CN117110093B - Mechanical test device and test method - Google Patents
Mechanical test device and test method Download PDFInfo
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- CN117110093B CN117110093B CN202310115627.0A CN202310115627A CN117110093B CN 117110093 B CN117110093 B CN 117110093B CN 202310115627 A CN202310115627 A CN 202310115627A CN 117110093 B CN117110093 B CN 117110093B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses a mechanical test device and a test method, wherein the mechanical test device comprises an in-situ stress simulation assembly and a dynamic disturbance assembly, wherein the in-situ stress simulation assembly is used for fixing a rock sample from the outer side surface of the rock sample and applying a load to the rock sample; the rock sample is a flat sample, and a cavity simulation hole penetrating through two end surfaces of the rock sample is formed in the middle of the rock sample; the dynamic disturbance component comprises an impact rod, an incidence rod and an adapter; the end face of the first end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample, and the end face of the second end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident rod; the striking rod is used for striking the second end of the incident rod along the length direction of the incident rod. Since the stress wave can be conducted onto the rock sample close to the cavity simulation hole, and by adjusting the position of the adapter head relative to the cavity simulation hole on the plate-like rock sample, the dynamic disturbance of the near field region and the mid field region to which the surrounding rock near the cavity is subjected can be simulated.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of material mechanics, in particular to a mechanical test device and a mechanical test method.
Background
Common methods for mountain tunnel excavation and mining construction in the field of underground rock engineering include a drilling and blasting method, a mechanical excavation method, a shield method and the like, and although the excavation and mining construction methods can achieve good rock breaking and tunneling effects, a large number of holes (including tunnels, chambers and goafs) can be left in the tunnel excavation and mining construction processes, and the existence of the holes can damage original ground stress conditions of rock bodies, so that stress concentration of surrounding rocks near the holes is caused, and stability of the surrounding rocks near the holes is greatly reduced. In addition, the ability of dynamic disturbance generated by working sections of the excavation and mining construction methods can propagate in the rock mass in the form of stress waves, and cause dynamic damage to surrounding rocks nearby, so that a large number of microcracks and penetrating cracks appear in the surrounding rocks nearby, the mechanical properties of the surrounding rocks are reduced, the ability of bearing external loads is reduced, the integrity and uniformity are deteriorated, and the stability is weakened. When the stress wave reaches the boundary of the cavity, a series of refraction, reflection and scattering phenomena can occur, so that the rock mass around the cavity is subjected to strong stress concentration, and the rock mass around the cavity is damaged, so that rock burst, caving and other serious rock damage phenomena are frequently caused, and serious safety and economic risks are caused.
In order to test the dynamic disturbance action of the tunnel section, a static-dynamic coupling loading system of a separated Hopkinson pressure bar is generally adopted in the prior art and mainly comprises an in-situ stress simulation device and a dynamic disturbance applying device, wherein the in-situ stress simulation device is used for applying a compressive stress to the periphery of a rock sample so as to simulate an original ground stress state; the dynamic disturbance applying device is based on the principle of a split Hopkinson pressure bar, and dynamic disturbance loading is that an incident bar indirectly impacts the surface of a rock sample through a planar steel plate, and only dynamic disturbance in a uniform planar form can be applied to the surface of the rock sample, namely, only the far field region dynamic disturbance in the actual tunnel excavation construction process can be simulated, and the dynamic disturbance of a near field region and a middle field region can not be simulated so as to reflect the damage condition of the tunnel under the dynamic disturbance of the near field region and the middle field region. In addition, dynamic load can only be applied in the radial direction of the cavity, and the situation that the rock mass around the cavity is subjected to axial dynamic load cannot be simulated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a mechanical test device and a mechanical test method, which can solve the technical problems that in the prior art, dynamic disturbance of a near-field region and a middle field region suffered by surrounding rock near a cavity cannot be realized, and the condition that rock mass around the cavity cannot receive axial dynamic load effect cannot be simulated.
