CN1171685C - 可雾化流体的雾化方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种雾化流体的方法,其中,加热一种气体,使之容易加速至高速度。使该加速气体与一种流体接触,将剪切力、压力、惯性力和热传递给该流体,使该流体有效雾化。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般涉及流体的雾化,并且特别适用于对高粘性流体,例如含有颗粒的流体的雾化。
技术背景
在从石油或废物燃烧到陶瓷粉末合成的许多工业方法中,雾化起着重要作用。大部分雾化器是三种主要类型之一,即加压雾化器、双流体雾化器和转杯雾化器。加压雾化器比较简单和便宜,但是容易被固体堵塞,并且不能处理高粘度液体。双流体雾化器稍微不容易堵塞,但是处理粘性流体仍然有困难,并且因为需要高压雾化气或蒸汽而使操作昂贵。转杯雾化器是有效的,但其主要缺点是机械上太复杂。
即使对于那些采用惯用雾化器的应用,液滴大小分布也对工艺的经济和效率有显著影响。可制备的平均颗粒尺寸的限制较小,最大颗粒尺寸可以比平均颗粒尺寸大几个量级。因此,对于例如金属雾化这样的工艺,即使平均颗粒尺寸属于特定尺寸范围之内,较大尺寸颗粒也可在所需尺寸范围之外,因此显著降低了该工艺的产率。此外,因为热传递和燃烧反应对小颗粒而言更加有效,因此,分布中的大颗粒导致在燃烧和煅烧操作中产生大部分未燃烃类。
一个问题是在粘性流体中获得非常小的液滴尺寸。用转杯雾化器一般不能获得。加压雾化器被限制在液滴大约为小孔尺寸的两倍,因此物理尺寸、压差和表面张力问题使该类型通常不适用。双流体雾化器可制备小液滴,但是只有在采用非常高压的雾化气和非常高的气体流量比的条件下才行(雾化气与被雾化液体质量的质量比)。超声雾化器可得到小液滴,但其内部太复杂,并且十分昂贵。
另一问题是雾化器被流体中的固体颗粒所堵塞的问题。由于孔小,加压雾化器具有严重的堵塞问题。许多双流体雾化器以小通道和相应的堵塞问题为代价,达到了高性能。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个目的在于提供一种使流体雾化的改进方法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种使流体雾化的方法,该方法可被用于有效雾化高粘性流体。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种使流体雾化的改进方法,以产生非常小的液滴尺寸。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种使充满颗粒的流体雾化而不发生堵塞的改进方法。
通过阅读公开内容,本领域技术人员将清楚可见本发明能实现上述目的和其它目的,即:
一种雾化可雾化流体的方法,包括:
(A)将一种气体加热至温度至少为149℃(300°F),产生一种热气体并使该热气体在环形通道内与中心管内的可雾化液体流同轴流动;
(B)将上述热气体流经一个通路,产生一种加速的热气流,所述热气流具有305-1829米/秒(1000-6000英尺/秒)的速度;
(C)将上述加速热气流与所述可雾化的液体流接触;和
(D)将上述加速的热气流的剪切力、压力和惯性力加于可雾化液体流,并使至少一部分所述可雾化液体流从液体流破碎为液滴。
此处的可雾化流体优选可雾化液体。
此处所用的术语“雾化”指的是制成若干液滴的形式。
此处所用的术语“剪切力”指的是当两种流体以不同速度行进时,一种流体加到另一种流体表面的切向力。
此处所用的术语“惯性力”指的是当一种物体或流体被其它外力加速或减速时,它所表面出的一种力。
此处所用的术语“压力”指的是由于分子运动而在流体的某一点或某一表面所产生的法向力。
图1是本发明操作概图的截面示图。
图2-4是本发明操作的优选实施方案的截面示图。
图5是在实施本发明的一个实施方案中的平均直径和热气温度关系的图解示图。
在附图中,共同的元件用相同的数字表示。
下面将参照附图更加详细地描述本发明。现在参照图1-3,被用作雾化流体的气体1加热到温度至少为149℃(300°F),优选温度范围为538-1649℃(1000~3000°F),以制备一种热气。可通过任何一种有效方法来加热该气体,例如热方法、化学方法或电方法。例如,可采用一个热交换器、一个再生炉、一个电阻加热器、一个等离子加热器或电弧加热器来加热气体。在图2所描述的本发明实施方案中,热气是通过燃烧燃料40和氧化剂41来产生的。上述气体可以是任何一种有效的雾化气体,例如氮气、氧气、氩气或氦气。另外,在本发明的实践中,气体混合物例如空气也可被用作雾化气体。在图3所描述的本发明实施方案中,气体是通过加热旋管45来加热的。
雾化装置2包括一根中心管3和由外管5所形成的环形通道4,外管5与中心管3有一定间隔并且同轴。该环形通道4形成一个盛装并通过热气的室。
可雾化流体6流经中心管3,并且经中心管3的喷射通道7喷入雾化室8中。该可雾化流体可以是一种液体,或是一种液体和固体颗粒的混合物,例如一种淤浆。在本发明实践中可采用的若干可雾化流体的实例是:工业的或废水污泥、用于粉末制备的浆料、高粘度油和液体金属。本发明特别适用于雾化其它难以雾化的流体,例如粘度为400厘泊或更大的高粘度流体,但是本发明可被用于有效雾化低粘性流体。
