CN117448623B - Copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN117448623B
CN117448623B CN202311757874.7A CN202311757874A CN117448623B CN 117448623 B CN117448623 B CN 117448623B CN 202311757874 A CN202311757874 A CN 202311757874A CN 117448623 B CN117448623 B CN 117448623B
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powder
copper
modified sepiolite
friction material
material containing
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CN117448623A (en
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李专
吴佳琦
高宗龙
温国源
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Central South University
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Central South University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
    • B22F3/1007—Atmosphere
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/1017—Multiple heating or additional steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
    • C04B35/563—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on boron carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
    • C04B35/565—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
    • C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/02—Compositions of linings; Methods of manufacturing
    • F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
    • C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
    • C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
    • F16D2200/0004—Materials; Production methods therefor metallic
    • F16D2200/0008—Ferro
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
    • F16D2200/0004—Materials; Production methods therefor metallic
    • F16D2200/0026—Non-ferro
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
    • F16D2200/0034—Materials; Production methods therefor non-metallic
    • F16D2200/0039—Ceramics
    • F16D2200/0047—Ceramic composite, e.g. C/C composite infiltrated with Si or B, or ceramic matrix infiltrated with metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
    • F16D2200/0082—Production methods therefor

Abstract

The invention relates to a copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, and a preparation method and application thereof; belongs to the technical field of friction material design and preparation. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 52-58% of electrolytic copper powder; 1-4% of electrolytic nickel powder; 12-20% of reduced iron powder; 1-3% of tungsten powder; 8-15% of graphite powder; 3-9% of modified sepiolite powder; 2-10% of ball milling-high temperature treatment boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder. The preparation method comprises ball milling and mixing, high temperature treatment, and pressing and sintering. According to the invention, through the synergistic effect of the components and the preparation process, the product with excellent performance, especially the product with excellent friction performance, is obtained, and is particularly suitable for being used as a friction material. The invention has reasonable components, simple and controllable preparation process, and the obtained product has excellent performance and is convenient for large-scale industrialized application.

Description

Copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, a preparation method and application thereof; belongs to the technical field of friction material design and preparation.
Background
The braking system is a life line of the safety guarantee of the high-speed train, and the existence of the friction pair is a key point of stable braking. In recent years, the use of a carbon ceramic disc as a brake disc gradually becomes a hot spot, but a traditional copper-based brake lining formula system cannot be matched with the brake disc to achieve the effects of low abrasion, high temperature resistance and long service life. Therefore, it is imperative to reconstruct and improve the formulation of copper-based brake pads. The traditional copper-based brake pad is usually made of single or double-component ceramic powder as a friction reducer, and one of the defects is that the interface between the ceramic powder and the copper-based material is unstable, so that the ceramic powder and the copper-based material fall off or delaminate in the use process; the other disadvantage is that the relatively high friction and abrasion of the ceramic powder can cause the problems of unstable braking, low service life of the copper-based brake pad and the like; and the third disadvantage is that the ceramic powder has larger difference of thermal expansion coefficient with copper base at high temperature, resulting in the problem of insufficient high temperature friction stability coefficient. Based on the above, a novel copper-based brake pad friction system suitable for a paired carbon ceramic disc is sought, and the friction stability is expected to be enhanced since the friction system plays a role in high-temperature lubrication; but also has obvious effect on improving friction coefficient and simultaneously keeps lower abrasion.
Sepiolite has a graphite-like layered chain structure, and has high-temperature resistance and wear resistance naturally, and is a potential excellent friction component. However, most of the research fields at present focus on the adsorption and catalysis directions, but few researches in the friction field exist, and only a few researches mention that sepiolite can be used as a lubricating oil additive, a resin-based automobile brake pad filler and the like. It is clear that the unique properties of sepiolite in the friction field are not fully exploited. This is because natural sepiolite has a high impurity content, narrow channels, low mechanical strength, and is easily broken and worn when subjected to external force. And has poor thermal stability, and thermal decomposition, dehydration and structural change at high temperature. However, when the natural sepiolite is subjected to further modification treatment, such as high-temperature treatment, the thermal stability and the structural stability of the natural sepiolite can be improved, and the application field of the natural sepiolite can be widened, particularly in the friction direction. Aiming at the problem that ceramic powder is easy to fall off, the surface coating mode is generally adopted for modification, however, the uniformity and durability of the coating cannot be effectively controlled, and the composite ceramic powder formed by high-temperature sintering after ball milling treatment is otherwise. Firstly, the ceramic particles of different types can be bonded, so that the ceramic particles are not easy to fall off, and the reinforcing effect of the synergistic effect of the ceramic particles with multiple components is obtained. Second, ceramic particles can be more uniformly dispersed by the ball milling process. Finally, the composite ceramic powder formed by ball milling generally has extremely high reactivity, and can enhance the bonding force between copper bases.