In order to solve the technical problem, a first aspect of the present invention provides a mechanical testing device, which includes an in-situ stress simulation component and a dynamic disturbance component, wherein:
The in-situ stress simulation assembly is used for fixing the rock sample from the outer side surface of the rock sample and applying load to the rock sample; the rock sample is a flat sample, and a cavity simulation hole penetrating through two end faces of the rock sample is formed in the middle of the rock sample;
the dynamic disturbance component comprises an impact rod, an incidence rod and an adapter; the end face of the first end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample, and the end face of the second end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the incidence rod; the striking rod is used for striking the second end of the incident rod along the length direction of the incident rod.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the overall shape of the adapter is a right cylinder, and the end surface area of the first end of the adapter is larger than the end surface area of the second end of the adapter.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the mechanical test device includes at least three replaceable adapter heads, where the angles between the plane where the end surfaces of the first ends of the three adapter heads are located and the plane where the end surfaces of the second ends are located are 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees, respectively.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the dynamic disturbance component further includes a wave shaper, an end surface of a first end of the wave shaper being attached to an end surface of a second end of the incident beam; the striking rod strikes the end face of the second end of the wave shaper along the length direction of the incident rod.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the material of the striking rod, the incident rod and the adapter is the same.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the mechanical testing device further includes a strain gauge, a dynamic strain gauge and an oscilloscope, wherein the strain gauge is adhered to the side surface of the incident rod, and the dynamic strain gauge is electrically connected with the strain gauge and the oscilloscope respectively.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the mechanical testing device further comprises a surrounding rock displacement detection assembly for detecting a displacement change of the rock sample in a load application project; wherein, the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly includes a high-speed camera, the high-speed camera set up in the terminal surface of the second end of rock sample in the place ahead.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the in-situ stress simulation assembly comprises a loading frame and at least two ground stress loaders; the ground stress loader comprises a ground stress loading head and a ground stress loading end, wherein a first end of the ground stress loading head is installed on the loading frame, a second end of the ground stress loading head is connected with the first end of the ground stress loading end, and the end face of the second end of the ground stress loading end is attached to the side face of the rock sample; the ground stress loading head is used for applying load to the side surface of the rock sample in the direction perpendicular to the end surface of the second end of the ground stress loading end.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the rock sample comprises a first loading side, a second loading side, a third loading side and a fourth loading side, wherein the first loading side and the second loading side are parallel to each other, the third loading side and the fourth loading side are parallel to each other, and the first loading side and the second loading side are perpendicular to the third loading side and the fourth loading side, respectively;
the number of the ground stress loaders is four, and the end faces of the second ends of the four ground stress loading ends are respectively attached to the first loading side face, the second loading side face, the third loading side face and the fourth loading side face.
The second aspect of the invention provides a mechanical test method, the method uses the mechanical test device, and the mechanical test method comprises the following steps:
bonding a strain gauge on an incident rod, and respectively connecting a dynamic strain gauge with the strain gauge and an oscilloscope;
fixing the rock sample by using an in-situ stress simulation assembly, and attaching the end face of the first end of the adapter to the end face of the first end of the rock sample;
Carrying out stress load loading on the rock sample by utilizing the in-situ stress simulation assembly until a preset stress load value is reached;
And the impact rod is used for impacting the end face of the second end of the incidence rod, and the oscillograph records signals generated by the strain gauge in the impact process.
In the mechanical test device and the test method disclosed by the invention, the mechanical test device comprises an in-situ stress simulation assembly and a dynamic disturbance assembly, wherein the in-situ stress simulation assembly is used for fixing a rock sample from the outer side surface of the rock sample and applying load to the rock sample; the rock sample is a flat sample, and a cavity simulation hole penetrating through two end surfaces of the rock sample is formed in the middle of the rock sample; the dynamic disturbance component comprises an impact rod, an incidence rod and an adapter; the end face of the first end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample, and the end face of the second end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident rod; the striking rod is used for striking the second end of the incident rod along the length direction of the incident rod. Compared with the prior art that the dynamic disturbance loading is that an incident rod indirectly impacts the surface of a rock sample through a planar steel plate, the stress wave for simulating dynamic disturbance in the embodiment can be conducted to the rock sample at a position close to a cavity simulation hole, and the dynamic disturbance of a near-field region and a middle field region suffered by surrounding rocks near the cavity can be simulated by adjusting the position of an adapter head relative to the cavity simulation hole on the plate-shaped rock sample, so that the simulated scene is more comprehensive, and richer reference data is provided for the safety guarantee design of tunnel excavation and mining construction.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a mechanical test device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a placement mode of an adapter in a mechanical testing device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating another placement mode of an adapter in the mechanical testing device according to the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an adapter in the mechanical test device according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a mechanical test method according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals illustrate: 1. rock sample; 11. a cavity simulation hole; 2. an in-situ stress simulation component; 21. loading a frame; 221. a ground stress loading head; 222. a ground stress loading end; 31. a striker rod; 32. an incident rod; 33. an adapter; 33a, an end face of the first end of the adapter; 33b, an end face of the second end of the adapter; 34. a waveform shaper; 35. an air pressure gun; 36. a launch sleeve; 37. an oscilloscope; 4. a strain gage; 5. and the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
In the present invention, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "vertical", "horizontal", "lateral", "longitudinal" and the like indicate an azimuth or a positional relationship based on that shown in the drawings. These terms are only used to better describe the present invention and its embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the indicated devices, elements or components to the particular orientations or to configure and operate in the particular orientations.
