CN117255789A - 可用作免疫调节剂的含内酯和内酰胺的化合物 - Google Patents
可用作免疫调节剂的含内酯和内酰胺的化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开文本总体上涉及可用作免疫调节剂的含内酯和内酰胺的化合物。本文提供了化合物、包含此类化合物的组合物及其使用方法。本公开文本还涉及包含根据本公开文本的至少一种化合物的药物组合物,其可用于治疗多种疾病,包括癌症和感染性疾病。
Description
本公开文本总体上涉及可用作PD-1/PD-L1蛋白/蛋白和CD80/PD-L1蛋白/蛋白相互作用的抑制剂的含内酯和内酰胺的化合物。本文提供了化合物、包含此类化合物的组合物及其使用方法。本公开文本还涉及包含根据本公开文本的至少一种化合物的药物组合物,其可用于治疗多种疾病,包括癌症和感染性疾病。
程序性死亡蛋白-1(CD279)是T细胞上的一种受体,已经显示它当被其任一配体程序性死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1,CD274,B7-H1)或PD-L2(CD273,B7-DC)结合时,抑制来自T细胞受体的激活信号(Sharpe等人,Nat.Imm.2007)。当表达PD-1的T细胞接触表达其配体的细胞时,响应于抗原刺激的功能活性(包括增殖、细胞因子分泌和细胞溶解活性)降低。PD-1/PD配体相互作用在感染或肿瘤消退期间或在自身耐受性发展期间下调免疫应答(Keir Me,Butte MJ,Freeman GJ等人Annu.Rev.Immunol.2008;26:Epub)。慢性抗原刺激(如在肿瘤疾病或慢性感染期间发生的慢性抗原刺激)产生这样的T细胞,其表达升高水平的PD-1并且在对慢性抗原的活性方面是功能失调的(综述于Kim和Ahmed,Curr Opin Imm,2010中)。这被称为“T细胞耗竭”。B细胞也表现出PD-1/PD配体抑制和“耗竭”。
还已经显示PD-L1与CD80相互作用(Butte MJ等人,Immunity 27:111-122(2007))。已经表明表达免疫细胞上PD-L1/CD80的相互作用是抑制性相互作用。已经显示阻断这种相互作用消除了这种抑制性相互作用(Paterson AM等人,J Immunol.,187:1097-1105(2011);Yang J等人J Immunol.8月1日;187(3):1113-9(2011))。
已经显示使用针对PD-L1的抗体阻断PD-1/PD-L1相互作用在许多系统中恢复和增强T细胞激活。患有晚期癌症的患者受益于用针对PD-L1的单克隆抗体的疗法(Brahmer等人,New Engl J Med 2012)。肿瘤的临床前动物模型已经显示,单克隆抗体对PD-1/PD-L1途径的阻断可以增强免疫应答并导致对许多组织学上相异的肿瘤的免疫应答(Dong H,ChenL.J Mol Med.2003;81(5):281-287;Dong H,Strome SE,Salamoa DR等人Nat Med.2002;8(8):793-800)。
对PD-1/PD-L1相互作用的干扰也已经在慢性感染系统中显示出增强的T细胞活性。小鼠的慢性淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒感染还展现出PD-L1的阻断导致改善的病毒清除和恢复的免疫力(Barber DL,Wherry EJ,Masopust D等人Nature 2006;439(7077):682-687)。感染HIV-1的人源化小鼠显示出增强的抗病毒血症的保护作用和减少的CD4+T细胞的病毒性耗尽(Palmer等人,J.Immunol 2013)。通过针对PD-L1的单克隆抗体阻断PD-1/PD-L1可以使来自HIV患者(Day,Nature 2006;Petrovas,J.Exp.Med.2006;Trautman,Nature Med.2006;D’Souza,J.Immunol.2007;Zhang,Blood2007;Kaufmann,NatureImm.2007;Kasu,J.Immunol.2010;Porichis,Blood 2011)、HCV患者[Golden-Mason,J.Virol.2007;Jeung,J.Leuk.Biol.2007;Urbani,J.Hepatol.2008;Nakamoto,PLoSPath.2009;Nakamoto,Gastroenterology 2008]或HBV患者(Boni,,J.Virol.2007;Fisicaro,Gastro.2010;Fisicaro等人,Gastroenterology,2012;Boni等人,Gastro.,2012;Penna等人,J Hep,2012;Raziorrough,Hepatology 2009;Liang,World JGastro.2010;Zhang,Gastro.2008)的T细胞恢复体外抗原特异性功能。
还已经显示阻断PD-L1/CD80相互作用刺激免疫(Yang J.等人,J Immunol.8月1日;187(3):1113-9(2011))。由阻断PD-L1/CD80相互作用所产生的免疫刺激已经显示通过与阻断进一步的PD-1/PD-L1或PD-1/PD-L2相互作用组合而增强。
假设免疫细胞表型的改变是脓毒性休克的一个重要因素(Hotchkiss等人,NatRev Immunol(2013))。这些包括增加水平的PD-1和PD-L1和T细胞凋亡(Guignant等人,Crit.Care(2011))。针对PD-L1的抗体可以降低免疫细胞凋亡的水平(Zhang等人,Crit.Care(2011))。此外,缺乏PD-1表达的小鼠比野生型小鼠对脓毒性休克症状更有抵抗力(Yang J.等人J Immunol.8月1日;187(3):1113-9(2011))。研究已经揭示,使用抗体阻断PD-L1的相互作用可以抑制不适当的免疫应答并改善疾病症状。
除了增强针对慢性抗原的免疫学应答外,还已经显示阻断PD-1/PD-L1途径增强针对疫苗接种(包括在慢性感染情境下的治疗性疫苗接种)的应答(S.J.Ha,S.N.Mueller,E.J.Wherry等人,The Journal of Experimental Medicine,第205卷,第3期,第543-555页,2008.;A.C.Finnefrock,A.Tang,F.Li等人,The Journal of Immunology,第182卷,第2期,第980-987页,2009;M.-Y.Song,S.-H.Park,H.J.Nam,D.-H.Choi,和Y.-C.Sung,TheJournal of Immunotherapy,第34卷,第3期,第297-306页,2011)。
PD-1途径是源自慢性感染和肿瘤疾病过程中的慢性抗原刺激的T细胞耗竭中的关键抑制性分子。已经表明通过靶向PD-L1蛋白阻断PD-1/PD-L1相互作用可在体外和体内恢复抗原特异性T细胞免疫功能,包括在肿瘤或慢性感染环境中针对疫苗接种的增强的应答。
因此,需要阻断PD-L1与PD-1或CD80的相互作用的药剂。
申请人发现了有效力的化合物,其具有作为PD-L1与PD-1和CD80的相互作用的抑制剂的活性,并且因此可用于治疗性施用(包括治疗性疫苗)以增强癌症或感染中的免疫。提供的这些化合物可用作具有对其成药性重要的所希望的稳定性、生物利用度、治疗指数和毒性值的药物。
在第一方面,本公开文本提供了式(I)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-(O)m-(CH2)n-R1a或-(CH2)n-(O)m-R1b;
R1a独立地是具有一至两个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂环;其中所述杂环被0至3个Rb取代;
R1b是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个R1c取代;
R1c独立地是卤素、CN、OH、SH、NH2、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、C1-C4卤代烷氧基、被0至1个OH取代的C1-C4烷基、或C3-C6环烷基、-(O)m-(CH2)n-R1d、或-(CH2)n-NR7-R2a;
R1d是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个Rd取代;
Z是键或C1-C2亚烷基;
R2独立地是被0至4个Rc取代的4至8元内酯或内酰胺;
R3、R4和R5在每次出现时独立地是卤素、CN、OH、SH、NH2、C1-C4烷基、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、C1-C4卤代烷氧基、或C3-C6环烷基;
R6独立地是氢、C1-C4烷基、或-(CH2)n-R6a;
R6a独立地是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个R6b取代;
R6b独立地是卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、或C1-C4卤代烷氧基;
R7独立地是氢、C1-C4烷基、-C(O)C1-C4烷基、-(CH2)n-C3-C6环烷基、或-(CH2)n-苯基;可替代地,R6和R7可以连接以形成W;并且
W是具有独立地选自碳、氧和氮的元素的1至4元接头;其中所述接头被0至2个Re取代;Ra独立地是卤素、C1-C4烷基、-(CH2)n-C3-C6环烷基、或-(CH2)n-苯基;
Rb和Rc在每次出现时独立地是氧代基、卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;Rd在每次出现时独立地是卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;
Re独立地是氧代基、=CH2、卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;