Chinese patent document CN112226644B discloses an MXene reinforced copper-based composite material and a preparation method thereof, wherein M, al and C powder is sintered to form a ceramic block, the prepared ceramic block is subjected to grinding treatment to obtain ceramic powder, and the ceramic powder is added into a copper base to obtain the MXene/copper composite material with excellent mechanical property.
Chinese patent document CN110699566B discloses that the ceramic powder coating technology is adopted to perform ball milling and powder mixing on the metal matrix and the reinforcement, and then sintering after cold pressing.
Chinese patent document CN111961912a discloses a copper-based powder metallurgy friction material for high-energy braking, sepiolite and zirconium silicate are adopted as friction components, and the prepared copper-based composite material has excellent friction stability.
Chinese patent document CN116287849a discloses a copper-based friction material for paired carbon ceramic discs, which comprises the following raw materials in mass percent: 52-60% of copper, 12-20% of iron, 2-5% of tin, 2-4% of tungsten, 6-10% of graphite, 2-4% of sepiolite and 4-12% of complex phase ceramic powder, wherein the complex phase ceramic powder is obtained by taking boron carbide powder and silicon carbide powder as raw materials through wet high-energy ball milling, and is mainly used for improving the friction stability coefficient of a product, and meanwhile, the friction coefficient of the obtained product is low.
From the above, up to now, no study on the use of modified sepiolite as a friction component in copper-based composite materials has been found, and no report has been found on the co-action of modified sepiolite and ball-milled-high temperature treated composite ceramic powder to increase the friction coefficient of the product and ensure lower wear at higher friction coefficients.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention is based on improving the suitability of the copper-based brake pad and the carbon ceramic disc (especially ensuring that the friction coefficient is controlled to be 0.3-0.45), so as to reduce the braking loss and prolong the service life. The invention adopts the sintering modified sepiolite to strengthen the copper-based brake pad for the first time, and carries out ball milling-high temperature treatment on the complex phase ceramic powder B 4 C-SiC is subjected to cooperative reinforcement to obtain a copper-based brake pad with a brand new formula. The copper-based brake pad obtained by the method has great improvement in high-temperature friction stability and friction resistance and excellent performance.
The invention relates to a copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass:
52-58% of electrolytic copper powder, preferably 54-57.5%;
1-4% of electrolytic nickel powder, preferably 2-3.5%;
12-20% of reduced iron powder, preferably 13-17%;
1-3% of tungsten powder, preferably 1-2%;
8-15% of graphite powder, preferably 9-15%;
3-9%, preferably 5-8%, and more preferably 7% of modified sepiolite powder; the modified sepiolite powder is obtained by roasting sepiolite powder at the temperature of 820-840 ℃;
boron carbide-silicon carbide (B) 4 C-SiC) 2-10%, preferably 4-6%, more preferably 4-5%. The boron carbide-carbonThe silicon carbide composite ceramic powder is obtained by ball milling and then high-temperature treatment at 1400-1600 ℃.
As a further preferred embodiment: the copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 55.5-57.5% of electrolytic copper powder, 13.5-15.5% of reduced iron powder, 2.5-3.5% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12-15% of graphite powder and 7% of modified sepiolite powder; b (B) 4 4-5% of C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder.
As a further preferred embodiment: the copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 56% of electrolytic copper powder, 15% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12% of graphite powder and 7% of modified sepiolite powder; b (B) 4 5% of C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder. Under this scheme, the friction coefficient of the obtained product is large, but the abrasion loss is small.