Also, some of the terms described above may be used to indicate other meanings in addition to orientation or positional relationships, for example, the term "upper" may also be used to indicate some sort of attachment or connection in some cases. The specific meaning of these terms in the present invention will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
Furthermore, the terms "mounted," "configured," "provided," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or a unitary construction; may be a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection; may be directly connected, or indirectly connected through intervening media, or may be in internal communication between two devices, elements, or components. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used primarily to distinguish between different devices, elements, or components (the particular species and configurations may be the same or different), and are not used to indicate or imply the relative importance and number of devices, elements, or components indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1-4, an embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanical testing apparatus, comprising an in-situ stress simulation component 2 and a dynamic perturbation component (not shown), wherein:
The in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 is used for fixing the rock sample 1 from the outer side surface of the rock sample 1 and applying load to the rock sample 1; the rock sample 1 is a plate-shaped sample, and a cavity simulation hole 11 penetrating both end surfaces of the rock sample 1 is provided in the middle of the rock sample 1.
The dynamic perturbation assembly comprises an impact bar 31, an incident bar 32 and an adapter 33; the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, and the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident rod 32; the striking rod 31 is for striking the second end of the incident rod 32 in the length direction of the incident rod 32.
In the present embodiment, in order to simulate surrounding rock near a cavity generated during tunnel excavation or mining construction, the rock sample 1 may be processed into a flat plate shape, and a cavity simulation hole 11 for simulating the cavity is provided in the middle of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, the shape of the hollow dummy hole 11 is not limited, considering that various hollow shapes may be formed during actual tunnel excavation or mining construction. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the cavity simulation hole 11 may be circular, rectangular, merlons, elliptical, or the like on a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, the specific materials and manufacturing method of the rock sample 1 are not limited, and may be reasonably selected according to practical application requirements. For example, it may be made of rock collected in areas where tunnel excavation or mining construction is desired.
Further, in order to facilitate the processing of the rock sample 1, the shape of the cavity simulation hole 11 may be set to a straight cylindrical shape, i.e., the cross section of the cavity simulation hole 11 is preferably circular in a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
Furthermore, in order to avoid damage to the rock sample 1 during the application of the load while ensuring the loading effect, it may be preferable that the geometric center point of the cross section of the rock sample 1 is located on the cross section of the cavity simulation hole 11 on a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
For example, in order to obtain a better simulation effect, it may be preferable that the cavity simulation hole 11 is a straight cylindrical hole, and the cross-sectional geometric center of the cavity simulation hole 11 coincides with the cross-sectional geometric center of the rock sample 1 on a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, considering that the rock sample 1 may have a stress redistribution area around the cavity simulation hole 11, in order to ensure accuracy of the simulation result, the stress redistribution area needs to be avoided as much as possible when the rock sample 1 is subjected to dynamic disturbance loading, so that the size of the cavity simulation hole 11 is not too large compared with the overall size of the rock sample 1. For example, when the void simulating hole 11 is a straight cylindrical hole, the minimum distance from the outer edge of the void simulating hole 11 to the outer edge of the rock sample 1 is not less than 3 times the radius of the void simulating hole 11 on a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
Alternatively, in order to facilitate the production process of the test device and the rock sample 1 and to be less likely to be damaged during the ground stress loading simulation to obtain a good simulation effect, it is preferable that the thickness of the rock sample 1 is not more than 25mm and that the length and width of the rock sample 1 are each 20 times the thickness.
For example, when the thickness of the rock sample 1 is 25 mm, it may be preferable that the cross section of the rock sample 1 is square, i.e., the length and width are the same, and are both 500 mm on a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, the in-situ stress simulation module 2 is used to fix the rock sample 1 from the outer side surface of the rock sample 1 and apply a load to the rock sample 1 to simulate the original ground stress environment to which surrounding rock around a cavity generated during tunnel excavation or mining construction is subjected. Thus, during mechanical testing, and in particular simulating dynamic disturbances, it is desirable to ensure that the load applied by the in situ stress simulator assembly 2 to the rock sample 1 is substantially constant and does not cause damage to the rock sample 1.
The in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 does not limit parameters such as the size and the direction of the load applied to the rock sample 1, and the structural composition, the shape and the loading mode of the in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 are not limited, so that the in-situ stress simulation assembly can be reasonably set according to practical application requirements.
For example, to more fully simulate the original earth stress environment experienced by surrounding rock near a cavity, loads of different directions and/or magnitudes may be applied to the outside face of the rock sample 1 by the in situ stress simulator assembly 2 during multiple trials.