m在每次出现时独立地是0或1;
n在每次出现时独立地是0、1或2;
r、s和t各自独立地是0、1或2。
在第二方面,在第一方面的范围内,其中:
R2独立地是被0至4个Ra取代的5至6元内酯或内酰胺;
Ra独立地是氧代基、卤素、OH、或C1-C3烷基;
W是具有独立地选自碳、氧和氮的元素的2至3元接头;其中所述接头被0至2个Re取代;并且
Re独立地是氧代基、=CH2、OH、或C1-C4烷基。
在第三方面,本公开文本提供了一种式(II)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-O-CH2-R1a或-CH2-O-R1b;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-CH2OH、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;
R2和R2a在每次出现时独立地是
R3独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R4独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R5独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R6独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基、或-CH2-(经氰基取代的吡啶基);
并且
R7独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基、-C(O)C1-C3烷基或-CH2-环丙基。
在第四方面,在第三方面的范围内,其中:
R1是-O-CH2-R1a;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R6是-CH2-(经氰基取代的吡啶基);并且
R7是氢。
在第五方面,在第三方面的范围内,其中:
R1是-CH2-O-R1b;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;并且
R7是氢。
在第六方面,本公开文本提供了一种式(III)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-O-CH2-R1a或-CH2-O-R1b;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;
R2和R2a在每次出现时独立地是
R3独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R4独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R5独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;并且
W独立地是-CH2C(O)-、-CH2C(=CH2)CH2-、或-CH2C(OH)CH2-。
在另一方面,提供了一种选自示例性实施例的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一个方面,提供了一种选自任何以上方面的范围内的化合物的任何子集列表的化合物。
本公开文本还提供了一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、或者所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的药物组合物,用作药物。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、或者所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的药物组合物,用于制造治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的药物。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,用于增强、刺激、调节和/或增加有需要的受试者的免疫应答,其包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,用于抑制有需要的受试者的癌细胞的生长、增殖或转移,其包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了一种增强、刺激、调节和/或增加有需要的受试者的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在第三方面的第一实施方案中,所述方法进一步包括在本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐之前、之后或与其同时施用另外的药剂。在第二实施方案中,所述另外的药剂是抗微生物剂、抗病毒剂、细胞毒性剂、基因表达调节剂和/或免疫应答调整剂。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了一种抑制有需要的受试者的癌细胞的生长、增殖或转移的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或药学上可接受的盐。在第四方面的第一实施方案中,所述癌症选自黑色素瘤、肾细胞癌、鳞状非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、非鳞状NSCLC、结直肠癌、去势抵抗性前列腺癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、肝细胞癌、胰腺癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌、食道癌、胃肠道癌和乳腺癌以及血液恶性肿瘤。
在另一方面,本公开文本提供了一种治疗有需要的受试者的感染性疾病的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在第五方面的第一实施方案中,所述感染性疾病是由病毒引起的。在第五方面的第二实施方案中,所述病毒选自HIV、甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、丁型肝炎、疱疹病毒、乳头瘤病毒和流感。
在另一个方面,本公开文本提供了一种治疗有需要的受试者的脓毒性休克的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
除非本文另有具体说明,当提及单数时,也可包括复数指代。例如,“一个/一种(a)”和“一个/一种(an)”可以指代一个/一种或者一个/一种或多个/多种。
如本文所用的,短语“化合物或其药学上可接受的盐”是指至少一种化合物、所述化合物的至少一种盐或其组合。例如,本发明的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐包括本发明的化合物;两种本发明的化合物;本发明的化合物的盐;本发明的化合物和本发明的化合物的一种或多种盐;和本发明的化合物的两种或更多种盐。
除非另有指示,否则具有不饱和化合价的任何原子均被假定为具有足以满足化合价的氢原子。
在整个说明书中,本领域技术人员可以选择其基团和取代基以提供稳定的部分和化合物。
下文列出了用于描述本公开文本的各个术语的定义。这些定义适用于在说明书通篇中单独使用或作为较大组的一部分而使用的术语(除非它们在具体情况下另有限制)。本文阐述的定义优先于通过引用并入本文的任何专利、专利申请和/或专利申请公开案中阐述的定义。
如本文所用,术语“C1-C3烷基”是指衍生自含有一至三个碳原子的直链或支链饱和烃的基团。
如本文所用,术语“C1-C6烷基”是指衍生自含有一至六个碳原子的直链或支链饱和烃的基团。
如本文所用,术语“酰胺基”是指-C(O)NH2。
如本文所用,术语“氨基甲酰基”是指-C(O)NH2。
如本文所用,术语“羰基”是指-C(O)-。
如本文所用,术语“羧基”是指-CO2H。
如本文所用,术语“氰基”是指-CN。
如本文所用,术语“环烷基”是指通过从饱和环碳原子上除去一个氢原子而由非芳族单环或多环烃分子衍生的基团。环烷基的代表性例子包括但不限于环丙基、环戊基和环己基。当数字出现在符号“C”之后的下标中时,下标更具体地定义了特定环烷基可能含有的碳原子的数目。例如,“C3-6环烷基”表示具有三至六个碳原子的环烷基。
如本文所用,术语“(C3-C6环烷基)C1-C3烷基”是指被C3-C6环烷基取代的C1-C3烷基。
如本文所用,术语“卤基”和“卤素”是指F、Cl、Br或I。
如本文所用,术语“C1-C4卤代烷氧基”是指通过氧原子附接至母体分子部分的卤代C1-C4烷基。
如本文所用,术语“C1-C3卤代烷基”是指被一、二或三个卤素原子取代的C1-C3烷基。
术语“羟基烷基”包括被一个或多个羟基取代的支链和直链饱和烷基二者。例如,“羟基烷基”包括-CH2OH、-CH2CH2OH和C1-4羟基烷基。
如本文所用,术语“硝基”是指-NO2。
如本文所用,术语“氧代基”是指=O。
术语“杂原子”是指氧(O)、硫(S)和氮(N)。
术语“杂环基(heterocyclo)”、“杂环状”或“杂环基(heterocyclyl)”可以互换使用,并且是指具有至少一个饱和或部分饱和的非芳族环的环状基团,并且其中一个或多个环具有至少一个杂原子(O、S或N),所述含有杂原子的环优选地具有1至3个独立地选自O、S和/或N的杂原子。这样的含有杂原子的基团的环可以含有一个或两个氧或硫原子和/或一个至四个氮原子,条件是每个环中的杂原子总数是四或更小,并且另一个条件是所述环含有至少一个碳原子。氮和硫原子可以任选地是氧化的,并且氮原子可以任选地是季铵化的。杂环基可以附接在任何可用的氮或碳原子上。杂环可以是未取代的或者在化合价允许的情况下可以含有一个或多个取代基。