Compared with the existing copper-based brake pad, the method for preparing the copper-based brake pad by using the modified sepiolite and the complex phase ceramic powder to be combined for the first time is used for synergistically reinforcing the copper-based material. The sepiolite particles after sintering modification can be mainly used as wear-resistant components to disperse heat in the braking process, so that the loss of a matrix is reduced. The complex phase ceramic powder is prepared from boron carbide and silicon carbide in a proportion of 3-5:5-3, ball milling and high temperature treatment. The purpose is to obtain high-activity and mutually-bonded complex-phase ceramic powder, so that the complex-phase ceramic powder has better contact with a copper matrix, the falling-off behavior of the ceramic powder is reduced, and the complex ceramic powder is subjected to combined action of modified sepiolite and ball milling-high temperature treatment, so that the lower abrasion loss is realized under the condition of higher friction coefficient.
The electrolytic copper powder is a main body bearing load and heat conduction, and the particle size is 65-75 microns.
The reduced iron powder, the electrolytic nickel powder and the tungsten powder are used as matrix strengthening components, and the particle size is 65-75 microns.
The graphite powder is of a natural scale shape and is used for reducing friction and abrasion, and the particle size is 120-180 microns.
The sintering modified sepiolite powder is an abrasion-high temperature lubrication component and is used for improving abrasion resistance and high temperature friction stability, and the particle size is 65-75 microns.
The complex phase ceramic powder is prepared from boron carbide and silicon carbide in a mass ratio of 3-5:5-3, preferably 5:3, ball milling for 24-60 hours at the rotating speed of 350-450r/min, and then placing the ball milling powder in a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment at 1400-1600 ℃ for preventing matrix loss, increasing wear resistance, wherein the original boron carbide particle size is 1-10 microns, and the original silicon carbide particle size is 1-10 microns.
The invention discloses a preparation method of a copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, which comprises the following steps:
the first step is that according to the mass ratio of 3-5:5-3, weighing boron carbide and silicon carbide powder according to a design proportion, fully mixing, adding the mixture into a planetary ball mill, wherein a solvent is ethanol, and the ball-to-material ratio is 25-50:1, setting the rotating speed to 350-450r/min, ball milling for 24-60 hours, then placing the ball mill powder in a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment at 1400-1600 ℃ to obtain high-activity B 4 C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder.
And a second step of: and (3) placing the original sepiolite powder into a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment, wherein the heat treatment system is 200 ℃,400 ℃,600 ℃, and the temperature of A ℃ is kept for 15-35 minutes, preferably 820 ℃, and the heating rate is 3-5 ℃/min, so as to obtain the sintering modified sepiolite powder. The value of A is 820-840 ℃, preferably 820 ℃.
And a third step of: weighing all raw material powders according to the design components, uniformly treating the powder by adopting a V-shaped mixer, taking 2-3% aviation kerosene as a binder, mixing for 8-10 hours at room temperature, and setting the rotating speed to be 80-120 r/min.
Fourth step: and pouring the uniformly mixed powder into a special grinding tool, and performing compression molding under the pressure of 550-600 MPa to obtain a green body, wherein the pressure maintaining time is 10-15 s.
Fifth step: and (3) placing the green body in a bell jar type pressurizing furnace for sintering, and combining stepwise heating and sectional pressurizing to obtain the copper-based composite material containing the modified sepiolite. The specific process comprises the following steps: the sintering pressure is 1.5-2.0MPa, and the temperature is raised to 500-550 ℃; the sintering pressure is 2-2.5MPa, and the temperature is raised to 920-940 ℃; the sintering pressure is 4-5 MPa, and the temperature is kept for 2-3 hours. To prevent oxidation, H is filled in the whole course 2 And N 2 （1：2），As a protective atmosphere.
And carrying out a brake friction test on the obtained copper-based composite material containing the modified sepiolite:
braking pressure is 0.6 MPa, and braking inertia is 0.35 kg m 2 Under the condition of adopting an MM-3000 reduction ratio testing machine, the ceramic plate is matched with a self-made carbon ceramic plate (density 2.2 g/cm) 3 Hardness 110 HRL), 24 m/s, 10 dry condition braking.
The copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite is prepared by the method; its density is 4.6-5.0 g/cm 3 The aperture ratio is 3-12% and the bending strength is 120-200MPa. The braking pressure is 0.6 MPa, and the braking inertia is 0.35 kg m 2 Under the condition of adopting an MM-3000 reduction ratio tester, the powder metallurgy powder is matched with a self-made carbon ceramic plate (density is 2.2 g/cm) 3 Hardness of 110 HRL), and the abrasion loss after braking under 10 times of drying working conditions is 0.10-0.25 cm 3 MJ, preferably 0.15 to 0.20 cm 3 The friction coefficient is 0.30-0.45, preferably 0.35-0.42. The invention obtains the abrasion loss of less than or equal to 0.25cm under the condition of ensuring the friction coefficient to be 0.35-0.42 3 High quality product of/MJ.
The copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite, which is designed and prepared by the invention, is used as a friction material and is suitable for brake pads of high-speed rails, motorcycles and automobiles. Of course, it can also be used for preparing mechanical parts such as gears, bearings, pistons, etc.
Advantageous effects
In the aspect of material design, the invention firstly introduces the sintering modified sepiolite as the wear-resistant component, and carries out ball milling-sintering on the complex phase ceramic powder B 4 C-SiC is subjected to cooperative reinforcement to obtain a copper-based brake pad with a brand new formula. In the aspect of performance, the obtained copper-based brake pad is wear-resistant and high-temperature-resistant, small in wear, good in stability and quite excellent in adaptation with a carbon ceramic disc. In the mechanism aspect, the invention adopts two distinct action mechanisms of the sintering modified sepiolite and the high-activity complex phase ceramic powder for strengthening, and fully exerts the synergistic effect of the two. The problem that the interface between the ceramic powder and the copper-based material is unstable and easy to fall off is solved; buffering mechanismThe ceramic powder is removed, so that the braking is unstable, and the service life of the copper-based brake pad is low. Meanwhile, asbestos, lead and compounds thereof are not used in the present invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a copper-based brake pad.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing friction braking curves of products obtained in examples and comparative examples according to the present invention, wherein a is a graph showing friction braking curves of products obtained in examples, and b is a graph showing friction braking curves of products obtained in comparative examples.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the friction coefficient distribution of the products obtained in examples and comparative examples according to the present invention under 10-time repeated high-energy braking, wherein a is the friction coefficient distribution of the products obtained in examples, and b is the friction coefficient distribution of the products obtained in comparative examples.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the wear rate distribution of the products obtained in examples and comparative examples according to the present invention after 10 repetitions of high-energy braking, wherein a is the wear rate distribution of the products obtained in examples, and b is the wear rate distribution of the products obtained in comparative examples.
The process flow of the copper-based gate is shown in FIG. 1.
As can be seen from FIGS. 2,3 and 4, the friction coefficients of the embodiments all reach 0.3-0.45, and the abrasion is less than 0.35cm 3 Within the standard range of/MJ, all were superior to the comparative example. Example 1 is superior to examples 2,3 and 4, indicating that optimizing the ratio of the complex phase ceramic powder and the modified sepiolite is beneficial for improved friction performance. Example 4 is superior to example 2, indicating that optimization of the pressing pressure is beneficial for friction performance improvement. Examples 3 and 2 are superior to comparative examples 1 and 2, indicating that the addition of sinter modified sepiolite and ball-milled-high temperature complex phase ceramic powders is beneficial for friction performance improvement.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a novel formula copper-based brake pad, which comprises the following components: the modified sepiolite and the composite ceramic powder are jointly achieved, and the method comprises the following steps of:
in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention:
the particle size of the electrolytic copper powder is 65-75 microns;
the particle size of the reduced iron powder is 65-75 microns;
the particle size of the electrolytic nickel powder is 65-75 microns;
the particle size of the tungsten powder is 65-75 microns;
the graphite powder is in natural scale shape, and the particle size is 120-180 μm.
The sintering modified sepiolite powder is used with a particle size of 65-75 microns.
Example 1
The first step: pretreatment of raw materials
According to the mass ratio of 5:3, weighing boron carbide and silicon carbide powder according to the design proportion, fully mixing, adding the mixture into a planetary ball mill, wherein the solvent is ethanol, and the ball-to-material ratio is 25:1, setting the rotating speed to 400r/min, ball milling for 48 hours, and then placing the ball milling powder in a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment at 1600 ℃ to obtain high-activity B 4 C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder.
