CN117203009A - 用于焊接伽玛增强的高温合金和其他易裂材料的方法 - Google Patents

用于焊接伽玛增强的高温合金和其他易裂材料的方法 Download PDF

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CN117203009A
CN117203009A CN202280030937.6A CN202280030937A CN117203009A CN 117203009 A CN117203009 A CN 117203009A CN 202280030937 A CN202280030937 A CN 202280030937A CN 117203009 A CN117203009 A CN 117203009A
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weld
welding
bead
welding surface
stack
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罗伯特·F·瓦格纳
斯科蒂·R·拜勒
斯科特·D·阿普勒盖特
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Optomec Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/005—Repairing methods or devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
    • B22F10/385—Overhang structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/04—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0046—Welding
    • B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B23K26/342—Build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/04—Welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
    • B23K9/042—Built-up welding on planar surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B22F2007/068—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts repairing articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/001—Turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
    • F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
    • F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
    • F05D2230/233—Electron beam welding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
    • F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
    • F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
    • F05D2230/234—Laser welding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/80—Repairing, retrofitting or upgrading methods
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/307—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the tip of a rotor blade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/17—Alloys
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Abstract

用于焊接难以焊接而不产生裂纹的材料(例如高温合金、硬面材料和铝化物)的方法。与现有方法那种在焊接表面上一次焊接一层不同，所述焊接包括首先被垂直地建立到所需焊接高度的焊珠堆叠。在产生第一堆叠之后，焊接表面相对于填料材料源平移并且产生第二相邻堆叠。重复该过程，横越焊接表面。堆叠优选地沉积成与填料材料沉积方向成角度。通过首先建立焊接部的厚度，焊接的热量优选地集中到焊接表面上足够小的区域，从而不需要焊接预热，并且焊接部和焊接表面的每个部分仅经历一次加热和冷却循环，从而减少产生裂纹。