Alternatively, to facilitate loading of the rock sample 1 from different locations and to control the magnitude of the load application at different locations, a plurality of ground stress loaders for applying the load may be included in the in situ stress simulator assembly 2.
Specifically, the in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 may include a loading frame 21 and at least two ground stress loaders. The ground stress loader comprises a ground stress loading head 221 and a ground stress loading end 222, wherein a first end of the ground stress loading head 221 is installed on the loading frame 21, a second end of the ground stress loading head 221 is connected with the first end of the ground stress loading end 222, and an end face of the second end of the ground stress loading end 222 is attached to the outer side face of the rock sample 1; the ground stress loading head 221 is used for applying a load of a preset value to the ground stress loading end 222 in a direction perpendicular to the end face of the second end of the ground stress loading end 222, and transmitting the load to the outer side face of the rock sample 1 by the ground stress loading end 222.
The ground stress loading head 221 is used for generating a load with a preset value, transmitting the load with the preset value to the ground stress loading end 222, and transmitting the load to the outer side surface of the rock sample 1 through the ground stress loading end 222. In the test process, different ground stress loading heads 221 can load loads with different preset values, so that the stress condition simulation of surrounding rocks near the cavity under various conditions can be realized, and more comprehensive test data can be obtained.
Further, in order to control the loading amount of the load more precisely, it may be preferable that the stress loading head 221 is a hydraulic loading head.
Alternatively, for ease of calculation and control of the loading amount of the load, it may be preferable to load the outer side surface of the rock sample 1 in two directions perpendicular to each other. Specifically, the rock sample 1 comprises a first loading side, a second loading side, a third loading side and a fourth loading side, wherein the first loading side and the second loading side are parallel to each other, the third loading side and the fourth loading side are parallel to each other, and the first loading side and the second loading side are perpendicular to the third loading side and the fourth loading side respectively; the number of the ground stress loaders is four, and the end surfaces of the second ends of the four ground stress loading ends 222 are respectively attached to the first loading side surface, the second loading side surface, the third loading side surface and the fourth loading side surface.
Further, in order to ensure that when each of the ground stress loading ends 222 loads the side surface of the rock sample 1 to which it is attached, the load distribution to which the side surface of the rock sample 1 is subjected is relatively uniform, it may be preferable that the end surface of the second end of all the ground stress loading ends 222 completely cover the first loading side surface, the second loading side surface, the third loading side surface, and the fourth loading side surface. So that the first loading side, the second loading side, the third loading side and the fourth loading side can be uniformly loaded regardless of which ground stress loading end 222 is used, and the assembly complexity between the rock sample 1 and the in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 is reduced.
Wherein it may be preferable that the end surfaces of the second ends of the stress loading ends 222 are planar, and the first loading side, the second loading side, the third loading side, and the fourth loading side are planar.
Further, in order to avoid that the stress concentration phenomenon of the rock sample 1 during the test results significantly affect the test results, a chamfer structure may be further disposed between the multiple loading surfaces of the rock sample 1. Specifically, the first loading side, the second loading side, the third loading side and the fourth loading side may be sequentially arranged at intervals, and chamfer surfaces are provided at the intervals. The chamfer surface can be a plane or an arc surface, the embodiment is not limited herein, and the chamfer surface can be reasonably arranged according to actual application requirements and production and processing conditions.
Further, to reduce the difficulty of designing and manufacturing the in-situ stress simulator assembly 2, it may be preferable that the stress loading end 222 be identical in shape and size throughout and/or that the first loading side, the second loading side, the third loading side, and the fourth loading side be identical in shape and size.
In this embodiment, the dynamic disturbance component is configured to apply a stress wave to the rock sample 1 from a position where the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33 is in contact with the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, so as to simulate dynamic disturbance to surrounding rock in the vicinity of the cavity, in particular, dynamic disturbance in the near field region and the midfield region.
The dynamic disturbance component at least comprises a striking rod 31, an incident rod 32 and an adapter 33, and the specific supporting modes of the striking rod, the incident rod 32 and the adapter 33 are not limited, and can be reasonably arranged according to practical application requirements. For example, the striking rod 31, the incident rod 32 and the adapter 33 may be supported by one or more support structures (not shown) such that when the rock sample 1 is assembled with the in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 and the dynamic disturbance assembly, the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident rod 32, and the end face of the second end of the striking rod 31 is oriented to the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32. Further, the fitting between the two surfaces in the present embodiment means that the two surfaces are as close as possible, and it may be preferable that the two surfaces are planes parallel to each other, that is, the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is parallel to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, and the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33 is parallel to the end face of the first end of the incident beam 32.