And a second step of: pretreatment of raw materials
And (3) placing the original sepiolite powder into a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment, wherein the heat treatment system is 200 ℃,400 ℃,600 ℃,820 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 30 minutes, and the heating rate is 3 ℃/min, so as to obtain the sintering modified sepiolite powder.
And a third step of: raw material mixing
Sequentially weighing 56% of electrolytic copper powder, 15% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12% of graphite powder, 7% of sintered modified sepiolite powder and B 4 C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder 5%, uniformly treating the powder by adopting a V-shaped mixer, and taking 3% aviation kerosene as a binder (namely, the binder accounts for electrolytic copper powder, reduced iron powder, electrolytic nickel, tungsten powder, graphite powder, sintering modified sepiolite powder and B) 4 3% of the total mass of the C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder) and mixing for 8 hours at room temperature, wherein the rotating speed is set to be 100 r/min.
Fourth step: green compact pressing
Pouring the uniformly mixed powder into a special grinding tool, and performing compression molding under 600MPa to obtain a green body, wherein the pressure maintaining time is 15s.
Fifth step: sintering and molding
Placing the green body in a bell-type pressurizing furnace for sintering, and combining stepped heating and sectional pressurizing. The specific process comprises the following steps: the sintering pressure is 1.5MPa, and the temperature is raised to 550 ℃; the sintering pressure is 2.5MPa, and the temperature is raised to 920 ℃; sintering pressure is 5MPa, and heat preservation is carried out for 3 hours. To prevent oxidation, H is filled in the whole course 2 And N 2 (1:2) as a protective atmosphere.
Sixth step: brake friction test
Braking pressure is 0.6 MPa, and braking inertia is 0.35 kg m 2 Under the condition of adopting an MM-3000 shrinkage ratio tester, matching with a self-made carbon ceramic disc of a powder metallurgy institute of China university, and braking for 10 times under a braking speed of 24 m/s.
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based brake pad are respectively 0.41 and 0.19 cm 3 /MJ。
Example 2
The first step: pretreatment of raw materials
According to the mass ratio of 5:3, weighing boron carbide and silicon carbide powder according to the design proportion, fully mixing, adding the mixture into a planetary ball mill, wherein the solvent is ethanol, and the ball-to-material ratio is 25:1, setting the rotating speed to 400r/min, ball milling for 48 hours, and then placing the ball milling powder in a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment at 1600 ℃ to obtain high-activity B 4 C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder.
And a second step of: pretreatment of raw materials
And (3) placing the original sepiolite powder into a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment, wherein the heat treatment system is 200 ℃,400 ℃,600 ℃,830 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 30 minutes, and the heating rate is 3 ℃/min, so as to obtain the sintering modified sepiolite powder.
And a third step of: raw material mixing
Sequentially weighing 52% of electrolytic copper powder, 19% of reduced iron powder, 2% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 15% of graphite powder, 3% of sintered modified sepiolite powder and B 4 C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder 7%, uniformly treating the powder by adopting a V-shaped mixer, and taking 3% aviation kerosene as a binder (namely, the binder accounts for electrolytic copper powder, reduced iron powder, electrolytic nickel, tungsten powder, graphite powder, sintering modified sepiolite powder and B) 4 3% of the total mass of the C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder) and mixing for 8 hours at room temperature, wherein the rotating speed is set to be 100 r/min.
Fourth step: green compact pressing
Pouring the uniformly mixed powder into a special grinding tool, and performing compression molding under 600MPa to obtain a green body, wherein the pressure maintaining time is 15s.
Fifth step: sintering and molding
The green body is placed in a bell-type pressurizing furnace for sintering, and the combination of stepped heating and sectional pressurizing is adopted. The specific process comprises the following steps: the sintering pressure is 1.5MPa, and the temperature is raised to 550 ℃; the sintering pressure is 2.5MPa, and the temperature is raised to 930 ℃; sintering pressure is 5MPa, and heat preservation is carried out for 3 hours. To prevent oxidation, H is filled in the whole course 2 And N 2 (1:2) as a protective atmosphere.
