CN106525577A - Device and method for testing dynamic mechanical properties of materials under tensile/shear combined loading - Google Patents
Device and method for testing dynamic mechanical properties of materials under tensile/shear combined loading Download PDFInfo
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- CN106525577A CN106525577A CN201611101077.3A CN201611101077A CN106525577A CN 106525577 A CN106525577 A CN 106525577A CN 201611101077 A CN201611101077 A CN 201611101077A CN 106525577 A CN106525577 A CN 106525577A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/066—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with electrical indicating or recording means
Abstract
The invention discloses a device and method for testing dynamic mechanical properties of materials under tensile/shear combined loading. The device comprises an impact mechanism, an impact bar, an incident bar, a transmission bar and a strain signal acquisition device, wherein a sample is installed at one end of the transmission bar and a buffer is installed at the other end of the transmission bar; the impact bar impacts one end of the incident bar under the impact of the impact mechanism device; the other end of the incident bar impacts the sample; an image acquisition device is installed at one side of the sample; strain gauges are installed on the incident bar and the transmission bar and are connected with an acquisition card; the acquisition card is connected with the signal display device.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to it is a kind of test stretching/shearing Combined Loading under material dynamic mechanical performance sample structure design and
Method of testing, especially a kind of test material high strain-rate deformation mechanics performance and capture material real-time deformation and failure behaviour
Technology.
Background technology
Loading speed and stress state are the key factors for affecting material deformation and failure behaviour.Material is made in dynamic load
Occur different from the mechanical behavior under dead load with lower, understand
Shape and failure, realize go after profits and advoid disadvantages significant, such as blast and shock, earthquake, engineering explosion, the bullet in engineer applied
Body to armoring penetration, nuclear explosion and its protection, micrometeorite and sleet Sorbet to the high-speed impact of aircraft, High-speed machining, etc.
Angular extrusion deformation etc. all refers to the research of material dynamic mechanical performance.Material deformation and failure behaviour under composite stress state
With significant difference compared with uniaxial stress state, the actual Service Environment of material (or part) mostly is composite stress state,
Including stretching/shearing it is compound, compression/shearing is compound, bent/twisted is compound etc., but traditional material Mechanics Performance Testing is mainly sharp
Realize that the device to test such as uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and torsion obtain material deformation and the ginseng that ruptures with material mechanical performance testing machine
Number, the material static mechanical property parameters for being obtained can not describe deformation of the material under composite stress state and dynamic load with
Failure behaviour.
Deformation process of the material when static (or quasistatic) is loaded is slow, and strain rate scope is 10-3/ s-1/s, using power
Which can be followed the trail of using ordinary digital camera when learning performance aircraft test material static state (or quasistatic) deformational behavior to deform
Journey, passes through test sample percentage elongation after material failure and the contraction percentage of area can determine that the mechanics parameters such as Materials Fracture strain.But
For material deformation and fracture behaviour research under high strain-rate composite stress state, sample reasonable in design is on the one hand needed to tie
Structure and test device realize the high strain-rate combined stress loading of material；On the other hand need to develop effective method of testing capture
MATERIALS ' DYNAMIC deforms and fracture process.This two key problem exactly solved by the invention.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention be to overcome the shortcomings of that above-mentioned existing material mechanical performance test device and method of testing are present,
The sample structure design of material dynamic mechanical performance and method of testing, material under a kind of test stretching/shearing Combined Loading are provided
Dynamic mechanical test device is built based on split hopkinson press bar operation principle, and test strain rate is up to 104/s
More than, the material mechanical performance test sample of design can realize that stretching/compressing combined stress is loaded, in tested specimen surface
Coating fluorescent material (or fluorescent paint), follows the trail of fluorescent material (or fluorescent paint) particle for shooting specimen surface using high speed camera during test
Movement locus, can capture high strain-rate deformation and the fracture behaviour of tested sample by the motion of analysis of fluorescence particle.Should
Apparatus and method can be tested Under High Strain rate and be loaded and the material mechanical performance under composite stress state, measuring accuracy and test
Efficiency high, it is adaptable to the dynamic mechanical test of plastic material and fragile material.