示例性的单环杂环基包括吡咯烷基、咪唑啉基、噁唑烷基、异噁唑啉基、噻唑烷基、异噻唑烷基、四氢呋喃基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、2-氧代哌嗪基、2-氧代哌啶基、2-氧代吡咯烷基、2-氧代氮杂卓基、氮杂卓基、4-哌啶酮基、四氢吡喃基、吗啉基、硫杂吗啉基、硫杂吗啉基亚砜、硫杂吗啉基砜、1,3-二氧戊环、四氢-1,1-二氧代噻吩基、二氢异吲哚基和四氢喹啉基。
术语杂环基还涵盖杂芳基化合物。
示例性的单环杂芳基包括吡咯基、吡唑基、吡唑啉基、咪唑基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、异噻唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁二唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基和三嗪基。
示例性的双环杂芳基包括吲哚基、苯并噻唑基、苯并二氧杂环戊烯基、苯并噁唑基、苯并噻吩基、喹啉基、四氢异喹啉基、异喹啉基、苯并咪唑基、苯并吡喃基、吲嗪基、苯并呋喃基、色酮基、香豆素基、苯并吡喃基、噌啉基、喹喔啉基、吲唑基和吡咯并吡啶基。
短语“药学上可接受的”在本文中用于指在合理的医学判断的范围内,适用于与人类和动物的组织接触而没有过度的毒性、刺激、过敏反应或其他问题或并发症,与合理的效益/风险比相称的那些化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂型。
本发明的化合物可以形成盐,其也在本公开文本的范围内。除非另有指示,否则提及本发明的化合物应理解为包括提及其一种或多种盐。术语“一种或多种盐”表示与无机和/或有机酸和碱形成的酸式和/或碱式盐。此外,术语“盐”可以包括两性离子(内盐),例如当本发明的化合物含有碱性部分如胺或吡啶或咪唑环,以及酸性部分如羧酸两者时。药学上可接受的(即,无毒的生理学上可接受的)盐是优选的,例如像其中的阳离子对盐的毒性或生物活性没有显著贡献的可接受的金属盐和胺盐。然而,其他盐可以例如用于可在制备期间采用的分离或纯化步骤中,并且因此预期在本公开文本的范围内。本发明的化合物的盐可以例如通过以下方式来形成:使本发明的化合物与一定量(如等效量)的酸或碱在介质(如其中盐沉淀的介质)中或在水性介质中反应,随后冻干。
示例性酸加成盐包括乙酸盐(如与乙酸或三卤乙酸(例如三氟乙酸)形成的那些)、己二酸盐、海藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐(与盐酸形成)、氢溴酸盐(与溴化氢形成)、氢碘化物、马来酸盐(与马来酸形成)、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、甲磺酸盐(与甲磺酸形成)、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐(如与硫酸形成的那些)、磺酸盐(如本文中提到的那些)、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐(toluenesulfonate)(如甲苯磺酸盐(tosylate))、十一烷酸盐等。
示例性的碱性盐包括铵盐;碱金属盐,如钠盐、锂盐和钾盐;碱土金属盐,如钙盐和镁盐;钡盐、锌盐和铝盐;与有机碱(例如有机胺,如三烷基胺(如三乙胺))的盐、普鲁卡因、二苄胺、N-苄基-β-苯乙胺、1-二苯羟甲胺(ephenamine)、N,N'-二苄乙烯-二胺、脱氢枞胺、N-乙基哌啶、苄胺、二环己胺或类似的药学上可接受的胺;以及与氨基酸(如精氨酸、赖氨酸等)的盐。碱性含氮基团可以用以下试剂季铵化:如低级烷基卤化物(例如,甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基的氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、二烷基硫酸盐(例如,二甲基、二乙基、二丁基和二戊基的硫酸盐)、长链卤化物(例如,癸基、月桂基、肉豆蔻基和硬脂酰基的氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、芳烷基卤化物(例如,苄基和苯乙基的溴化物)以及其他试剂。优选的盐包括单盐酸盐、硫酸氢盐、甲磺酸盐、磷酸盐或硝酸盐。
各种形式的前药在本领域是熟知的,并且描述于:
a)The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry,Camille G.Wermuth等人,第31章,(Academic Press,1996);
b)Design of Prodrugs,由H.Bundgaard编辑,(Elsevier,1985);
c)A Textbook of Drug Design and Development,P.Krogsgaard-Larson和H.Bundgaard编辑第5章,第113-191页(Harwood Academic Publishers,1991);以及
d)Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism,Bernard Testa和JoachimM.Mayer,(Wiley-VCH,2003)。
本公开文本的化合物可以含有立体异构体,其中存在不对称或手性中心。根据手性碳原子周围的取代基的构型,具体立体化学可由符号“R”或“S”指定。本发明考虑了各种立体异构体(即对映异构体和非对映异构体)及其混合物,并且旨在涵盖所有结合PD-L1的立体异构体。可以通过以下方式制备本发明的化合物的单独立体异构体:从含有不对称或手性中心的市售起始材料合成,或制备外消旋混合物随后进行本领域普通技术人员熟知的拆分。
此外,可以分离并且纯化本发明的化合物(在其制备之后),以获得含有以重量计等于或大于99%的量的本发明的化合物(“基本上纯的”)的组合物,所述组合物然后被如本文所描述的使用或配制。此类“基本上纯的”本发明的化合物在本文中也被认为是本发明的一部分。
“稳定的化合物”和“稳定的结构”意在指示化合物足够稳健以经受住从反应混合物中分离至有用程度的纯度并且配制成有效的治疗剂。本公开文本旨在体现稳定化合物。
“治疗有效量”旨在包括单独的本公开文本的化合物的量或所要求保护的化合物的组合的量或与其他活性成分组合的本公开文本化合物的量,所述量有效抑制PD-1/PD-L1蛋白/蛋白和/或CD80/PD-L1蛋白/蛋白相互作用,或有效治疗或预防癌症或感染性疾病,如脓毒性休克、HIV或乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎和丁型肝炎。
如本文所用的,“治疗”(“treating”或“treatment”)涵盖哺乳动物(特别是人)的疾病状态的治疗,并且可以包括:(a)预防所述疾病状态在哺乳动物中发生,特别是当这种哺乳动物易患所述疾病状态,但尚未被诊断为患有所述疾病状态时;(b)抑制所述疾病状态,即阻止其发展;和/或(c)缓解所述疾病状态,即引起所述疾病状态的消退。
本公开文本的化合物旨在包括本公开文本化合物中存在的原子的所有同位素。同位素包括原子数相同但质量数不同的那些原子。通过一般举例且没有限制,氢的同位素包括氘(D)和氚(T)。碳的同位素包括13C和14C。本公开文本的同位素标记的化合物通常可以通过本领域技术人员已知的常规技术或通过与本文所述的方法类似的方法使用适当的同位素标记的试剂代替原本采用的非标记的试剂来制备。例如,甲基(-CH3)还包括氘代甲基,如-CD3。
根据本发明的化合物和/或其药学上可接受的盐可以通过适合于待治疗病症的任何方式施用,这可以取决于对部位特异性治疗的需要或待递送的本发明的化合物的量。本公开文本还包括一类药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含本发明的化合物和/或其药学上可接受的盐;以及一种或多种无毒的药学上可接受的载体和/或稀释剂和/或佐剂(在本文中统称为“载体”材料)和(如果需要的话)其他活性成分。本发明的化合物可以通过任何合适的途径、优选以适于此类途径的药物组合物的形式,并且以对于预期治疗有效的剂量施用。可以将本公开文本的化合物和组合物例如以含有常规药学上可接受的载体、佐剂和媒介物的剂量单位配制品口服、经粘膜、经直肠或肠胃外(包括血管内、静脉内、腹膜内、皮下、肌内和胸膜内)施用。例如,所述药物载体可含有甘露醇或乳糖和微晶纤维素的混合物。所述混合物可以含有另外的组分,如润滑剂(例如硬脂酸镁)和崩解剂(如交聚维酮)。载体混合物可以填充到明胶胶囊中或压缩成片剂。例如,药物组合物可以作为口服剂型或输注剂施用。
对于口服施用,所述药物组合物可例如呈以下形式:片剂、胶囊剂、液体胶囊剂、混悬剂或液体。所述药物组合物优选地以含有特定量活性成分的剂量单位的形式制造。例如,所述药物组合物可以以片剂或胶囊剂提供,所述片剂或胶囊剂包含在从约0.1至1000mg、优选从约0.25至250mg、更优选从约0.5至100mg范围内的量的活性成分。根据患者的病症和其他因素,对于人或其他哺乳动物的合适的日剂量可能有很大差异,但是可以使用常规方法确定。
本文中考虑的任何药物组合物可以例如经由任何可接受且合适的口服制剂口服递送。示例性的口服制剂包括但不限于例如片剂、锭剂、糖锭剂、水性和油性混悬剂、可分散散剂或颗粒剂、乳剂、硬和软胶囊剂、液体胶囊剂、糖浆和酏剂。旨在用于口服施用的药物组合物可以根据本领域已知的用于制造旨在用于口服施用的药物组合物的任何方法来制备。为了提供药学上可口的制剂,根据本公开文本的药物组合物可以含有至少一种选自甜味剂、调味剂、着色剂、缓和剂、抗氧化剂和防腐剂的试剂。
片剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐与适合于制造片剂的至少一种无毒的药学上可接受的赋形剂混合来制备。示例性的赋形剂包括但不限于例如惰性稀释剂,例如像碳酸钙、碳酸钠、乳糖、磷酸钙和磷酸钠;制粒剂和崩解剂,例如像微晶纤维素、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、玉米淀粉和海藻酸;粘合剂,例如像淀粉、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和阿拉伯胶;以及润滑剂,例如像硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸和滑石粉。另外,片剂可以是未包衣的,或者通过已知技术包衣,以掩蔽尝起来令人不快的药物的不良味道,或延迟活性成分在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收,从而维持活性成分的作用持续更长时间。示例性水溶性遮味材料包括但不限于羟丙基甲基纤维素和羟丙基纤维素。示例性延时材料包括但不限于乙基纤维素和乙酸丁酸纤维素。
硬明胶胶囊剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种盐与至少一种惰性固体稀释剂(例如像碳酸钙、磷酸钙和高岭土)混合来制备。
软明胶胶囊剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐与至少一种水溶性载体(例如像聚乙二醇)和至少一种油介质(例如像花生油、液体石蜡和橄榄油)混合来制备。
水性混悬剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐与适合于生产水性混悬剂的至少一种赋形剂混合来制备。适合于生产水性混悬剂的示例性的赋形剂包括但不限于例如助悬剂,例如像羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、海藻酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶;分散剂或润湿剂,例如像天然存在的磷脂,例如卵磷脂;环氧烷与脂肪酸的缩合产物,例如像聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯;环氧乙烷与长链脂族醇的缩合产物,例如像十七烷乙烯-氧基鲸蜡醇;环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的偏酯的缩合产物,例如像聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇单油酸酯;以及环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的偏酯的缩合产物,例如像聚乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。水性混悬剂还可以含有至少一种防腐剂,例如像对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸正丙酯;至少一种着色剂;至少一种调味剂;和/或至少一种甜味剂,包括但不限于例如蔗糖、糖精和阿斯巴甜。
油性混悬剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐悬浮在植物油(例如像花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油和椰子油)或者悬浮在矿物油(例如像液体石蜡)中来制备。油性混悬剂还可以含有至少一种增稠剂,例如像蜂蜡、硬石蜡和十六醇。为了提供可口的油性混悬剂,可以将上文已经描述的至少一种甜味剂和/或至少一种调味剂添加到油性混悬剂中。油性混悬剂可以进一步含有至少一种防腐剂,包括但不限于例如抗氧化剂,例如像丁基化羟基茴香醚和α-生育酚。
可分散散剂和颗粒剂可以例如通过将至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐与至少一种分散剂和/或润湿剂、至少一种助悬剂和/或至少一种防腐剂混合来制备。合适的分散剂、润湿剂和助悬剂如上已经所述。示例性防腐剂包括但不限于例如抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸。此外,可分散散剂和颗粒剂还可以含有至少一种赋形剂,包括但不限于例如甜味剂、调味剂和着色剂。
至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐的乳剂可以例如制备为水包油乳剂。包含本发明的化合物的乳剂的油相可以以已知方式由已知成分构成。油相可以通过但不限于例如植物油(例如像橄榄油和花生油)、矿物油(例如像液体石蜡)及其混合物来提供。虽然所述相可以仅包含乳化剂,但是它可以包含至少一种乳化剂与脂肪或油或与脂肪和油两者的混合物。合适的乳化剂包括但不限于例如天然磷脂,例如大豆卵磷脂;衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的酯或偏酯,例如像脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯;以及偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物,例如像聚氧乙烯去水山梨醇单油酸酯。优选地,亲脂性乳化剂与用作稳定剂的亲水性乳化剂一起使用。还优选的是包含油和脂肪两者。一种或多种乳化剂与或不与一种或多种稳定剂一起构成所谓的乳化蜡,并且蜡与油和脂肪一起构成所谓的乳化软膏基质,其形成乳膏配制品的油性分散相。乳剂还可以含有甜味剂、调味剂、防腐剂和/或抗氧化剂。适合于本公开文本的配制品的乳化剂和乳剂稳定剂包括Tween 60、Span 80、十六十八醇、肉豆蔻醇、单硬脂酸甘油酯、十二烷基硫酸钠、单独或与蜡一起的二硬脂酸甘油酯或本领域熟知的其他材料。
本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐还可以例如通过任何药学上可接受的且合适的可注射形式静脉内、皮下和/或肌内递送。示例性的可注射形式包括但不限于例如无菌水溶液,所述无菌水溶液包含可接受的媒介物和溶剂,例如像水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液;无菌水包油微乳剂;以及水性或油性混悬剂。
用于肠胃外施用的配制品可以呈水性或非水性等渗无菌注射溶液或混悬剂的形式。这些溶液和混悬剂可以使用提及用于在供口服施用的配制品中使用的一种或多种载体或稀释剂或者通过使用其他合适的分散剂或润湿剂和助悬剂由无菌散剂或颗粒剂制备。可以将化合物溶解于水、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、乙醇、玉米油、棉籽油、花生油、芝麻油、苄醇、氯化钠、黄蓍胶和/或各种缓冲液中。其他辅料和施用模式在制药领域中是众所周知的。活性成分也可以通过作为与合适的载体(包括盐水、右旋糖或水)或与环糊精(即Captisol)、共溶剂增溶(即丙二醇)或胶束增溶(即Tween 80)的组合物注射来施用。
无菌可注射制剂还可以是在无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液或混悬剂,例如作为在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。所述可接受的可使用的媒介物和溶剂为水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。另外,常规地采用无菌固定油作为溶剂或助悬介质。为此目的,可以采用任何温和的非挥发性油,包括合成的单甘油酯或二甘油酯。另外,脂肪酸如油酸可用于制备可注射剂。
无菌可注射水包油型微乳剂可以例如如下制备:1)将至少一种本发明的化合物溶解于油相(例如像大豆油与卵磷脂的混合物)中;2)将含有本发明的油相与水和甘油的混合物组合;和3)处理所述组合以形成微乳剂。
可以根据本领域已知的方法来制备无菌水性或油性混悬剂。例如,可利用无毒性的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂(例如像1,3-丁二醇)制备无菌水溶液或混悬剂;且可利用无菌无毒性的可接受的溶剂或助悬介质(例如像无菌不挥发性油(例如合成的甘油一酯或甘油二酯)和脂肪酸(例如像油酸))制备无菌油性混悬剂。
可用于本公开文本的药物组合物中的药学上可接受的载体、佐剂和媒介物包括但不限于离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、自乳化药物递送系统(SEDDS)(如d-α-生育酚聚乙二醇1000琥珀酸酯)、用于药物剂型的表面活性剂(如Tween)、聚乙氧基化蓖麻油(如CREMOPHOR表面活性剂(BASF))、或其他类似的聚合物递送基质、血清蛋白(如人血清白蛋白)、缓冲物质(如磷酸盐)、甘氨酸、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐或电解质(如硫酸鱼精蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐)、胶体二氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、基于纤维素的物质、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酸酯、蜡、聚乙烯-聚氧丙烯嵌段聚合物、聚乙二醇和羊毛脂。诸如α-、β-和γ-环糊精等环糊精或诸如羟烷基环糊精(包括2-和3-羟丙基-环糊精)等化学改性的衍生物或其他溶解的衍生物也可以有利地用于增强本文所述的式的化合物的递送。
可以将本公开文本的药物活性化合物根据常规药学方法加工,以产生用于向患者(包括人和其他哺乳动物)施用的药剂。所述药物组合物可以经受诸如灭菌等常规制药操作和/或可以含有常规佐剂,如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂、乳化剂、缓冲液等。此类组合物还可以包含佐剂,如润湿剂、甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂。