Sixth step: brake friction test
Braking pressure is 0.6 MPa, and braking inertia is 0.35 kg m 2 Under the condition of adopting an MM-3000 reduction ratio testing machine, the device is matched with a self-made carbon ceramic disc of a powder metallurgy institute of China university, and the device is braked for 10 times under the drying working condition at a braking speed of 24 m/s (namely, the rotating speed is 6000 revolutions per minute, and the same rotating speed is adopted in other examples and comparative examples).
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based brake pad are respectively 0.30 and 0.10 cm 3 /MJ。
Example 3
Other conditions were the same as in example 1 except for the change in the formulation. 57% of electrolytic copper powder, 14% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 15% of graphite powder, 5% of sintered modified sepiolite powder and B 4 4% of C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder,
the obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based brake pad are respectively 0.31 and 0.13cm 3 /MJ。
Example 4
Other conditions were identical to example 2, except for the changes in pressing pressure and time. And (5) performing compression molding under 550MPa to obtain a green body, wherein the pressure maintaining time is 10s.
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based brake pad are respectively 0.33 and 0.12cm 3 /MJ。
Comparative example 1:
other conditions were the same as in example 2 except that the formulation was changed using ball millingThen the complex phase ceramic powder is treated by high temperature of 1200 ℃. 52% of electrolytic copper powder, 19% of reduced iron powder, 2% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 15% of graphite powder, 3% of sintered modified sepiolite powder and B 4 4.3% of C powder and 2.7% of SiC powder.
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based brake pad are respectively 0.29 and 0.08 cm 3 /MJ。
Comparative example 2:
other conditions were consistent with example 3 except that the formulation was changed without the addition of sepiolite. 57% of electrolytic copper powder, 14% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 15% of graphite powder and 9% of B4C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder.
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based friction brake pad are respectively 0.28 and 0.08 cm 3 /MJ. The samples obtained in this comparative example had a coefficient of friction that was too low to be used as a vehicle brake pad.
Comparative example 3:
other conditions were consistent with example 3 except that the formulation was changed without adding the complex phase ceramic powder. 57% of electroelectrolytic copper powder, 14% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 15% of graphite powder and 9% of sintered modified sepiolite powder.
The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based friction brake pad are respectively 0.42 and 0.33 cm 3 /MJ. The abrasion loss of the product obtained by the comparison is excessive.
Comparative example 4:
other conditions were the same as in example 1 except for the change in the formulation. 60% of electrolytic copper powder, 21% of reduced iron powder, 1% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12% of graphite powder, 2% of sintered modified sepiolite powder and B 4 2% of C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder, and the obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based friction brake pad are respectively 0.15 and 0.04 cm 3 The sample obtained in this comparative example has a coefficient of friction that is too low and can present a potential risk of too long a braking distance when used as a vehicle brake pad.
Comparative example 5:
other conditions were identical to example 3, except that: placing the original sepiolite powder into a vacuum sintering furnace for high temperature treatment, wherein the heat treatment system is 200 ℃ and each heat treatment is maintained at 400 DEG CThe temperature is 30 minutes, the heating rate is 3 ℃/min, and the sintering modified sepiolite powder is obtained. The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based friction brake pad are respectively 0.29 cm and 0.12cm 3 /MJ。
Comparative example 6:
other conditions were consistent with example 1 except that the composition of the formulation was changed. 56% of electrolytic copper powder, 14% of reduced iron powder, 4% of tin powder, 4% of tungsten powder, 11% of graphite powder, 3% of untreated original sepiolite powder and B which is ball-milled but not subjected to high-temperature treatment 4 8% of C-SiC complex phase ceramic powder. The obtained friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the copper-based friction brake pad are respectively 0.26 cm and 0.13cm 3 and/M. The sample obtained by the comparative example has too low friction coefficient, and when the sample is used as a carrier brake pad, the potential risk of overlong braking distance exists.