热气在环形通道4中与可雾化液流6同轴流动,然后通过喷嘴或受限通路9。经过喷嘴或受限通路9的热气通道用以加速热气,以制备速度大于最初速度或入口速度的加速热气流,该速度一般至少为91.4米/秒(300英尺/秒(fps)),典型范围为538-1649米/秒(1000~6000fps)。
加速的热气流一般在角度至多90°的条件下与可雾化液流接触,在该过程中由加速的热气流以剪切力、压力和惯性力的形式向可雾化液流传递能量。这些力使至少部分可雾化液流雾化,即从液流中破碎并形成液滴。在本发明实践中,采用加速热气流所形成的液滴的平均直径将取决于雾化流体的性质,但是一般大于5微米,并且典型范围为5~18微米。
使用热气以若干方式改善了雾化工艺。喷嘴方程式可用于说明部分改进之处。
其中:
R=气体常数
T0=气体温度
P=出口压力
P0=供应压力
M=气体的分子量
γ=比热比Cp/Cv
gc=重力常数
U=气体速度通过提高气体温度,采用较低供应压力即可得到相同速度。另外,可保持供应压力恒定,通过喷嘴来得到更高的气体速度。气体速度对流体雾化的影响可参见下列方程式:
其中:
D32=沙得(Sauter)平均液滴直径
σ=表面张力
μ1=液体的粘度
ρl,ρg=液体(l)和气体(g)的密度
L=液体的质量流速
G=气体的质量流速
该方程式说明了在双流体雾化器工艺中制备的沙得平均液滴直径的相关性。该方程式用于绘制本发明的一种潜在应用的图5,即在固定供应压力下通过一个给定喷嘴,用加热的氧气来雾化一种稀水溶液。图5标绘了在三种不同的液体与气体比值的情况下,所得平均液滴直径与气体温度的关系。图5说明了采用加热的气体进行雾化的两个重要优点。例如,如果一给定工艺的雾化质量是充分的,那么加热气体则可以更少的气体来雾化给定数量的流体。例如,如果一种工艺需要沙得平均直径为50微米,那么将雾化气体从室温加热至大约649℃(1200°F)则可使所需气体降低至最初值的大约33%。另外,当保持给定的液体与气体比时,加热气体将显著降低液滴尺寸。此外,通过加热气体而增加的力,例如剪切力、压力和动量力,可使雾化粘性极大的流体成为可能。由热气向被雾化流体的热传递也可用于增强后雾化工艺,例如干燥、灼烧或防止金属固化。
图4描述了本发明的另一实施方案,其中,通过燃烧反应来加热气体,当被加热气体是氧气或一种含氧气体时,该方法尤其适用,从而使相同的气源不仅被用于形成加速热气流,而且被用作燃烧反应中的氧化剂。
现在参照图4,将含氧气体20通入燃烧室输入线21,然后流进主燃烧室区22中。该含氧气体可以是空气、富氧空气,或者是氧浓度为99.5mole%或更大的商业氧。优选含氧气体是一种氧浓度至少为21mol%的气体。在主燃烧室区22内,定向排列着燃料管23。燃料24被装入燃料管23,并流经燃料管23,然后经喷嘴25喷入到主燃烧室区22中。上述燃料可以是任何一种合适的流体燃料,例如天然气、甲烷和丙烷。在主燃烧室区22内,燃料与至少部分含氧气体混合,并燃烧形成热燃烧反应产物,例如二氧化碳和水蒸汽。在主燃烧室区22内的小室中所产生的燃烧反应形成了一种热气流26,它包含热燃烧反应产物、任何未燃烧的燃料和任何未燃烧的含氧气体。热气流26即是在本发明的实践中所使用的热气。
热气流经被用于产生加速热气流的通路的喷嘴27。如图4所示,从喷嘴通路形成的加速热气流,随液流28流入雾化室29中。可雾化液流30经与雾化室29连通的流体输入导管31进入雾化室29中。这种导管的特点是能够雾化充满颗粒的流体而不发生堵塞。在雾化室29内,可雾化液流30与加速热气流28接触。在图4所述的本发明实施方案中,所示接触角大约为90°。加速热气流与可雾化液流的接触,导致加速热气流的剪切力加至可雾化液流,从而使至少部分可雾化流体雾化,如被雾化的喷雾32所示。
现在,通过使用本发明,可更有效地雾化流体,并制备出比由惯用方法得到的平均直径更小的雾化液滴。虽然参照某些优选实施方案对本发明进行了详细描述,但是本领域的技术人员应认识到,在本权利要求书的要义和范围之内,还存在本发明的其它实施方案。
Claims (9)
1.一种雾化可雾化液体的方法,包括:
(A)将一种气体加热至温度至少为149℃,产生一种热气体并使该热气体在环形通道内与中心管内的可雾化液体流同轴流动;
(B)将上述热气体流经一个通路,产生一种加速的热气流,所述热气流具有305-1829米/秒的速度;
(C)将上述加速热气流与所述可雾化的液体流接触;和