When a stress wave simulating dynamic disturbance is applied to the rock sample 1, the end face of the second end of the striking rod 31 strikes the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32 and generates a stress wave under the driving of the driving mechanism, the stress wave can be conducted to the end face of the first end of the incident rod 32 along the length direction of the incident rod 32, further conducted to the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33, and conducted to the rock sample 1 through the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33, so as to complete the dynamic disturbance simulation of the rock sample 1.
In addition, the mechanical test device of the embodiment not only can select different adapter heads 33 to simulate stress waves incident at different angles, but also can move or rotate relative to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1 for the same adapter head 33, and can load the stress waves on the rock sample 1 at different positions. Optionally, to better control the intensity of the stress wave, the dynamic disturbance assembly may further comprise an air pressure gun 35 and a transmitting sleeve 36, the transmitting sleeve 36 being fixedly connected to the air pressure gun 35, the striking rod 31 being mounted in the transmitting sleeve 36 before striking the incident rod 32, and the end face of the first end of the striking rod 31 being directed towards the air outlet of the air pressure gun 35, the end face of the second end of the striking rod 31 being directed towards the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32. The compressed gas released from the gas outlet of the gas gun 35 may push the striking rod 31 toward the incident rod 32, so that the end face of the second end of the striking rod 31 collides with the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32 along the length direction of the incident rod 32, and a stress wave simulating dynamic disturbance is generated in the incident rod 32. Therefore, by adjusting the pressure of the compressed gas in the pneumatic gun 35, the speed of the striking rod 31 striking the incident rod 32 can be adjusted, so that high strain rate dynamic disturbance with different intensities can be generated, and the comprehensiveness of dynamic disturbance simulation can be improved.
In addition, the specific form and structural composition of the air gun 35 are not limited, and other components that perform the same or similar functions may be substituted for those of the air gun in practical applications. For example, the air gun 35 may be replaced with an air cylinder.
Alternatively, since the incident beam 32 in the prior art indirectly impacts the surface of the rock sample 1 through the planar steel plate, the propagation direction of the stress wave generated by the incident beam 32 relative to the rock sample 1 cannot be adjusted, so in order to facilitate the simulation of dynamic disturbance in different directions to the surrounding rock near the cavity, a plurality of adapting heads 33 with different shapes may be produced in advance, where, referring to fig. 4, the end face 33a of the first end of the adapting head 33 and the end face 33b of the second end of the adapting head 33 are both planar, and the included angles between the plane where the end face 33a of the first end of the adapting head 33 is located and the plane where the end face 33b of the second end of the adapting head 33 is located are different.
Further, in order to avoid that the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 slides against the surface of the rock sample 1 during the test, it may be preferred to adhere the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1 or to provide a sleeve (not shown) outside said adapter 33 so that the adapter 33 does not move against the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1 after impact when a stress wave is conducted to the adapter 33.
Further, in order to facilitate the production process of the adapter 33, it may be preferable that the overall shape of the adapter 33 is a straight cylinder, and the area of the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is larger than the area of the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33. The specific processing mode of the adapter 33 is not limited, and can be reasonably selected according to practical application requirements.
For example, in the production process, a plurality of straight columns with consistent shapes and sizes can be firstly processed, and the first ends of the straight columns are plane; and cutting the second end of the straight column body to obtain a second end which forms a preset included angle with the plane where the first end is located.
In addition, in order to enable more stable transmission of stress wave, it may be preferable that the area of the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter head 33 is the same as the area of the end face of the first end of the incident beam 32.
Further, considering that the machining difficulty of the cylinder is relatively small, it may be preferable that the overall shape of the adapter 33 is a right circular cylinder.
Further, since the two ends of the adapter 33 are not parallel, and the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident rod 32, after the positions of the impact rod 31 and the incident rod 32 are fixed, the adapter 33 can be rotated along the axis of the adapter 33 by multiple angles, so that the relative positions between the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 and the cavity simulation hole 11 can be adjusted to more comprehensively simulate the loading conditions of stress waves in different directions.
Further, after the positions of the striking rod 31 and the incident rod 32 are fixed, in order to record the test conditions and processes of the adapter 33 rotating along the axis by different angles, referring to fig. 4, a scale mark for identifying the angle and a center point mark for identifying the center point of the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 may be further disposed on the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33. The scale mark and the center point mark are arranged in a similar way to the marks of the scale mark and the center point on the protractor.
For example, during the test, at least one identification line and one identification point may be first identified on the rock sample 1; when the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, the mark of the center point on the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is overlapped with the mark point on the rock sample 1, and the relative positions of the mark line on the rock sample 1 and the mark of the scale mark on the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 can be determined and recorded, so that the test result can be more comprehensively analyzed after a plurality of tests are finished.