For achieving the above object, the present invention adopts following technical proposals：
The device of material dynamic mechanical performance under a kind of test stretching/shearing Combined Loading, including beater mechanism, impact
Bar, incident bar, transmission bar and strain signal harvester；Sample is installed in one end of described transmission bar, the other end is installed
One buffer, described impact bar are driven into one end of Rhizoma Belamcandae, the other end of incident bar in the impact undershoot of beater mechanism device
Impact specimen；And the side of sample is provided with image collecting device；Foil gauge is installed on described incident bar and transmission bar；
Described foil gauge is connected with capture card, and described capture card is connected with signal display apparatus.
Further, described beater mechanism includes a gun tube and the aerating device for gun tube inflation, described gun tube
One end be inserted into impact bar, other end connection aerating device, described aerating device are that gun tube is inflated, and then promotion impact bar
Impact incident bar.
Further, the described incident bar end that is hit is provided with waveform shaper, and the waveform shaper adopts diameter
Less than the scale copper or flake aluminum of leverage diameter.
Further, described buffer is used to absorb rod member impact energy, typically by flexible material such as rubber, cork block
Deng composition.
Further, described image collecting device includes high speed camera and light source, wherein the highest sampling of high speed camera
Frequency is not less than 100000Hz, and the image resolution ratio shot when sampling frequency reaches 100000Hz is not less than 256x256 pixels.
Further, described sample is the structure that an appearance profile is T-shape, in described T-shape structure
Horizontal structure part is provided with cavity, and the side relative with image collecting device is coated with fluorescent material or fluorescent paint.
The structure sample of T-shape is arranged between incident bar and transmission bar after being rotated by 90 ° to the left；And with incident bar and thoroughly
The sample two ends surface roughness R that Rhizoma Belamcandae contactsa0.8 μm need to be less than, the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm；
The sample completes sample processing by processing technique such as electric-spark drilling, wire cutting, grinding-polishings, by changing examination
Sample central cavity and the relative size of the vertical portion of T-shape structure, are capable of achieving under different stretch, compression combined stress state
Material dynamic mechanical performance test.
Further, filled with high pressure nitrogen in described aerating device, high pressure nitrogen air pressure range is 0-3MPa, in high pressure
It is provided with pressure fine tuning structure and steerable system to control air pressure size at nitrogen outlet.
Further, described gun tube internal diameter and impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar external diameter are 20mm, and described rush
The material for hitting bar, incident bar and transmission bar is the martensitic stain less steel 17-4PH that hardens of high intensity.
Material proposed by the present invention stretches/shears test dynamic mechanical method under Combined Loading, comprises the following steps：
(1) test device main body is built, that is, builds beater mechanism, impact bar, incident bar and transmission bar, it is ensured that shock machine
The axiality of structure, impact bar, incident bar and transmission bar, the perpendicularity between faces parallel, rod end surface and rod axis and leverage
Surface roughness is in the range of setting value；
(2) strain signal harvester is built, and two resistance of stickup is respectively symmetrically in incident bar and transmission bar middle part
Value and sensitivity coefficient identical foil gauge are simultaneously attached using thin wire, then by capture card and data presentation device with should
Become piece to be connected；
(3) before testing to sample, the test device main body to building carries out " sky is beaten " test, it is ensured that strain letter
Number collection accuracy；
(4) processing sample, in the tested surface-coated fluorescent material of sample or fluorescent paint chasing after for image collecting device
Track is observed；
(5) image collecting device is built, including high speed camera and light source, light source is needed just to the tested surface of sample to carry
High camera shooting quality.
In the step (2) by be pasted onto on incident bar and transmission bar two foil gauges connect into respectively after half-bridge with adopt
Truck and oscillograph are attached.
Gun tube and leverage size in the step (1) is variable, under same pressure, the smaller diameter rods of equal length
System can obtain higher impact velocity, so that the rate of deformation of sample is higher, the sample power that can be tested under more high strain-rate
Learn the parameter such as performance and breaking strain.
To make strain signal harvester simple structure, will be pasted onto on incident bar and transmission bar in the step (2)
Two foil gauges are attached with capture card and oscillograph after connecting into half-bridge respectively.
