CN117461146A - 太阳能模块和保护层的应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种太阳能模块，所述太阳能模块具有：‑前板元件(10)和背板元件(11)，‑布置在所述前板元件(10)和所述背板元件(11)之间的封装材料(9)，‑多个太阳能电池(1)，其布置在所述前板元件(10)和所述背板元件(11)之间，并且通过所述前板元件(10)、所述背板元件(11)和封装材料(9)以围绕所述太阳能电池(1)的层压形式进行耐候性封装，以及电池连接器(12)，其被布置和设计为使得太阳能电池(1)电连接在一起，其中太阳能电池(1)的金属化(4，8)和/或电池连接器(12)全部或大部分表面设有保护层(5)。本发明还涉及无金属的保护层用于涂覆太阳能电池(1)的金属化(4，8)和/或电池连接器(12)的应用，所述电池连接器被设计为在太阳能模块中将多个太阳能电池(1)电连接在一起。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种太阳能模块和保护层的应用。太阳能模块通常包括前板元件、背板元件和设置在前板元件和背板元件之间的用于太阳能电池的封装材料。此外，太阳能模块包括多个太阳能电池，这些太阳能电池设置在前板元件和背板元件之间，并且通过前板元件、背板元件和封装材料以围绕太阳能电池的层压形式进行耐候性封装。太阳能模块还包括电池连接器，电池连接器被布置和设计为将太阳能电池相互电连接。
背景技术
太阳能模块具有在运行过程中可进入阳光的正面，以及与正面相对并背对阳光的背面。
特别是基于半导体晶片生产的太阳能电池，同样的，每个太阳能电池都包括在运行期间可进入阳光的正面和与正面相对并背对阳光的背面。每个太阳能电池包括基板和金属化，通常是正面金属化和背面金属化的形式，基板位于它们之间。在太阳能模块中，太阳能电池的正面金属化和背面金属化与封装材料机械接触。
在太阳能模块的操作过程中，封装材料可能在热和湿气的影响下发生反应，释放出一种或多种腐蚀性反应产物。湿气通常通过太阳能模块的外围边缘渗透太阳能模块叠层。前板元件和背板元件通常是永久防风雨的。关键区域是太阳能模块层压板的边缘。尽管在这些元件上提供了防止液体渗透的结构保护措施，但与前板和背板元件防止渗透湿气的永久密封性相比，它们不能提供相同的屏障效果。如果封装材料是EVA(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)，则由于渗透湿气，EVA的水解可以形成腐蚀性反应产物乙酸。
这种腐蚀性反应产物与太阳能电池的正面和背面金属化反应，从而导致缺陷。如果正面金属化是指状电极的形式，则指状电极和腐蚀性反应产物之间的反应会导致例如指状接触损失(FCL)和太阳能模块的功率损失。以电池连接器形式接触的电池的同样可能的腐蚀也会导致太阳能模块的显著功率损失。
为了解决这个问题，从未被出版物支持的现有技术中已知，为太阳能模块提供均匀的外部屏障，例如有金属化、金属箔、聚合物等，或者使用具有更好屏障效果的封装材料。然而，仍然需要具有优化的长期性能和抗湿气渗透性的太阳能模块。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种具有优化的长期性能的太阳能模块。
根据本发明，该目的通过权利要求1的太阳能模块和权利要求9的应用来实现。在其他权利要求中描述了有利的修改和进一步的方案。根据本发明，太阳能电池的金属化和/或电池连接器全部或大部分表面设有保护层。
本发明基于以下基本发现，即封装材料的分解尤其腐蚀来自于太阳能电池的金属化的金属。发明人的研究表明，所设置的保护层防止或至少显著减少了这种腐蚀。保护层的应用可以防止太阳能电池的金属化和封装材料之间的相互作用和/或反应，从而实现对正面金属化和/或电池连接器的保护。由此，太阳能模块在所输送的电力方面获得改进的长期稳定性。
“显著设置有保护层”的表述应理解为其各自表面的>90％，优选>95％覆盖有保护层。这里可以指不与太阳能电池的其他部分接触的表面；更确切地说，这可以指在完成用于层压到封装材料中的太阳能电池的生产之后，正面金属化和/或电池连接器的暴露表面。