Further, although the mechanical test device can support the use of the adapting heads 33 with different shapes, in order to facilitate the calculation of the relevant data and reduce the production and processing amount of the adapting heads 33 on the premise of ensuring that dynamic disturbance in different directions suffered by surrounding rocks near the cavity is simulated as comprehensively as possible, it is preferable that the mechanical test device at least comprises three replaceable adapting heads 33, and one adapting head 33 is selected for assembly in each test process. The angles between the plane of the end face 33a of the first end of the three adapter heads 33 and the plane of the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter head 33 are 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 60 degrees, respectively.
Alternatively, in order to ensure that the adapter 33 is not easily damaged during testing, it may be preferred that the material of which the adapter 33 is made be maraging steel. Maraging steel is a non-carbon (or micro-carbon) martensitic steel that produces intermetallic precipitation hardening of ultra-high strength steel upon aging. Unlike conventional high strength steels, it is reinforced by the diffuse precipitation of intermetallic compounds without carbon, which gives it high toughness, low hardening index and good formability.
Further, in order to ensure that the conduction velocity of the stress wave simulating the dynamic disturbance does not change as much as possible during the conduction process, so as to better simulate the dynamic disturbance suffered by the surrounding rock near the cavity, it may be preferable that the materials of the impact rod 31, the incident rod 32 and the adapter 33 are the same. Of these, it may be further preferred that the material of the impact rod 31, the incident rod 32 and the adapter 33 is maraging steel.
Optionally, to obtain a better dynamic disturbance simulation effect, the dynamic disturbance component may further include a waveform shaper 34, where an end surface of a first end of the waveform shaper 34 is attached to an end surface of a second end of the incident rod 32; the striking rod 31 strikes an end face of the second end of the wave shaper 34 in the length direction of the incident rod 32.
Optionally, the mechanical test device may further be provided with a strain data acquisition component for detecting and recording relevant data during the test for subsequent data analysis. Specifically, the mechanical test device further includes a strain gauge 4, a dynamic strain gauge (not shown), and an oscilloscope 37, wherein the strain gauge 4 is adhered to the side surface of the incident beam 32, and the dynamic strain gauge is electrically connected to the strain gauge 4 and the oscilloscope 37, respectively. The placement position and type of the strain gauge 4 and the dynamic strain gauge and the oscilloscope 37, and the specific electrical connection mode adopted are not limited, and can be reasonably selected according to practical application requirements.
Further, in order to facilitate the acquisition of the stress wave signal, the length direction of the strain gauge 4 may be at an angle of 45 degrees to the axis of the incident beam 32 when it is attached. The strain gauge 4, dynamic strain gauge and oscilloscope 37 are then connected with wires.
Further, in order to improve the signal acquisition accuracy, two strain gages 4 may be provided, and symmetrically provided with respect to the axis of the incident beam 32. For example, at the same axial position of the incident rod 32, the upper and lower sides may be respectively stuck with a strain gauge 4 having the same shape and size.
Optionally, in order to detect and record the displacement change of the rock sample 1 during the test, the mechanical test device may further comprise a surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5 for detecting the displacement change of the rock sample 1 during the load application process. Wherein the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5 comprises a high-speed camera arranged right in front of the end face of the second end of the rock sample 1.
In addition, the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5 may preferably employ a three-dimensional digital speckle dynamic strain measurement analysis system. The three-dimensional digital speckle dynamic strain measurement analysis system is an optical non-contact three-dimensional deformation strain measurement system, adopts a digital image correlation method DI C (DIGITA L IMAGE Corre l at ion) and combines a binocular stereoscopic vision technology. And (3) adopting two high-speed cameras to acquire speckle images of each deformation stage of the object in real time, and calculating full-field strain and deformation. The method is used for analyzing, calculating and recording deformation data. The measurement results are displayed graphically, so that the performance of the measured material can be better understood and analyzed. The three-dimensional digital speckle dynamic strain measurement analysis system identifies a digital image of the surface structure of the measurement object, calculates coordinates for image pixels, and the first image of the measurement project is represented as an undeformed state. Successive images are acquired during or after deformation of the object under test. The system compares the digital images and calculates the displacement and deformation of the texture features of the object. The three-dimensional digital speckle dynamic strain measurement analysis system is particularly suitable for measuring three-dimensional deformation under static and dynamic loads, and is used for analyzing deformation and strain of the rock sample 1.
In addition, the surface bonding referred to in this embodiment is bonding in a broad sense, so long as the generated stress wave energy is conducted more stably. The surfaces of the two members may be bonded together individually, or may be bonded together by applying other substances such as lubricants to the surfaces.