Under the test stretching/shearing Combined Loading of the present invention, the device and method of material dynamic mechanical performance, can realize
104The test of the material mechanical performance and fracture behaviour of/more than s Under High Strain rates, shoots coating fluorescent material using high speed camera
When the tested surface of sample of (or fluorescent paint) can be loaded with real-time testing Large strain material deformation and failure procedure, based on point
From the test device simple structure that formula Hopkinson pressure bar operation principle is built, low cost, measuring accuracy are high, tested material
Species extensively, can realize stretching, the material dynamic mechanical performance under compression combined stress state is surveyed by designed sample structure
Examination.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the device and method schematic diagram of material dynamic mechanical performance under present invention test stretching/shearing Combined Loading；
Fig. 2 is the specimen surface deformation process schematic diagram that high speed camera of the present invention shoots coating fluorescent material (or fluorescent paint)；
Fig. 3 is the special construction sample cross figure that the present invention realizes stretching/shearing Combined Loading；
Partial enlarged drawings of the Fig. 4 for Fig. 3；
Fig. 5 is the sample deformation process loading force curve chart changed with the load time；
Fig. 6 is the strain value change curve with sample when shooting moment change；
In figure：1st, high pressure nitrogen, 2, gun tube, 3, impact bar, 4, waveform shaper, 5, incident bar, 6, foil gauge, 7, examination
Sample, 8, foil gauge, 9, transmission bar, 10, buffer, 11, high speed camera, 12, light source, 13, capture card, 14, oscillograph.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further elaborated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, the test of the present invention stretches/shears the apparatus main body base of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading
Build in Hopkinson pressure bar operation principle, overall structure includes high pressure nitrogen 1, gun tube 2, impact bar 3, waveform shaper 4, enters
Rhizoma Belamcandae 5, foil gauge 6, sample 7, foil gauge 8, transmission bar 9, buffer 10, high speed camera 11, light source 12, capture card 13 and oscillography
Device 14 etc..
Sample 7 is installed in one end of transmission bar 9, the other end installs a buffer 1, and described impact bar 3 is in elevated pressure nitrogen
The impact undershoot of gas 1 is driven into one end of Rhizoma Belamcandae 5, the other end impact specimen 7 of incident bar 5；And the side of sample 7 is provided with a high speed
Camera 11 and light source 12；Foil gauge 8 is installed on described incident bar 5 and transmission bar 9；Described foil gauge 8 and capture card
13 are connected, and described capture card 13 is connected with oscillograph 14.
Can be with the rate of deformation of Control Assay 7 (i.e. sample by the length for adjusting the pressure or impact bar 3 of high pressure nitrogen 1
Strain rate during deformation), sample needs to ensure coaxial with incident bar 5 and transmission bar 9 that waveform shaper 4 makes stress arteries and veins when mounted
The rising edge of punching tends towards stability, and is conducive to STRESS VARIATION characteristic when catching sample deformation.Strain on incident bar and transmission bar
Piece 6 and 8 is pasted on two bar centre positions, to ensure that transmitted wave is consistent with the test moment of transmitted wave.Using high speed camera 11 pairs
When the tested surface of sample is shot, light filling is carried out using intense light source 12, to improve exposure intensity when high speed camera shoots,
Ensure photograph taking quality.Buffer 10 is used to stop that transmission bar 9 makes its stop motion.
As shown in Fig. 2 the tested surface-coated of sample has fluorescent material (or fluorescent paint), using travel(l)ing rest 13 by light source 12
11 top of high speed camera is installed on, the direction of illumination of light source, test material dynamic mechanical can be changed by adjusting travel(l)ing rest
By high speed camera camera lens just to the tested surface of sample during performance, light source is made to be irradiated in sample quilt while adjusting light source active support
Test surfaces.