施用的化合物的量和用本公开文本的化合物和/或组合物治疗疾病病症的剂量方案取决于多种因素,包括受试者的年龄、体重、性别、医学状况、疾病类型、疾病的严重程度、施用的途径和频率以及所用的具体化合物。因此,给药方案可以广泛变化,但是可以使用标准方法常规确定。约0.001至100mg/kg体重、优选在约0.0025与约50mg/kg体重之间、并且最优选在约0.005至10mg/kg体重之间的日剂量可能是适当的。日剂量可以以每天一至四剂施用。其他给药时间安排包括每周一剂和每两天一剂。
出于治疗目的,本公开文本的活性化合物通常与适合于所示给药途径的一种或多种佐剂组合。如果口服施用,可以将化合物与乳糖、蔗糖、淀粉、烷酸的纤维素酯、纤维素烷基酯、滑石粉、硬脂酸、硬脂酸镁、氧化镁、磷酸和硫酸的钠盐和钙盐、明胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和/或聚乙烯醇混合,并且然后压片或胶囊化以方便施用。上述胶囊剂或片剂可包括控释配制品,所述控释配制品可按活性化合物在羟丙基甲基纤维素中的分散体提供。
本发明的药物组合物包含至少一种本发明的化合物和/或其至少一种药学上可接受的盐和任选地选自任何药学上可接受的载体、佐剂和媒介物的另外药剂。本公开文本的替代组合物包含本文所描述的本发明的化合物或其前药和药学上可接受的载体、佐剂或媒介物。
本公开文本的化合物抑制PD-1/PD-L1蛋白/蛋白,导致PD-L1阻断。阻断PD-L1可以增强哺乳动物(包括人)针对癌性细胞和感染性疾病的免疫应答。
在一方面,本公开文本涉及使用本发明的化合物或其盐在体内治疗受试者,使得抑制癌性肿瘤的生长。可以单独使用本发明的化合物或其盐来抑制癌性肿瘤的生长。可替代地,本发明的化合物或其盐可以与其他免疫原性剂或标准癌症治疗结合使用,如下文所述。
在一个实施方案中,本公开文本提供了一种抑制受试者的肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其盐。
在一个实施方案中,提供了一种用于治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其盐。癌症的例子包括使用本公开文本的化合物可以抑制其生长的那些,包括通常对免疫疗法有反应的癌症。供治疗的优选癌症的非限制性例子包括黑色素瘤(例如,转移性恶性黑色素瘤)、肾癌(例如透明细胞癌)、前列腺癌(例如激素难治性前列腺腺癌)、乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌(例如非小细胞肺癌)。另外,本公开文本包括使用本公开文本的化合物可以抑制其生长的难治性或复发性恶性肿瘤。
可以使用本公开文本的方法治疗的其他癌症的例子包括骨癌、胰腺癌、皮肤癌、头颈癌、皮肤或眼内恶性黑色素瘤、子宫癌、卵巢癌、直肠癌、肛区癌、胃癌、睾丸癌、子宫癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、霍奇金病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、食道癌、小肠癌、内分泌系统癌、甲状腺癌、甲状旁腺癌、肾上腺癌、软组织肉瘤、尿道癌、阴茎癌、慢性或急性白血病(包括急性髓性白血病、慢性髓性白血病、急性淋巴母细胞白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病)、儿童实体瘤、淋巴细胞淋巴瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌或尿道癌、肾盂癌、中枢神经系统(CNS)肿瘤、原发性CNS淋巴瘤、肿瘤血管生成、脊髓轴肿瘤、脑干胶质瘤、垂体腺瘤、卡波西肉瘤、表皮样癌、鳞状细胞癌、T细胞淋巴瘤、环境诱发的癌症(包括由石棉诱导的那些)以及所述癌症的组合。本公开文本还可用于治疗转移性癌症,尤其是表达PD-L1的转移性癌症(Iwai等人(2005)Int.Immunol.17:133-144)。
任选地,本发明的化合物或其盐可以与另一种免疫原性剂组合,所述免疫原性剂是如癌性细胞、纯化的肿瘤抗原(包括重组蛋白、肽和碳水化合物分子)、细胞和用编码免疫刺激细胞因子的基因转染的细胞(He等人(2004)J.Immunol.173:4919-28)。可以使用的肿瘤疫苗的非限制性例子包括黑色素瘤抗原的肽(如gp100、MAGE抗原、Trp-2、MART1和/或酪氨酸酶的肽)或经转染以表达细胞因子GM-CSF的肿瘤细胞。
在人中,已经显示一些肿瘤(如黑色素瘤)具有免疫原性。预计通过PD-L1阻断提高T细胞激活的阈值,预期肿瘤反应在宿主中被激活。
PD-L1阻断可以与疫苗接种方案组合。已经设计了许多用于针对肿瘤的疫苗接种的实验策略(参见Rosenberg,S.,2000,Development of Cancer Vaccines,ASCOEducational Book Spring:60-62;Logothetis,C.,2000,ASCO Educational BookSpring:300-302;Khayat,D.2000,ASCO Educational Book Spring:414-428;Foon,K.2000,ASCO Educational Book Spring:730-738;还参见Restifo,N.和Sznol,M.,CancerVaccines,第61章,第3023-3043页,在DeVita,V.等人(编辑),1997,Cancer:Principlesand Practice of Oncology.第五版中)。在这些策略之一中,使用自体或同种异体肿瘤细胞制备疫苗。已证明当肿瘤细胞被转导以表达GM-CSF时,这些细胞疫苗是最有效的。已经显示GM-CSF是用于肿瘤疫苗接种的抗原呈递的有效力的激活剂(Dranoff等人(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.90:3539-43)。
对各种肿瘤中的基因表达和大规模基因表达模式的研究已经产生了所谓的肿瘤特异性抗原的定义(Rosenberg,S A(1999)Immunity 10:281-7)。在许多情况下,这些肿瘤特异性抗原是在肿瘤和产生肿瘤的细胞中表达的分化抗原,例如黑素细胞抗原gp100、MAGE抗原和Trp-2。更重要的是,可以证明许多这些抗原是在宿主中发现的肿瘤特异性T细胞的靶标。PD-L1阻断可以与肿瘤中表达的重组蛋白和/或肽的集合结合使用,以便产生针对这些蛋白质的免疫应答。这些蛋白质通常被免疫系统视为自身抗原,因此可被免疫系统耐受。肿瘤抗原也可以包括蛋白质端粒酶,所述蛋白质端粒酶是合成染色体端粒所需的并且在超过85%的人类癌症和仅有限数量的体细胞组织中表达(Kim,N等人(1994)Science 266:2011-2013)。(可以通过各种手段保护这些体细胞组织免受免疫攻击)。肿瘤抗原也可以是因以下原因在癌细胞中表达的“新抗原”,改变蛋白质序列或在两个不相关序列之间产生融合蛋白(即费城染色体中的bcr-abl)的体细胞突变,或者来自B细胞肿瘤的独特型。
其他肿瘤疫苗可以包括来自牵涉在人类癌症中的病毒的蛋白质,所述病毒是如人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、肝炎病毒(HBV、HDV和HCV)和卡波西疱疹肉瘤病毒(KHSV)。可以与PD-L1阻断结合使用的另一种形式的肿瘤特异性抗原是从肿瘤组织本身分离的纯化的热休克蛋白(HSP)。这些热休克蛋白含有来自肿瘤细胞的蛋白质片段,并且这些HSP在递送至抗原呈递细胞时高效引发肿瘤免疫(Suot,R和Srivastava,P(1995)Science269:1585-1588;Tamura,Y.等人(1997)Science 278:117-120)。
树突细胞(DC)是有效力的抗原呈递细胞,其可以用于引发抗原特异性反应。DC可以离体产生并加载各种蛋白质和肽抗原以及肿瘤细胞提取物(Nestle,F.等人(1998)Nature Medicine 4:328-332)。DC还可以通过遗传手段转导以也表达这些肿瘤抗原。出于免疫目的,还已经将DC直接融合至肿瘤细胞(Kugler,A.等人(2000)Nature Medicine6:332-336)。作为一种疫苗接种方法,DC免疫可以与PD-L1阻断有效组合以激活更有效力的抗肿瘤应答。
PD-L1阻断还可以与标准癌症治疗组合。PD-L1阻断可以与化学治疗方案有效组合。在这些情况下,可以减少施用的化学治疗剂的剂量(Mokyr,M.等人(1998)CancerResearch58:5301-5304)。这种组合的例子是本公开文本的化合物与达卡巴嗪组合用于治疗黑色素瘤。这种组合的另一个例子是本公开文本的化合物与白细胞介素-2(IL-2)组合用于治疗黑色素瘤。组合使用PD-L1阻断和化学疗法背后的科学原理是,作为大多数化学治疗化合物的细胞毒作用的结果的细胞死亡应导致抗原呈递途径中肿瘤抗原水平的升高。可能通过细胞死亡导致与PD-L1阻断协同作用的其他组合疗法是放射、手术和激素剥夺。这些方案中的每一种都在宿主中产生肿瘤抗原的来源。血管生成抑制剂也可以与PD-L1阻断剂组合。抑制血管生成导致肿瘤细胞死亡,其可以将肿瘤抗原供给宿主抗原呈递途径。
本公开文本的化合物还可以与将表达Fcα或Fcγ受体的效应细胞靶向肿瘤细胞的双特异性化合物组合使用(参见例如,美国专利号5,922,845和5,837,243)。双特异性化合物可以用于靶向两种单独的抗原。例如,已经使用抗Fc受体/抗肿瘤抗原(例如,Her-2/neu)双特异性化合物将巨噬细胞靶向肿瘤部位。这种靶向可以更有效地激活肿瘤特异性反应。这些应答的T细胞臂将通过使用PD-L1阻断来增强。可替代地,可以通过使用与肿瘤抗原和树突细胞特异性细胞表面标志物结合的双特异性化合物将抗原直接递送至DC。
肿瘤通过各种各样的机制逃避宿主免疫监视。许多这些机制可以通过由肿瘤表达并且具免疫抑制性的蛋白质的失活来克服。这些尤其包括TGFβ(Kehrl,J.等人(1986)J.Exp.Med.163:1037-1050)、IL-10(Howard,M.和O'Garra,A.(1992)Immunology Today13:198-200)、和Fas配体(Hahne,M.等人(1996)Science 274:1363-1365)。结合并阻断这些实体中的每一种的抑制剂可以与本公开文本的化合物组合使用以抵消免疫抑制剂的作用并且有利于宿主的肿瘤免疫应答。