As can be seen from the above embodiments of the present invention, compared with the prior art in which the dynamic disturbance loading is that the incident rod 32 indirectly impacts the surface of the rock sample 1 through the planar steel plate, the stress wave for simulating dynamic disturbance in the present embodiment can be conducted onto the rock sample 1 near the cavity simulation hole 11, and by adjusting the position of the adapter 33 on the plate-shaped rock sample 1 relative to the cavity simulation hole 11, the dynamic disturbance of the near-field region and the middle-field region, which are suffered by the surrounding rock near the cavity, can be simulated, so that the simulated scene is more comprehensive, and the richer reference data is provided for the safety guarantee design of tunnel excavation and mining construction.
Example two
Referring to fig. 5, an embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanical testing method, which is applied to the mechanical testing device in the first embodiment, and includes:
In step S201, the strain gauge 4 is adhered to the incident rod 32, and the dynamic strain gauge is connected to the strain gauge 4 and the oscilloscope 37, respectively.
In this embodiment, the strain gauge 4 may be first adhered to the incident beam 32 with a specific glue. And in order to facilitate the acquisition of the stress wave signal, the length direction of the strain gauge 4 may be at an angle of 45 degrees to the axis of the incident beam 32 when it is attached. The strain gauge 4, dynamic strain gauge and oscilloscope 37 are then connected with wires.
Alternatively, in order to improve the signal acquisition accuracy, two strain gages 4 may be provided, and symmetrically provided with respect to the axis of the incident lever 32. For example, at the same axial position of the incident rod 32, the upper and lower sides may be respectively stuck with a strain gauge 4 having the same shape and size.
In step S202, the rock sample 1 is fixed by the in-situ stress simulator 2, and the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 is bonded to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, by adjusting the assembly positional relationship between the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter head 33 and the end face of the first end of the rock specimen 1, and correspondingly adjusting the relative positional relationship between the incident beam 32 and the impact beam 31 and the rock specimen 1, the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter head 33 is attached to the end face of the first end of the incident beam 32, and the end face of the second end of the impact beam 31 faces the end face of the second end of the incident beam 32, so that the impact beam 31 can impact the incident beam 32 from different directions with respect to the rock specimen 1, and generate stress waves in different directions to be transmitted to the rock specimen 1.
In the present embodiment, the execution sequence of step S201 and step S202 is not limited. After step S201 and step S202 are completed, the relevant components of the mechanical test system are basically assembled.
Step S203, the in-situ stress simulation assembly 2 is utilized to load stress load on the rock sample 1 until a preset stress load value is reached.
In this embodiment, the preset stress load value may be set according to the material related performance of the rock sample 1 and the tunnel related condition to be simulated, and a plurality of preset stress loads of different magnitudes in different directions are applied to the rock sample 1 from the outer side surface of the rock sample 1.
In this embodiment, the in-situ stress simulation component 2 is controlled to gradually apply a load to the outer side surface of the rock sample 1, and when the preset stress load value is reached, the stress load value added to the rock sample 1 is not increased any more, but the preset stress load value is continuously applied.
In step S204, the striking rod 31 is struck against the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32, and the signal generated by the strain gauge 4 during striking is recorded by the oscilloscope 37.
In this embodiment, the impact rod 31 is driven by the driving mechanism, the end face of the second end of the impact rod 31 will impact against the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32 and generate a stress wave, the stress wave can be conducted to the end face of the first end of the incident rod 32 along the length direction of the incident rod 32, and further conducted to the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33, and then conducted to the rock sample 1 through the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33, thereby completing the simulated loading of the dynamic disturbance to the rock sample 1.
When the dynamic disturbance assembly further comprises a pneumatic gun 35 and a transmitting sleeve 36, the pressure of the compressed gas in the pneumatic gun 35 can be adjusted, and the compressed gas in the pneumatic gun 35 is filled into the transmitting sleeve 36 to push the striking rod 31 to strike the end face of the second end of the incident rod 32.
The generation and propagation of the stress wave may be performed by means of the strain gauge 4, the dynamic strain gauge and the oscilloscope 37 to acquire and record the waveform, i.e. when the stress wave propagates to the strain gauge 4, the strain gauge 4 may acquire waveform related parameters and display them on the oscilloscope 37.
The projected stress value σ t applied to the rock specimen 1 by the adapter 33 during a single test can be calculated according to the following formula:
Where ρ1 is the density of the rock sample 1, C 1 is the wave velocity, a 1 is the area of the rock sample 1, ρ 0 is the density of the adapter 33, E 0 is the elastic modulus of the adapter 33, r is the radius of the end face 33b of the second end of the adapter 33, a 0 is the area of the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33, and ε i (t) is the strain amount measured by the strain gauge 4.
In addition, when the mechanical test device further comprises a surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5, the rock sample 1 can be displaced and/or damaged, the whole dynamic disturbance process of the rock sample 1 can be monitored and recorded in real time by the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5, and the displacement and/or damage related data can be obtained through calculation processing.