It is illustrated in figure 3 special shape sample structure figure and partial enlargement that the present invention realizes stretching/shearing Combined Loading
Figure, designed sample thickness is 10mm, and other apparent sizes are illustrated in figure 3 a T-shape structure, the overall three-dimensional knot of sample
Structure is as shown in Figure 2.When mounted, it is arranged between incident bar and transmission bar after the structure sample of T-shape is rotated by 90 ° to the left；
Sample processing is completed by processing technique such as electric-spark drilling, wire cutting, grinding-polishings, with test device leverage phase
The sample both ends of the surface roughness Ra of contact need to be less than 0.8 μm, and the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm, and sample is tested
Tracing study of the surface-coated fluorescent material (or fluorescent paint) for high-speed capture system.It is empty in the middle part of sample in Fig. 3 by changing
Chamber and the relative size of bottom, the material dynamic mechanical performance test being capable of achieving under different stretch, compression combined stress state.
Specific method of testing is as follows：
(1) build the test device based on split hopkinson press bar operation principle, it is ensured that in test device main body
, within 0.01mm, the perpendicularity between the leverage both ends of the surface depth of parallelism and rod end surface and rod axis is equal for gun tube and leverage axiality
Less than 0.01mm, leverage surface roughness Ra is less than 0.8 μm；
(2) strain signal harvester is built, based on Wheatstone bridge operation principle, in incident bar and transmission bar pars intermedia
Position is respectively symmetrically two resistance values of stickup and sensitivity coefficient identical foil gauge and is attached using thin wire, then will be adopted
Truck and oscillograph are attached with test device main body；
(3) before testing to sample, the test device main body to building carries out " sky is beaten " test, it is ensured that strain letter
Number collection accuracy；
(4) according to Fig. 3 designed by stretching/shearing Combined Loading sample structure, cut by electric-spark drilling, line
Cut, the processing technique such as grinding-polishing completes sample processing, it is ensured that the specimen surface roughness contacted with leverage in test device
RaLess than 0.8 μm, the sample both ends of the surface depth of parallelism is less than 0.01mm, then in the tested surface-coated fluorescent material of sample (or fluorescence
Paint) for the tracing study of high-speed capture system；
(5) high-speed capture system and device, including high speed camera and light source are built, light source is needed just to the tested surface of sample
To improve camera shooting quality.
After the completion of to sample testing, by analysis incident bar and the stress wave signal in transmission bar, (specific analytical method can
With reference to works such as Lu Fangyun《Hopkinson bar experimental technique》, Beijing：Science Press, 2013), obtain tested sample and become
STRESS VARIATION characteristic when shape and fracture；When the sample deformation Procedure Acquisition material deformation shot using high speed camera and fracture
Crack propagation path and Materials Fracture strain etc..
Compared with existing material mechanical performance method of testing, beneficial effects of the present invention include：
High strain-rate loading material mechanical performance test：The present invention can realize that strain rate is up to 104The material of/more than s
Dynamic mechanical is tested, and is obtained flow stress Changing Pattern when material high strain-rate is loaded, the loading of material high strain-rate and is lost
Data or the information such as crack propagation path, MATERIALS ' DYNAMIC breaking strain during effect.
Material deformational behavior test under stretching/shearing Combined Loading：The present invention is capable of achieving under stretching/shearing Combined Loading
Material deforms and fracture behaviour test, is the important extension to current standard material Mechanics Performance Testing.
The real-time measurement of material deformational behavior and non-cpntact measurement：Can be deformed with capture material high strain-rate and fracture process
The deflection and stress value of middle any time, realizes the real-time non-cpntact measurement of material deformation and fracture behaviour.
Embodiment：
With reference to Fig. 1, the test device that material stretched/sheared dynamic mechanical under Combined Loading is built and is completed, and will
Sample is placed between incident bar and transmission bar, and the sample material of selection is 45# steel.See figures.1.and.2, by high speed camera and light
Source is installed on operating position.High pressure nitrogen pressure is set to into 1MPa during test, shock pole length is 100mm, high speed camera
Sample frequency is set to 100000Hz.After the completion of test, the strain signal on incident bar and transmission bar is processed, obtained such as
The sample deformation process loading force curve changed with the load time shown in Fig. 5, by calculating sample loading force and sample deformation area
The ratio of domain cross-sectional area is obtained stress intensity during sample deformation.