Description

用于焊接伽玛增强的高温合金和其他易裂材料的方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2021年4月26日提交的题为“用于焊接伽玛增强的高温合金的方法(METHOD FOR WELDING GAMMA STRENGTHENED SUPER ALLOYS)”的美国临时专利申请第63/179,889号的优先权和利益，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
发明的背景
技术领域
本发明涉及焊接难以焊接的材料的领域。
背景技术
请注意，以下讨论可能引用许多出版物和参考文献。本文对此类出版物的讨论是为了给出科学原理的更完整的背景，其不应被解释为承认此类出版物是专利性意义上的现有技术。
镍基高温合金(superalloys)以及许多硬面(hard-facing)材料，铝化钛(titanium aluminides)，铝化镍(nickel aluminides)和钢，在被用作焊接填料材料(weldfiller material)时，是非常难以不产生裂纹地焊接的。产生裂纹与许多因素有关，包括：
·基底金属和熔池之间的高的热梯度；
·基底金属和/或焊接填料的低延展性；和/或
·在施加后续焊接层时，在层间(inter-layer)冷却过程中产生裂纹的冶金相的沉淀。
已知的方法要求焊接前将基底材料预先加热到升高的温度，并且在焊接过程中保持热量以防止裂纹。例如，美国专利No.5,554,837描述了典型的方法和设备。图1A-1D示出了这种方法。沉积头21在整个焊接表面2上以交叉排线(cross-hatch)(或填充)图案来沉积焊珠的第一层4，如图1A所示。在图1B中，焊珠的第二层6在整个焊接表面2上被以交叉排线(或填充)图案直接施加在第一层4的顶部。在图1C中，焊珠的第三层8在整个焊接表面2上被以交叉排线(或填充)图案直接施加在第二层6的顶部。在图1D中，焊珠的第四层10被以交叉排线(cross-hatch)(或填充)图案直接在第三层8的顶部上施加至整个焊接表面2上。这一过程以相继的层继续，每一层都以交叉排线(或填充)图案填充)覆盖整个焊接表面2，直到达到所需的焊接结构(weld build)高度为止。在焊接周期期间，优选地保持升高的温度。但是，因为每个焊珠(以及下面的焊接表面)都由于接续的层被沉积在其上而被加热多次，从而随着每个接续的层而带来的多次冷却和加热循环仍然存在，这可能会导致破裂。
发明内容
关于本发明的目标、优势和新颖特征以及进一步的适用性范围，部分将在下面结合附图的详细描述中说明，部分将在本领域技术人员研究下述内容后变得显而易见，或者可以通过实施本发明而习得。本发明的目标和优势可以通过在所附的权利要求中特别指出的手段和组合来实现和获得。
附图说明
被纳入并构成本说明书的一部分的附图示出了本发明实施方案的实施，并且其与说明文字描述一起用于解释本发明的原理。这些附图仅是为了示出本发明的某些实施方案，并且不应被解释为限制本发明。在附图中：
图1A-D提供了对现有技术的总览，在这种现有技术中，焊缝被构建为接续的层。
图2是处于焊接位置中的机翼的透视图。
图3A-D提供了本发明的焊接运动的实施方案的进展的总览，其建立了彼此上下精确地对齐的单个焊珠的相邻的堆叠，并以单个道次跨过焊接区域。
图4A-D提供了本发明的焊接运动的实施方案的进展的总览，其中焊缝区域是水平的，并且单个焊珠以一定角度沉积。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及用于焊接易裂材料的方法，其使用新颍的焊接路径(weld path)，所述焊接路径优选地采用这样的焊接路径影线(hatch)图案，其首先建立焊接的厚度，而不是像被用在传统焊接(参见图1A-1D)中那样先建立焊接的长度。焊接的厚度优选地通过将焊珠在从焊接表面离开地垂直或倾斜的方向上进行堆叠来实现。通过首先建立焊接的厚度，焊接的热量被优选地集中到足够小的区域中，从而使得不需要焊接预热。此外，焊接材料和相邻的基体金属都经历单个加热循环，这是因为焊接热源一次性地横越焊接表面。焊珠堆叠优选地被沉积成相对于激光束轴线(各图中的竖直方向)成角度，从而先前完成的堆叠不会在下一个堆叠开始时挡住或阴蔽所述激光。
本发明具有广泛的工业应用，这种应用包括任何在提高的温度下具有改善的可焊性和/或不能允许热循环的材料。例如，本发明的堆叠的焊珠运动可以被用来焊接涡轮叶片的Z凹口(Z-notches)上的硬面(hard face)材料，或者用来以难以焊接的填料材料来焊接涡轮叶片末端。在现有技术中，这种难以焊接的填料材料经常导致产生裂纹。作为对照，本发明的堆叠珠焊(stacked bead weld)方法可以焊接很多难以焊接的填料和/或基底材料，包括但不限于，任何γ'相(gamma prime)增强的高温合金，难以焊接的高温合金，硬面(hard-facing)材料，铝化钛，铝化镍，和钢。
在本发明的实施方式中，要被焊接的表面优选地定位成相对于运动系统的X-Y平面稍微地成角度，这与要被焊接的表面定位成平行于运动系统的X-Y平面的传统做法不同。图2示出了处于焊接位置中的机翼(airfoil)37。如在所有这些图中，X轴垂直于纸面，Y轴沿水平方向，而Z轴沿竖直方向。焊接表面优选地相对于Z周成从大约10°到大约45°的角度，并且激光束和焊接材料沉积喷嘴21平行于Z轴。焊接动作优选地开始于后缘36并结束于前缘38，这是因为后缘的横截面厚度要小得多，并且在焊接开始时加热得非常快。替代地，焊接可以在前缘38处开始。焊接优选地以对焊接表面的单次横越来完成；随着焊接从后缘前进到前缘，完成的焊接由此在一个热循环中均匀地冷却。此过程减少或消除了裂纹产生。涡轮叶片修复的示例在本文中作为说明的方式进行描述，并且不应被解释为限制本发明。
在本发明的一个实施例中，如在图3A-3D中示出的，焊接表面与Z轴成角度并且各个焊珠的相邻的堆叠优选地大致垂直于焊接表面地彼此精确地对齐。在图3A中，沉积喷嘴21优选地从焊接表面2的后缘36(与前缘38相对)开始沉积焊珠，并通过相对于彼此平移焊接表面和/或激光束和沉积喷嘴直到达到期望的焊接结构高度为止，来从焊接表面2开始向上地产生由多个珠层20、22、24、26形成的第一堆叠28。可以从焊接表面以任何角度打印所述堆叠。优选地，在开始下一个相邻的第二堆叠30之前，第一堆叠28的所有的焊接珠层20、22、24、26都已经完成，如在图3B中所示。在建立第二堆叠30之后，建立了相邻的第三个堆叠32，如在图3C中所示，这之后建立第四堆叠34，如在图3D中所示。各个焊珠的堆叠优选地被精确地彼此对齐并在单个道次中从后缘36前进到前缘38穿过焊接区域。焊珠的每个堆叠在高度方面通常达到约为2-4毫米，但可以适应任何焊接结构高度。