激活宿主免疫应答性的化合物可以与PD-L1阻断组合使用。这些包括树突细胞表面上的分子,其激活DC功能和抗原呈递。抗CD40化合物能够有效替代T细胞辅助活性(Ridge,J.等人(1998)Nature 393:474-478)并且可以与PD-L1阻断结合使用(Ito,N.等人(2000)Immunobiology 201(5)527-40)。激活T细胞共刺激分子(如CTLA-4(例如美国专利号5,811,097)、OX-40(Weinberg,A.等人(2000)Immunol 164:2160-2169)、4-1BB(Melero,I.等人(1997)Nature Medicine 3:682-685(1997))、和ICOS(Hutloff,A.等人(1999)Nature397:262-266))的化合物也可以提供增加水平的T细胞激活。
骨髓移植目前用于治疗多种造血来源的肿瘤。虽然移植物抗宿主病是这种治疗的结果,但是可以从移植物抗肿瘤应答获得治疗益处。PD-L1阻断可以用于增加供体移植的肿瘤特异性T细胞的有效性。
本公开文本的其他方法用于治疗已经暴露于特定毒素或病原体的患者。因此,本公开文本的另一方面提供了一种治疗受试者的感染性疾病的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物或其盐。
类似于如上文讨论的其对肿瘤的应用,本发明的化合物或其盐可以单独使用,或作为佐剂与疫苗组合使用,以刺激针对病原体、毒素和自身抗原的免疫应答。这种治疗方法可能特别有用的病原体的例子包括目前没有有效疫苗的病原体或常规疫苗不完全有效的病原体。这些包括但不限于HIV、肝炎病毒(甲型、乙型、丙型或丁型)、流感病毒、疱疹病毒、贾第虫(Giardia)、疟原虫(Malaria)、利什曼原虫(Leishmania)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa)。PD-L1阻断对于在感染过程中呈现改变的抗原的诸如HIV等药剂的确定感染特别有用。这些新型表位在给药时被识别为外源,因此引起强烈的T细胞反应,其不会被PD-1的负信号抑制。
引起可通过本公开文本的方法治疗的感染的致病病毒的一些例子包括HIV、肝炎病毒(甲型、乙型、丙型或丁型)、疱疹病毒(例如,VZV、HSV-1、HAV-6、HHv-7、HHV-8、HSV-2、CMV和爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(Epstein Barr virus))、腺病毒、流感病毒、黄病毒、埃可病毒、鼻病毒、柯萨奇病毒、冠状病毒(cornovirus)、呼吸道合胞病毒、腮腺炎病毒、轮状病毒、麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、细小病毒、痘苗病毒、HTLV病毒、登革热病毒、乳头瘤病毒、软疣病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、狂犬病病毒、JC病毒和虫媒病毒性脑炎病毒。
引起可通过本公开文本的方法治疗的感染的致病细菌的一些例子包括衣原体(chlamydia)、立克次体细菌(rickettsial bacteria)、分枝杆菌(mycobacteria)、葡萄球菌(staphylococci)、链球菌(streptococci)、肺炎球菌(pneumonococci)、脑膜炎球菌(meningococci)和淋球菌(conococci)、克雷伯菌(klebsiella)、变形杆菌(proteus)、沙雷菌(serratia)、假单胞菌(pseudomonas)、军团菌(legionella)、白喉、沙门氏菌(salmonella)、杆菌(bacilli)、霍乱、破伤风、肉毒杆菌、炭疽、鼠疫、钩端螺旋体病和莱姆病细菌。
引起可通过本公开文本的方法治疗的感染的致病真菌的一些例子包括念珠菌(Candida)(白色念珠菌(albicans)、克柔念珠菌(krusei)、光滑念珠菌(glabrata)、热带念珠菌(tropicalis)等)、新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)、曲霉(Aspergillus)(烟曲霉(fumigatus)、黑曲霉(niger)等)、属毛霉目(Genus Mucorales)(毛霉菌属(mucor)、犁头霉属(absidia)、根霉属(rhizophus))、申克孢子丝菌(Sporothrix schenkii)、皮炎芽生菌(Blastomyces dermatitidis)、巴西副球孢子菌(Paracoccidioides brasiliensis)、粗球孢子菌(Coccidioides immitis)和荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)。
引起可通过本公开文本的方法治疗的感染的致病寄生虫的一些例子包括溶组织内阿米巴(Entamoeba histolytica)、结肠小袋纤毛虫(Balantidium coli)、福氏耐格里阿米巴(Naegleriafowleri)、棘阿米巴属物种(Acanthamoeba sp.)、蓝氏贾第虫(Giardialambia)、隐孢子虫属物种(Cryptosporidium sp.)、卡氏肺孢子虫(Pneumocystiscarinii)、间日疟原虫(Plasmodium vivax)、微小巴贝虫(Babesia microti)、布氏锥虫(Trypanosoma brucei)、克氏锥虫(Trypanosoma cruzi)、杜氏利什曼原虫(Leishmaniadonovani)、刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondi)和巴西日圆线虫(Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis)。
在所有以上方法中,PD-L1阻断都可以与其他形式的免疫疗法组合,所述其他形式的免疫疗法是如细胞因子治疗(例如,干扰素、GM-CSF、G-CSF、IL-2)或提供增强的肿瘤抗原呈递的双特异性抗体疗法(参见例如,Holliger(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:6444-6448;Poljak(1994)Structure 2:1121-1123)、疫苗或修饰基因表达的药剂。
本公开文本的化合物可以引起和放大自身免疫应答。事实上,使用肿瘤细胞和肽疫苗诱导抗肿瘤应答揭示,许多抗肿瘤应答涉及抗自身反应性(由van Elsas等人(同上)在抗CTLA-4+GM-CSF修饰的B16黑色素瘤中观察到色素脱失;在接种Trp-2疫苗的小鼠中的色素脱失(Overwijk,W.等人(1999)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.96:2982-2987);由TRAMP肿瘤细胞疫苗诱发的自身免疫性前列腺炎(Hurwitz,A.(2000)同上),在人临床试验中黑色素瘤肽抗原接种和观察到的白癜风(Rosenberg,S A和White,DE(1996)J.ImmunotherEmphasis Tumor Immunol 19(1):81-4)。
因此,可以考虑将抗PD-L1阻断与各种自身蛋白结合使用,以便设计疫苗接种方案以有效地产生针对这些自身蛋白的免疫应答用于疾病治疗。例如,阿尔茨海默病涉及Aβ肽以淀粉样沉积物在大脑中的不适当积累;针对淀粉样蛋白的抗体应答能够清除这些淀粉样沉积物(Schenk等人,(1999)Nature 400:173-177)。
其他自身蛋白也可以用作靶标,如用于治疗过敏和哮喘的IgE以及用于类风湿性关节炎的TNFα。最后,可以通过使用本发明的化合物或其盐诱导针对各种激素的抗体应答。针对生殖激素的中和抗体应答可以用于避孕。针对特定肿瘤生长所需的激素和其他可溶性因子的中和抗体应答也可以被认为是可能的疫苗接种靶标。
如上文针对使用抗PD-L1抗体描述的类似方法可以用于诱导治疗性自身免疫应答,以治疗具有其他自身抗原的不适当积累的患者,所述其他自身抗原是如淀粉样沉积物(包括在阿尔茨海默病中的Aβ)、细胞因子(如TNFα)和IgE。
本公开文本的化合物可以通过共施用本发明的化合物或其盐与目的抗原(例如,疫苗)来刺激抗原特异性免疫应答。因此,在另一方面,本公开文本提供了一种增强受试者针对抗原的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用:(i)所述抗原;和(ii)本发明的化合物或其盐,使得所述受试者针对所述抗原的免疫应答得以增强。抗原可以是例如肿瘤抗原、病毒抗原、细菌抗原或来自病原体的抗原。此类抗原的非限制性例子包括在以上章节中讨论的那些,如上文所讨论的肿瘤抗原(或肿瘤疫苗)或者来自上述病毒、细菌或其他病原体的抗原。
如前所述,可以将本公开文本的化合物与一种或多种其他治疗剂(例如,细胞毒性剂、放射毒性剂或免疫抑制剂)共施用。可以将本公开文本的化合物在其他治疗剂之前、之后或与其并行施用,或者可以与其他已知疗法(例如抗癌疗法,例如放射)共施用。此类治疗剂尤其包括抗肿瘤剂,如多柔比星(阿霉素)、顺铂硫酸博来霉素、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、达卡巴嗪(decarbazin)和环磷酰胺羟基脲,它们本身仅在对患者有毒或亚毒的水平下有效。将顺铂以100mg/剂每四周一次静脉内施用,并且将阿霉素以60-75mg/mL的剂量每21天一次静脉内施用。本发明的化合物或其盐与化学治疗剂的共施用提供了两种抗癌剂,它们通过不同的机制起作用,这对人肿瘤细胞产生细胞毒性作用。这种共施用可以解决由于耐药性的发展或肿瘤细胞的抗原性变化而导致它们与抗体不反应的问题。
包含本发明的化合物或其盐和使用说明书的试剂盒也在本公开文本的范围内。所述试剂盒还可以含有至少一种另外的试剂。试剂盒通常包括指示试剂盒内容物的预期用途的标签。术语标签包括在试剂盒上或与试剂盒一起提供的任何书写或记录材料,或者试剂盒以其他方式附带的材料。