Claims (9)

1. A copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite is characterized in that: the raw materials used in the preparation method comprise the following components in percentage by mass,
52-58% of electrolytic copper powder, 1-4% of electrolytic nickel powder, 12-20% of reduced iron powder, 1-3% of tungsten powder, 8-15% of graphite powder, 3-9% of modified sepiolite powder, 2-10% of boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder,
the copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite is prepared by the following steps:
the first step: according to the mass ratio of 3-5:5-3, weighing boron carbide and silicon carbide powder according to a design proportion, fully mixing, adding the mixture into a planetary ball mill, wherein a solvent is ethanol, and the ball-to-material ratio is 25-50:1, setting the rotating speed to be 350-450r/min, performing ball milling for 24-60 hours, and then placing the ball milling powder in a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment at 1400-1600 ℃ to obtain boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder;
and a second step of: placing the original sepiolite powder into a vacuum sintering furnace for high-temperature treatment, wherein the heat treatment system is 200 ℃,400 ℃,600 ℃, and the temperature of A ℃ is kept for 15-35 minutes respectively, and the heating rate is 3-5 ℃/min, so as to obtain modified sepiolite powder; the value of A is 820-840 ℃;
and a third step of: weighing all raw material powders according to the design components, adopting a V-shaped mixer to uniformly treat the powder, taking 2-3% aviation kerosene as a binder, mixing for 8-10 hours at room temperature, and setting the rotating speed to be 80-120 r/min;
fourth step: pouring the uniformly mixed powder into a grinding tool, and performing compression molding under 550-600 MPa to obtain a green body, wherein the pressure maintaining time is 10-15 s;
fifth step: placing the green body in a bell jar type pressurizing furnace for sintering, adopting the combination of stepped heating and sectional pressurizing to obtain the copper-based composite material containing the modified sepiolite, controlling the sintering pressure to be 1.5-2.0MPa when starting sintering, and heating to 500-550 ℃; then controlling the sintering pressure to be 2-2.5MPa, and heating to the sintering temperature of 920-940 ℃; and then controlling the sintering pressure to be 4-5 MPa, and preserving heat for 2-3 hours.
2. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 1, wherein: the raw materials comprise, by mass, 54-57.5% of electrolytic copper powder, 2-3.5% of electrolytic nickel powder, 13-17% of reduced iron powder, 1-2% of tungsten powder, 9-15% of graphite powder, 5-8% of modified sepiolite powder and 4-6% of boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder.
3. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 2, wherein: the raw materials comprise, by mass, 55.5-57.5% of electrolytic copper powder, 13.5-15.5% of reduced iron powder, 2.5-3.5% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12-15% of graphite powder and 7% of modified sepiolite powder; 4-5% of boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder.
4. A copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 3, wherein: the raw materials used by the method comprise, by mass, 56% of electrolytic copper powder, 15% of reduced iron powder, 3% of electrolytic nickel, 2% of tungsten powder, 12% of graphite powder and 7% of modified sepiolite powder; 5% of boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder.
5. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 1, wherein: the boron carbide-silicon carbide composite ceramic powder is prepared from 3-5 parts of boron carbide and silicon carbide: 5-3, ball milling and high temperature treatment at 1400-1600 deg.c.
6. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 1, wherein: the particle size of the electrolytic copper powder is 65-75 microns; the particle size of the reduced iron powder, the electrolytic nickel powder and the tungsten powder is 65-75 microns; the graphite powder is in a natural scale shape, and the particle size of the graphite powder is 120-180 microns; the particle size of the modified sepiolite powder is 65-75 microns.
7. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 5, wherein: the complex phase ceramic powder is prepared from boron carbide and silicon carbide in a mass ratio of 3-5:5-3, ball milling for 24-60 hours at the rotating speed of 350-450r/min, and performing high-temperature treatment at 1400-1600 ℃ to obtain the boron carbide powder with the original particle size of 1-10 microns and the original silicon carbide powder with the particle size of 1-10 microns.
8. The copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite according to claim 1, wherein: the obtained copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite; its density is 4.6-5.0 g/cm 3 The aperture ratio is 3-12%, and the bending strength is 120-200MPa; the braking pressure is 0.6 MPa, and the braking inertia is 0.35 kg m 2 Under the condition that an MM-3000 shrinkage testing machine is adopted, the abrasion loss after braking under 10 times of drying working conditions is 0.10-0.25 cm 3 and/MJ, the friction coefficient is 0.30-0.45.
9. Use of a copper-based composite friction material comprising modified sepiolite according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: the copper-based composite friction material containing the modified sepiolite is used as a friction material.
CN202311757874.7A 2023-12-20 2023-12-20 Copper-based composite friction material containing modified sepiolite, and preparation method and application thereof Active CN117448623B (en)

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