The sample dynamic deformation image of high speed camera collection is processed, is obtained as shown in Figure 6 with the change of shooting moment
When sample strain value, obtain breaking strain of the sample under tested loading environment for 21.5%.
Although the above-mentioned accompanying drawing that combines is described to the specific embodiment of the present invention, not to present invention protection model
The restriction enclosed, one of ordinary skill in the art should be understood that on the basis of technical scheme those skilled in the art are not
The various modifications made by needing to pay creative work or deformation are still within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of test stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, it is characterised in that including shock machine
Structure, impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar and strain signal harvester；Sample is installed in one end of described transmission bar, it is another
A buffer is installed at end, and described impact bar is driven into one end of Rhizoma Belamcandae in the impact undershoot of beater mechanism device, incident bar
Other end impact specimen；And the side of sample is provided with image collecting device；It is provided with described incident bar and transmission bar
Foil gauge；Described foil gauge is connected with capture card, and described capture card is connected with signal display apparatus.
2. test as claimed in claim 1 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
In described beater mechanism includes a gun tube and the aerating device for gun tube inflation, and one end of described gun tube is inserted into punching
Bar is hit, other end connection aerating device, described aerating device are inflated for gun tube, and then promote impact bar impact incident bar.
3. test as claimed in claim 1 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
Waveform shaper is installed in, the described incident bar end that is hit, the waveform shaper is using diameter less than leverage diameter
Scale copper or flake aluminum.
4. test as claimed in claim 1 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
In described sample is the structure that an appearance profile is T-shape, and the horizontal structure part in described T-shape structure sets
There is cavity, and the side relative with image collecting device is coated with fluorescent material or fluorescent paint.
5. test as claimed in claim 4 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
In the structure sample of T-shape is arranged between incident bar and transmission bar after being rotated by 90 ° to the left；And with incident bar and transmission bar phase
The sample two ends surface roughness R of contacta0.8 μm need to be less than, the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm.
6. test as claimed in claim 4 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
In described image collecting device includes high speed camera and light source, and the highest sample frequency of wherein high speed camera is not less than
100000Hz, the image resolution ratio shot when sampling frequency reaches 100000Hz are not less than 256x256 pixels.
7. test as claimed in claim 4 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
In filled with high pressure nitrogen in described aerating device, high pressure nitrogen air pressure range is 0-3MPa, is provided with high pressure nitrogen exit
Pressure fine tuning structure and steerable system are controlling air pressure size.
8. test as claimed in claim 4 stretches/shears the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under Combined Loading, and its feature exists
20mm is in, described gun tube internal diameter and impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar external diameter, and described impact bar, incident bar and thoroughly
The material of Rhizoma Belamcandae is the martensitic stain less steel 17-4PH that hardens of high intensity.
9. a kind of material stretches/shears the method that dynamic mechanical is tested under Combined Loading, it is characterised in that including following step
Suddenly：
(1) test device main body is built, that is, builds beater mechanism, impact bar, incident bar and transmission bar, it is ensured that beater mechanism, punching
Hit the axiality of bar, incident bar and transmission bar, the perpendicularity between faces parallel, rod end surface and rod axis and leverage end face
Roughness is in the range of setting value；
(2) build strain signal harvester, incident bar and transmission bar middle part be respectively symmetrically two resistance values of stickup and
Sensitivity coefficient identical foil gauge is simultaneously attached using thin wire, then by capture card and data presentation device and foil gauge
It is connected；
(3) before testing to sample, the test device main body to building carries out " sky is beaten " test, it is ensured that strain signal is adopted
The accuracy of collection；
(4) processing sample, sees for the tracking of image collecting device in the tested surface-coated fluorescent material of sample or fluorescent paint
Examine；
(5) image collecting device is built, including high speed camera and light source, light source is needed just to the tested surface of sample to improve phase
Machine shooting quality.
10. material as claimed in claim 9 stretches/shears the method that dynamic mechanical is tested under Combined Loading, its feature
Be, in the step (2) by be pasted onto on incident bar and transmission bar two foil gauges connect into respectively after half-bridge with collection
Card and oscillograph are attached.
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