在本发明的一个替代实施例中，如图4A-4D所示，焊接表面大致垂直于Z轴，并且堆叠的焊珠被打印成与焊接表面成角度。优选地，所述堆叠被一个接一个地沉积，优选地在单个道次中前进穿过焊接区域。在图4A中，沉积喷嘴21优选地从焊接表面2的后缘36(与前缘38相对)开始沉积焊珠，并通过相对于彼此平移焊接表面和/或激光束和沉积喷嘴直到达到期望的焊接结构高度，来从焊接表面2向上地且成角度的、并且优选地与激光束和沉积喷嘴21都成角度地产生由多个珠层30、32、34、36形成的第一堆叠40。所述堆叠优选地被打印成相对水平方向成15°至45°，但所述堆叠可以被打印成相对焊接表面成任何角度。优选地，在开始下一个相邻的第二堆叠42之前，第一堆叠40的所有的珠层30、32、34、36都已经完成，如在图4B中所示。在第二堆叠42建立之后，建立相邻的第三个堆叠44，如在图4C中所示，这之后建立第四堆叠46，如在图4D中所示。各个焊珠的堆叠优选地以设置的角度彼此精确地对齐并在单个道次中从后缘36前进到前缘38地穿过焊接区域。焊珠的每个堆叠在高度方面通常达到约为2-4毫米，但任何高度都可以被沉积。
由于本发明的堆叠焊珠工艺的运动(其将焊接热量集中到相对较小的区域中)能够消除焊前加热。来自焊接的热量优选地足以升高基底金属的温度并实施焊接，从而不需要焊前加热。此外，本发明的方法优选地集中来自焊接源(激光、电子束、电弧等)的热量，使得当沉积并焊接下一个相邻的堆叠时，先前完成的堆叠仍然非常热，从而减少了熔池的热梯度和相关的可能导致裂纹的固化应力。利用现有方法，先前施加的焊接层在施加下一个焊接层之前冷却。当施加后续层时，冷却的前一层通常会产生裂纹。消除焊前加热极大地简化了生产过程，降低了设备成本和加工周期时间。然而，当特定应用需要时，本发明可以与焊接预热结合使用。
优选地通过对焊接区域横截面的一次横越来完成焊接，从而产生一个加热和冷却循环。在典型的方法中，焊接部以显著不同的速率冷却，并经历与焊接结构高度的每层相关的多个加热/冷却循环。此外，与现有方法通常可能的速度相比，可以实现更快的焊接。例如，使用根据本发明的CNC激光焊接系统可以在不到5分钟的时间内完成典型的航空涡轮叶片末端维修，与现有方法相比减少了15至20分钟的时间。
计算机数控(CNC)激光焊接系统通常具有执行本发明的这种新型堆叠焊珠式焊接路径的能力。此类系统通常配备视觉系统和覆层(cladding)软件。覆层软件优选地使用由视觉系统限定的焊接区域的尺寸来创建独特的焊接路径CNC程序，该CNC程序精确地控制运动、激光功率、速度和粉末流。
注意，在说明书和权利要求书中，“约”或“大至”是指在所引用数值的百分之二十(20％)之内。如本文所用，单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该/所述/这”包括复数含义，除非上下文另有明确说明。因此，例如，“官能团”是指一个或更多个官能团，“这种方法”包括本领域技术人员将理解和意识到的等同步骤和方法等等。
尽管已经具体参照所公开的实施例对本发明进行了详细描述，但是其他实施例也可以实现相同的结果。本发明的变型和修改对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的，并且旨在覆盖所有这样的变型和等同物。上文引用的所有专利和出版物的全部公开内容均通过引用并入本文。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于焊接物品的焊接表面的方法，所述方法包括：
将第一基底焊珠焊接至所述焊接表面；
使焊接填料材料源和/或所述焊接表面相对于彼此移动；
将第一堆叠焊珠焊接至所述第一基底焊珠，但不焊接至所述焊接表面，从而形成第一焊珠堆叠；
使所述焊接填料材料源和/或所述焊接表面相对于彼此移动；
将第二基底焊珠焊接至所述焊接表面和所述第一基底焊珠；
使所述焊接填料材料源和/或所述焊接表面相对于彼此移动；和
将第二堆叠焊珠焊接至所述第二基底焊珠和所述第一堆叠焊珠，但不焊接至所述焊接表面，从而形成与第一焊珠堆叠平行且相邻的第二焊珠堆叠。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，每个焊珠堆叠的方向不平行于焊接材料从所述焊接填料材料源的沉积方向。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，每个焊珠堆叠的方向垂直于所述焊接表面。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述焊接表面不垂直于焊接填料材料从所述焊接填料材料源的沉积方向。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所有的焊珠均包含焊接填料材料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，所述焊接填料材料选自由高温合金、镍基高温合金、γ'相强化高温合金、硬面材料、铝化钛、铝化镍和钢组成的组。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述焊接表面包括涡轮叶片或机翼的表面。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中，所述第一基底焊珠在所述涡轮叶片或机翼的后缘处被焊接至所述焊接表面，并且一个或更多个后续基底焊珠沿朝向涡轮叶片或机翼的前缘的方向被焊接至所述焊接表面。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，所述方法在没有预先加热所述焊接表面的情况下进行。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，使用激光、电子束或电弧来执行所述焊接步骤。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，所述方法使用计算机数控(CNC)机器来执行。
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