设有保护层的太阳能电池的金属化可以是太阳能电池的相应的正面金属化和/或背面金属化。
太阳能电池可以是单面或双面太阳能电池。单面太阳能电池只能利用正面的入射光，而双面太阳能电池可以利用两侧的入射光。双面太阳能电池不仅可以利用来自正面的直接入射光，还可以利用来自背面的直接或间接入射光，后者例如以反射阳光的形式。单面太阳能电池优选具有指状电极形式的正面金属化和均匀金属化形式的背面金属化。双面太阳能电池优选具有指状电极形式的正面金属化和指状电极形式的背面金属化。优选地，当金属化为指状电极的形式时，金属化具有保护层。
在优选实施例中，太阳能电池的正面金属化全部或大部分表面设有保护层。当太阳能电池是具有指状电极形式的正面金属化和均匀金属化形式的背面金属化的单面太阳能电池时，该实施例是特别优选的。
如果太阳能电池是双面的，并且它们具有指状电极形式的正面金属化和指状电极形式的背面金属化，则太阳能电池的正面金属化和太阳能电池的背面金属化优选的设置有保护层。
根据具有双面或单面特性的各个太阳能电池的用途，用这些太阳能电池生产的太阳能模块也被设计为双面或单面。在双面太阳能模块中，优选地使用光透明的膜或玻璃作为背板元件。因此，未使用的穿过模块的光和来自环境的反射光可以通过太阳能模块的背面使用。
太阳能电池优选具有指状电极形式的正面金属化。优选地，指状电极全部或大部分表面设有保护层，而太阳能电池正面的其余部分是无保护层的，即不设置保护层。术语“无保护层”是指忽略指状电极边缘亚毫米范围内的保护层重叠。保护层可以防止或至少减少指状腐蚀和FLC。
如果太阳能电池中的每一个都具有指状电极形式的背面金属化，则这些指状电极优选地也全部或大部分表面设有保护层，而太阳能电池背面的其余部分没有保护层，即没有设置保护层。
在优选实施方案中，保护层的材料选自清漆、聚烯烃和/或自制单层。
自制单层优选包括长链化合物，该长链化合物具有被设计为在金属表面上进行化学吸附的官能团。优选地，自制单层，也称为SAM，由该化合物组成。金属表面优选为银和/或铝表面。术语“长链”优选地是指具有至少6个，优选10个，优选12个链状排列的碳原子的碳链。该链优选地是烷基链。可替代地或另外优选地，该碳链还可以包括烯烃、炔烃或芳族单元。
优选地，正面金属化具有银和/或铝。优选地，其主要由银和/或铝组成。背面金属化优选也具有银和/或铝，或者基本上由银和/或者铝组成。
优选地，自制单层基于一种或多种烷基胺、一种或多种烷硫醇和/或一种或更多种羧酸。如果需要，上述化合物的官能团可以具有保护基团。
在一个优选的实施方案中，清漆是有机的。也就是说，它包含至少一种形成保护层的有机化合物。
聚烯烃可以例如以聚烯烃条的形式应用于电池连接器和/或金属化。
在一个优选的实施方案中，保护层是不含金属的。这意味着保护层的基材是不含金属的，并且保护层本身不包含任何金属，而是被设计成与金属化或电池连接器的金属表面进行化学吸附。
封装材料EVA(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)是优选的。EVA是一种透明塑料。在太阳能模块制造中，这种封装材料于层压机中在高温下熔化，并封装太阳能电池，从而保护太阳能电池免受环境影响。
本发明还涉及无金属的保护层用于涂覆太阳能电池的金属化和/或电池连接器的应用，其旨在将太阳能模块中的多个太阳能电池电互连。
针对太阳能模块描述的保护层的优点、修改和进一步发展相应地应用于保护层的使用。所使用的保护层对应于上述关于太阳能模块的保护层。
附图说明
下面参照附图参照实施例来解释本发明。以下为示意图，不按比例显示：
图1是根据现有技术的太阳能模块的截面图；
图2是根据第一实施例的太阳能模块的截面图；和
图3是根据第二实施例的太阳能模块的截面图。
参考字符列表：
1 太阳能电池
2 基板
3 背面钝化层
4 背面金属化
5 保护层
6 掺杂层
7 正面钝化层
8 正面金属化
9 封装材料
10 前封装元件
11 背封装元件
12 电池连接器
21 正面
22 背面
具体实施方式