当与本公开文本的化合物组合使用时,上述其他治疗剂可以例如以Physicians’Desk Reference(PDR)中指出的那些量使用或者如由本领域普通技术人员以其他方式确定的那些量使用。在本公开文本的方法中,可以将一种或多种此类其他治疗剂在施用本发明的化合物之前、与其同时或之后施用。
实施例
在以下实施例中进一步定义了本发明。应该理解,实施例仅以说明的方式给出。从以上讨论和实施例看出,本领域技术人员可以确定本发明的本质特征,并且在不偏离其精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种改变和修改以使本发明适应各种用途和条件。因此,本发明不受下文所阐述的说明性实施例的限制,而是由所附权利要求限定。
所述化合物可以通过本领域已知的方法(包括下文所述的方法并且包括本领域技术内的变化)来制备。一些试剂和中间体是本领域已知的。其他试剂和中间体可以使用可容易获得的材料通过本领域已知的方法来制备。用于描述化合物的合成的变量(例如编号“R”的取代基)仅旨在说明如何制备化合物,而不应与在权利要求中或在本说明书的其他部分中使用的变量混淆。以下方法用于说明目的,并不旨在限制本发明的范围。
在方案中使用的缩写通常遵循在本领域中使用的惯例。在说明书和实施例中使用的化学缩写定义以下:“THF”表示四氢呋喃;“DMF”表示N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;“MeOH”表示甲醇;“EtOH”表示乙醇;“n-PrOH”表示1-丙醇或丙-1-醇;“i-PrOH”表示2-丙醇或丙-2-醇;“Ar”表示芳基;“TFA”表示三氟乙酸;“DMSO”表示二甲基亚砜;
“EtOAc”表示乙酸乙酯;“Et2O”表示乙醚;“DMAP”表示4-二甲基氨基吡啶;“DCE”表示1,2-二氯乙烷;“ACN”表示乙腈;“DME”表示1,2-二甲氧基乙烷;“h”表示小时;“rt”表示室温或保留时间(上下文将规定);“min”表示分钟;“HOBt”表示1-羟基苯并三唑水合物;“HCTU”表示1-[双(二甲基氨基)亚甲基]-5-氯苯并三唑鎓3-氧化物六氟磷酸盐或N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-O-(6-氯-1H-苯并三唑-1-基)脲鎓六氟磷酸盐;“HATU”表示1-[双(二甲基氨基)亚甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三唑并[4,5-b]吡啶鎓3-氧化物六氟磷酸盐或N-[(二甲基氨基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑并-[4,5-b]吡啶-1-基亚甲基]-N-甲基甲胺鎓六氟磷酸盐N-氧化物;“DIEA”和“iPrNEt2”表示二异丙基乙胺;“Et3N”表示三乙胺。
缩写定义如下:“1x”表示一次,“2x”表示两次,“3x”表示三次,“℃”表示摄氏度,“eq”表示当量,“g”表示克,“mg”表示毫克,“L”表示升,“mL”表示毫升,“μL”表示微升,“N”表示当量浓度,“M”表示摩尔,“mmol”表示毫摩尔,“min”表示分钟,“h”表示小时,“rt”表示室温,“RT”表示保留时间,“atm”表示大气压,“psi”表示磅/平方英寸,“conc.”表示浓缩的,“sat”或“sat'd”表示饱和的,“MW”表示分子量,“mp”表示熔点,“ee”表示对映异构体过量,“MS”或“Mass Spec”表示质谱,“ESI”表示电喷雾电离质谱,“HR”表示高分辨率,“HRMS”表示高分辨率质谱,“LC”表示液相色谱,“LCMS”表示液相色谱质谱,“HPLC”表示高压液相色谱,“RP HPLC”表示反相HPLC,“TLC”或“tlc”表示薄层色谱,“NMR”表示核磁共振光谱,“1H”表示质子,“δ”表示德尔塔,“s”表示单峰,“d”表示二重峰,“t”表示三重峰,“q”表示四重峰,“m”表示多重峰,“br”表示宽峰,“Hz”表示赫兹,并且“α”、“β”、“R”、“S”、“E”和“Z”是本领域技术人员熟悉的立体化学名称。
中间体1:
中间体2:
中间体3:
中间体4:
中间体5:
用于从中间体1至5和氨基氨基内酯或内酰胺,制备本发明的化合物的通用程序:
将中间体1至5(1当量)中的任一个和试剂(1-20当量)在THF或二噁烷或DME或MeOH或EtOH或它们的共溶剂(含或不含AcOH(1-20当量))中的混合物在室温下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后添加NaCNBH3(1-20当量)。将反应在室温至100℃下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后用甲醇或水淬灭。在真空下去除所有的溶剂后,将残余物通过制备型HPLC纯化以得到本发明的化合物。
用于从中间体6制备本发明的化合物的通用程序:将中间体6(1当量)、试剂(1当量)、iPr2NEt(1-10当量)和Cs2CO3或K2CO3(1-20当量)在THF或二噁烷或DME或它们的共溶剂中的混合物在室温至100℃下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后用甲醇或水淬灭。在真空下去除所有的溶剂后,将残余物通过制备型HPLC纯化以得到本发明的化合物。
用于从中间体7制备本发明的化合物的通用程序:将中间体7(1当量)和试剂(1-20当量)在THF或二噁烷或DME或它们的共溶剂(含或不含iPr2NEt或Et3N(1-20当量))中的混合物在室温至100℃下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后用甲醇或水淬灭。在真空下去除所有的溶剂后,将残余物通过制备型HPLC纯化以得到本发明的化合物。
用于在存在醛或酮的情况下从参考化合物1至5和氨基氨基内酯或内酰胺制备本发明的化合物的通用程序:将参考化合物1至5中的任一个(1当量)、试剂(1-20当量)在DCM或THF或二噁烷或DME或MeOH或EtOH或它们的共溶剂(含或不含iP2NEt)中的混合物在室温下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后添加AcOH(1-20当量)。将混合物在室温下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后添加NaCNBH3(1-20当量)。将反应在室温至100℃下搅拌0.5至48小时,然后添加醛或酮(1-20当量)。在室温至100℃下搅拌0.5至48小时后,将反应用甲醇或水淬灭。在真空下去除所有的溶剂后,将残余物通过制备型HPLC纯化以得到本发明的化合物。
生物学测定
使用PD-1/PD-L1均相时间分辨荧光(HTRF)结合测定研究本发明的化合物与PD-L1结合的能力。
可以使用PD-1和PD-L1的胞外结构域的可溶性纯化制剂来评估这两种蛋白质的相互作用。PD-1和PD-L1蛋白的胞外结构域表达为具有检测标签的融合蛋白,对于PD-1,标签是免疫球蛋白的Fc部分(PD-1-Ig);并且对于PD-L1,它是6组氨酸基序(PD-L1-His)。所有结合研究均在HTRF测定缓冲液中进行,所述缓冲液由补充有0.1%(含)牛血清白蛋白和0.05%(v/v)Tween-20的dPBS组成。对于h/PD-L1-His结合测定,将抑制剂与PD-L1-His(最终10nM)一起在4μl测定缓冲液中预孵育15m,然后添加在1μl测定缓冲液中的PD-1-Ig(最终20nM)并且进一步孵育15m。使用铕穴合物(crypate)标记的抗Ig(最终1nM)和别藻蓝蛋白(APC)标记的抗His(最终20nM)实现HTRF检测。将抗体在HTRF检测缓冲液中稀释,并且在结合反应之上分配5μl。允许使反应混合物平衡30分钟,并且使用EnVision荧光计获得所得信号(665nm/620nm比)。在人蛋白质PD-1-Ig/PD-L2-His(分别为20nM和5nM)与CD80-His/PD-L1-Ig(分别为100nM和10nM)之间建立另外的结合测定。
重组蛋白:将具有C末端人免疫球蛋白G(Ig)Fc结构域表位标签的人PD-1(25-167)[hPD-1(25-167)-3S-IG]和具有C末端His表位标签的人PD-L1(18-239)[hPD-L1(18-239)-TVMV-His]在HEK293T细胞中表达,并且通过蛋白A亲和色谱和尺寸排阻色谱依次纯化。通过商业来源获得人PD-L2-His和CD80-His。
方法
可溶性PD-1与可溶性PD-L1结合的均相时间分辨荧光(HTRF)测定。可溶性PD-1和可溶性PD-L1是指具有羧基端截短的蛋白质,其去除跨膜区域(transmembrane-spanningregions)并与异源序列、特别是人免疫球蛋白G序列(Ig)的Fc部分或六组氨酸表位标记(His)融合。所有结合研究都在HTRF测定缓冲液中进行,所述缓冲液由补充有0.1%(w/v)牛血清白蛋白和0.05%(v/v)Tween-20的dPBS组成。对于PD-1-Ig/PD-L1-His结合测定,将抑制剂与PD-L1-His(最终10nM)在4μl测定缓冲液中预孵育15m,然后添加在1μl测定缓冲液中的PD-1-Ig(最终20nM)并且再孵育15m。使用来自人、食蟹猴、小鼠或其他物种的PD-L1融合蛋白。使用铕穴合物标记的抗Ig单克隆抗体(最终1nM)和别藻蓝蛋白(APC)标记的抗His单克隆抗体(最终20nM)实现HTRF检测。将抗体在HTRF检测缓冲液中稀释,并且在结合反应之上分配5μl。允许反应平衡30分钟,并且使用EnVision荧光计获得信号(665nm/620nm比率)。在PD-1-Ig/PD-L2-His(分别为20和5nM)、CD80-His/PD-L1-Ig(分别为100和10nM)和CD80-His/CTLA4-Ig(分别为10和5nM)之间建立了另外的结合测定。