(D)将上述加速的热气流的剪切力、压力和惯性力加于可雾化液体流,并使至少一部分所述可雾化液体流从液体流破碎为液滴。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中的气体被加热至538~1649℃的温度。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中的可雾化液体含有悬浮的固体颗粒。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中的加速热气流与可雾化液体流的接触角为90°。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中的加速热气流与可雾化液体流的接触角小于90°。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中的气体是一种含氧气体。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中至少部分所述含氧气体与燃料一起燃烧,以产生热气。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中可雾化液体是一种含水液体。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中可雾化液体是一种可燃烧的液体。
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US09/534452 | 2000-03-24 | ||
US09/534,452 US6565010B2 (en) | 2000-03-24 | 2000-03-24 | Hot gas atomization |
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WO2003047761A1 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2003-06-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method and apparatus for duct sealing using a clog-resistant insertable injector |
KR20030079384A (ko) * | 2002-04-04 | 2003-10-10 | 배선희 | 기액접촉식 공기공급장치 |
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US10533998B2 (en) | 2008-07-18 | 2020-01-14 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Enzyme quantification |
GB0307403D0 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2003-05-07 | Medical Res Council | Selection by compartmentalised screening |
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-
2000
- 2000-03-24 US US09/534,452 patent/US6565010B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-03-23 CN CNB011119012A patent/CN1171685C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2001-03-23 CA CA002341961A patent/CA2341961A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-03-23 BR BR0101141-3A patent/BR0101141A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-03-23 EP EP01107281A patent/EP1136134A3/en not_active Withdrawn
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US6565010B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 |
KR20010090536A (ko) | 2001-10-18 |
EP1136134A3 (en) | 2003-02-12 |
EP1136134A2 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
BR0101141A (pt) | 2001-10-30 |
KR100492441B1 (ko) | 2005-05-31 |
CN1319458A (zh) | 2001-10-31 |
CA2341961A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 |
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