG-PCL和mPEG-PCL,磷脂,胆固醇,MPLA,以及抗原药物,采用成膜水化等方法分别制备相应的叶酸修饰脂质体、聚合物胶束、聚合物圆盘、聚合物纳米粒等叶酸修饰纳米疫苗;
(B)结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备;
通过尾静脉注射叶酸修饰纳米疫苗至小鼠体内,1h后眼眶取血收集血清,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀,获得体内结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗;
取叶酸修饰纳米疫苗分别与等体积不同含IgM的体液混合,所述体液为血清、唾液或肠道粘液,体外孵育后,经高速离心分离,收集沉淀获得体外结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
2.根据权利要求1所述的操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(B)中的抗原药物选自模型抗原、肿瘤特异性/相关性抗原、肿瘤新生抗原、核酸类抗原。
3.根据权利要求1所述的操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(A)为:用一定量氯仿将质量9.58mg:3.19mg:2.55mg:1.125mg:50μg的HSPC,CHOL,DSPE-mPEG2000,FA-DSPE-mPEG3400和MPLA溶解混合,置于旋蒸仪,水化蒸发法制备脂质体,观测到圆底烧瓶底部有透明薄膜形成;以鸡卵白蛋白OVA作为模型抗原,加入5mg/ml的OVA的生理盐水溶液,水化旋蒸;细胞破碎仪探头冰浴超声10min,工作2s,间隔1s,160W;置于液氮与37℃水浴,反复冻融8次;14000rpm 4℃离心30min,弃上清,用生理盐水重悬,操作两次;得到1%叶酸修饰度的纳米疫苗,命名为FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA。
4.根据权利要求3所述的操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(B)中将FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA与血清预孵育,FA-sLip/OVA/MPLA:血清=4:1,37℃孵育1h,得到结合IgM后的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
5.一种采用如权利要求1-4任一所述的制备方法制备得到的操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗。
6.一种如权利要求5所述操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗在制备脂质体递药系统、脂质纳米粒递药系统、聚合物胶束递药系统、聚合物圆盘递药系统、聚合物纳米粒递药系统中的应用。
7.一种如权利要求5所述操控天然IgM佐剂的叶酸修饰纳米疫苗在制备肿瘤治疗药物中的应用。
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