生物素化的化合物号71与人PD-L1-His之间的结合/竞争研究如下进行。将本发明的化合物与PD-L1-His(最终10nM)在4μl测定缓冲液中预孵育60分钟,然后添加在1μl测定缓冲液中的生物素化的化合物号71(最终0.5nM)。允许结合平衡30分钟,然后添加在5μlHTRF缓冲液中的铕穴合物标记的链霉亲和素(最终2.5pM)和APC标记的抗His(最终20nM)。允许反应平衡30m,并且使用EnVision荧光计获得信号(665nm/620nm比率)。
重组蛋白。将具有C末端人Ig表位标记的羧基截短的人PD-1(氨基酸25-167)[hPD-1(25-167)-3S-IG]和具有C末端His表位标记的人PD-L1(氨基酸18-239)[hPD-L1(19-239)-烟草静脉斑驳病毒蛋白酶切割位点(TVMV)-His]在HEK293T细胞中表达,并且通过重组蛋白A亲和色谱法和尺寸排阻色谱法依次纯化。人PD-L2-His(Sino Biologicals)、CD80-His(Sino Biologicals)、CTLA4-Ig(RnD Systems)均通过商业来源获得。
下表列出了在PD-1/PD-L1均相时间分辨荧光(HTRF)结合测定中测量的本公开文本的代表性实施例的IC50值。
测试的本发明的化合物具有作为PD-1/PD-L1相互作用的抑制剂的活性,因此可以用于治疗与PD-1/PD-L1相互作用相关的疾病或缺陷。通过抑制PD-1/PD-L1相互作用,本公开文本的化合物可以用于治疗感染性疾病(如HIV、脓毒性休克、甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎或丁型肝炎)和癌症。
具体实施方案的前述描述将如此充分地揭示本发明的一般性质,使得其他人可以通过应用本领域技术范围内的知识,在无需过度实验并且不脱离本发明一般概念的情况下容易地修改和/或调整此类具体实施方案用于各种应用。因此,基于本文给出的传授内容和指导,此类调整和修改旨在包含在所公开的实施方案的等效方案的含义和范围内。应理解,本文中的措辞或术语是出于描述而非限制的目的,因此本说明书的术语或措辞将由本领域技术人员根据传授内容和指导来解释。
在考虑本文所公开的本发明的说明书和实践后,本领域技术人员将清楚本发明的其他实施方案。所述说明书和实施例旨在仅被视为示例性的,所附权利要求指示了本发明的真实范围和精神。
Claims (12)
1.一种式(I)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-(O)m-(CH2)n-R1a或-(CH2)n-(O)m-R1b;
R1a独立地是具有一至两个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂环;其中所述杂环被0至3个Rb取代;
R1b是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个R1c取代;
R1c独立地是卤素、CN、OH、SH、NH2、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、C1-C4卤代烷氧基、被0至1个OH取代的C1-C4烷基、或C3-C6环烷基、-(O)m-(CH2)n-R1d、或-(CH2)n-NR7-R2a;
R1d是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个Rd取代;
Z是键或C1-C2亚烷基;
R2独立地是被0至4个Rc取代的4至8元内酯或内酰胺;
R3、R4和R5在每次出现时独立地是卤素、CN、OH、SH、NH2、C1-C4烷基、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、C1-C4卤代烷氧基、或C3-C6环烷基;
R6独立地是氢、C1-C4烷基、或-(CH2)n-R6a;
R6a独立地是苯基或具有一至四个选自O、N、S和NRa的杂原子的5至6元杂芳基;其中所述苯基和杂芳基被0至3个R6b取代;
R6b独立地是卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、或C1-C4卤代烷氧基;
R7独立地是氢、C1-C4烷基、-C(O)C1-C4烷基、-(CH2)n-C3-C6环烷基、或-(CH2)n-苯基;
可替代地,R6和R7可以连接以形成W;并且
W是具有独立地选自碳、氧和氮的元素的1至4元接头;其中所述接头被0至2个Re取代;
Ra独立地是卤素、C1-C4烷基、-(CH2)n-C3-C6环烷基、或-(CH2)n-苯基;
Rb和Rc在每次出现时独立地是氧代基、卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;
Rd在每次出现时独立地是卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;
Re独立地是氧代基、=CH2、卤素、CN、OH、C1-C4烷基、或C1-C4烷氧基;
m在每次出现时独立地是0或1;
n在每次出现时独立地是0、1或2;
r、s和t各自独立地是0、1或2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中:
R2独立地是被0至4个Ra取代的5至6元内酯或内酰胺;
Ra独立地是氧代基、卤素、OH、或C1-C3烷基;
W是具有独立地选自碳、氧和氮的元素的2至3元接头;其中所述接头被0至2个Re取代;并且
Re独立地是氧代基、=CH2、OH、或C1-C4烷基。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的化合物,其中所述化合物具有式(II):
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-O-CH2-R1a或-CH2-O-R1b;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-CH2OH、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;
R2和R2a在每次出现时独立地是
R3独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R4独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R5独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R6独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基、或-CH2-(经氰基取代的吡啶基);
并且
R7独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基、-C(O)C1-C3烷基或-CH2-环丙基。
4.根据权利要求3所述的化合物,其中:
R1是-O-CH2-R1a;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R6是-CH2-(经氰基取代的吡啶基);并且
R7是氢。
5.根据权利要求3所述的化合物,其中:
R1是-CH2-O-R1b;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;并且
R7是氢。
6.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的化合物,其中所述化合物具有式(III):
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1独立地是-O-CH2-R1a或-CH2-O-R1b;
R1a是N-(C1-C3烷基)-哌啶基;
R1b是被1至3个R1c取代的苯基;
R1c独立地是卤素、-O-CH2-R1d、或-CH2-NR7-R2a;
R1d是经氰基取代的吡啶基;
R2和R2a在每次出现时独立地是
R3独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R4独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;
R5独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基或卤素;并且
W独立地是-CH2C(O)-、-CH2C(=CH2)CH2-、或-CH2C(OH)CH2-。
7.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中所述化合物选自例示的实施例化合物1001至1054或其药学上可接受的盐。
8.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体。
9.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或根据权利要求8所述的药物组合物,用作药物。
10.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或根据权利要求8所述的药物组合物,用于制造治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的药物。
11.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,用于增强、刺激、调节和/或增加有需要的受试者的免疫应答,其包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
12.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,用于抑制有需要的受试者的癌细胞的生长、增殖或转移,其包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
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