As can be seen from the mechanical test method disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, the rock sample 1 can be loaded with different preset stress load values through the in-situ stress simulation component 2 so as to simulate the ground stress of different magnitudes suffered by surrounding rocks near the cavity; stress waves with different speeds can be formed by adjusting the impact speed of the impact rod 31 on the incident rod 32 so as to simulate dynamic disturbance with different sizes; by adjusting the position of the end face 33a of the first end of the adapter 33 relative to the end face of the first end of the rock sample 1, stress waves of different directions and at different distance ranges from the cavity simulation hole 11 can be generated to simulate dynamic disturbances generated in different directions and at different positions. Therefore, the mechanical test method disclosed by the invention can comprehensively simulate the damage condition of surrounding rock near a cavity formed in the tunnel or mining construction process due to dynamic disturbance of a near field region and a middle field region, and can detect and record the displacement change condition, the damage condition and the related data of stress wave propagation condition generated by the rock sample 1 in the test process in real time through the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly 5 and the stress data acquisition assembly, thereby being convenient for the subsequent comprehensive analysis of test results.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some or all of the technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. The mechanical test device is characterized by comprising an in-situ stress simulation component and a dynamic disturbance component, wherein:
The in-situ stress simulation assembly is used for fixing the rock sample from the outer side surface of the rock sample and applying load to the rock sample; the in-situ stress simulation assembly comprises a loading frame and at least two ground stress loaders; the ground stress loader comprises a ground stress loading head and a ground stress loading end, wherein a first end of the ground stress loading head is installed on the loading frame, a second end of the ground stress loading head is connected with the first end of the ground stress loading end, and the end face of the second end of the ground stress loading end is attached to the side face of the rock sample; the ground stress loading head is used for applying a load to the side surface of the rock sample in a direction perpendicular to the end surface of the second end of the ground stress loading end;
the rock sample is a flat sample, and a cavity simulation hole penetrating through two end faces of the rock sample is formed in the middle of the rock sample;
The dynamic disturbance component comprises an impact rod, an incidence rod and an adapter; the end face of the first end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the rock sample, and the end face of the second end of the adapter is attached to the end face of the first end of the incidence rod; the whole shape of the adapter is a right cylinder, two ends of the adapter are not parallel, and the end surface area of the first end of the adapter is larger than that of the second end of the adapter; the end face of the first end of the adapter is provided with scale mark marks for marking angles and center point marks for marking center points of the end face of the first end of the adapter; the mechanical test device at least comprises three replaceable adapter heads, wherein the included angles between the plane of the end face of the first end of the three adapter heads and the plane of the end face of the second end are respectively 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 60 degrees;
The dynamic disturbance component further comprises a wave shaper, wherein the end face of the first end of the wave shaper is attached to the end face of the second end of the incident rod; the striking rod strikes the end face of the second end of the wave shaper along the length direction of the incident rod;
The striking rod is used for striking the second end of the incident rod along the length direction of the incident rod.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the strike bar, the incident bar, and the adapter are of the same material.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the mechanical testing device further comprises a strain gauge, a dynamic strain gauge, and an oscilloscope, the strain gauge being bonded to a side of the incident beam, the dynamic strain gauge being electrically connected to the strain gauge and the oscilloscope, respectively.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mechanical testing device further comprises a surrounding rock displacement detection assembly for detecting a change in displacement of the rock sample during a load application project; wherein, the surrounding rock displacement detection assembly includes a high-speed camera, the high-speed camera set up in the terminal surface of the second end of rock sample in the place ahead.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rock sample comprises a first loading side, a second loading side, a third loading side, and a fourth loading side, wherein the first loading side and the second loading side are parallel to each other, the third loading side and the fourth loading side are parallel to each other, and wherein the first loading side and the second loading side are perpendicular to the third loading side and the fourth loading side, respectively;
the number of the ground stress loaders is four, and the end faces of the second ends of the four ground stress loading ends are respectively attached to the first loading side face, the second loading side face, the third loading side face and the fourth loading side face.
6. A mechanical testing method, characterized in that the method employs the mechanical testing device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the mechanical testing method comprising:
bonding a strain gauge on an incident rod, and respectively connecting a dynamic strain gauge with the strain gauge and an oscilloscope;
fixing the rock sample by using an in-situ stress simulation assembly, and attaching the end face of the first end of the adapter to the end face of the first end of the rock sample;
Carrying out stress load loading on the rock sample by utilizing the in-situ stress simulation assembly until a preset stress load value is reached;
And the impact rod is used for impacting the end face of the second end of the incidence rod, and the oscillograph records signals generated by the strain gauge in the impact process.
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