图1显示了根据现有技术的太阳能模块的截面图。太阳能模块具有前板元件10、背板元件11和布置在前板元件10和背板元件11之间的封装材料9。此外，太阳能模块具有多个电互连的晶片太阳能电池1，其中仅示例性地示出了一个。太阳能电池被布置在前板元件10和背板元件11之间，并且通过前板元件10、背板元件11和封装材料9以围绕太阳能电池1的层压形式被永久地耐候性封装。太阳能电池1具有基板2，基板2具有正面21和背面22。在背面22上，太阳能电池1具有背面钝化层3和均匀形式布置的背面金属化4。在正面22上，设有掺杂层6、正面钝化层7和以指状电极形式布置的正面金属化8。太阳能电池1通过所述的电池连接器与其他太阳能电池电互连，以形成太阳能电池串。电池连接器和相邻的太阳能电池没有示出。
图2显示了根据第一实施例的太阳能模块的截面图。图2所示的太阳能模块与图1所示的太阳能模块相对应，不同之处在于太阳能电池1的正面金属化8设有保护层5。指状电极全部或大部分表面设置有保护层5，而太阳能电池1的剩余正面没有保护层。
图3显示了根据第二实施例的太阳能模块的截面图。太阳能模块具有前板元件10、背板元件11和布置在前板元件10和背板元件11之间的封装材料9。此外，太阳能模块具有多个太阳能电池1，其中示出了两个。太阳能电池被布置在前板元件10和背板元件11之间，并且通过前板元件10、后板元件11和封装材料9以围绕太阳能电池1的层压形式被永久地耐候性封装。太阳能电池1可以根据图1或图2所示的太阳能电池形成。太阳能模块还具有电池连接器12，其中一个被示出，并且被布置和形成为使得它们将太阳能电池1彼此电连接。电池连接器12全部或大部分表面设有保护层5。根据前面所述的保护层5在正面金属化8上的功能，该保护层5保护电池连接器12的金属不受腐蚀。关于图2的实施例相应地适用于图3中12所示的电池连接器。
Claims (9)
1.太阳能模块，包括
-前板元件(10)和后板元件(11)
-封装材料(9)，其设置在前板元件(10)和后板元件(11)之间；
-多个太阳能电池(1)，其布置在所述前板元件(10)和所述后板元件(11)之间，并通过所述前板元件(10)、所述后板元件(11)和封装材料(9)以围绕所述太阳能电池(1)的层压形式进行耐候性封装，
-电池连接器(12)被设置为使得太阳能电池(1)相互电连接，
其中
-太阳能电池(1)的金属化(4，8)和/或电池连接器(12)全部或大部分表面设置有保护层(5)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述太阳能电池(1)均包括指状电极形式的正面金属化(8)和/或背面金属化(4)，其中，所述指状电极全部或大部分表面设有所述保护层(5)，而所述太阳能电池(1)的其余部分是无保护层的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述保护层(5)的材料选自清漆、聚烯烃和/或自制单层。
4.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述自制单层包括长链化合物，所述长链化合物具有设计用于在金属表面上进行化学吸附的官能团。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述自制单层基于一种或多种烷基胺、一种或多种烷硫醇和/或一种或多种羧酸。
6.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述清漆是有机的。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述保护层(5)不含金属。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的太阳能模块，其特征在于，所述封装材料(9)是EVA(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)。
9.一种无金属的保护层用于涂覆太阳能电池(1)的金属化(4，8)和/或电池连接器(12)的应用，所述电池连接器旨在将太阳能模块中的多个太阳能电池(1)电连接。
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