CN117088995A - Highland barley beta-glucan and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Highland barley beta-glucan and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN117088995A CN117088995A CN202311170986.2A CN202311170986A CN117088995A CN 117088995 A CN117088995 A CN 117088995A CN 202311170986 A CN202311170986 A CN 202311170986A CN 117088995 A CN117088995 A CN 117088995A
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- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](OC2[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 229920002498 Beta-glucan Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 title 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 241000209219 Hordeum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 210000000582 semen Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 102000013142 Amylases Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 108010065511 Amylases Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 235000019418 amylase Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 small molecule polysaccharide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011097 chromatography purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035614 depigmentation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003544 deproteinization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000721272 Nudur Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0003—General processes for their isolation or fractionation, e.g. purification or extraction from biomass
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
The application is applicable to the technical field of biological medicine, and provides highland barley beta-glucan and a preparation method thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: step one, raw material preparation: peeling highland barley to obtain highland barley rice; step two, grinding highland barley: pulverizing semen Avenae Nudae, and sieving with 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain semen Avenae Nudae powder; step three, alkali liquor extraction: extracting at 30-50deg.C for 2 hr at pH of 7-10; step four, mixing and adjusting: the highland barley powder is added with water with the feed liquid ratio of 1g (5-80) mL, alkali liquid is added to adjust the pH value to 8-10, then 20U-2000U of high-temperature amylase is added, the mixture is uniformly mixed and stirred and refluxed for 1-15h at the temperature of 90-95 ℃, the characteristics of micromolecular polysaccharide are removed by utilizing membrane separation, and meanwhile, the characteristics of fractional alcohol precipitation and dialysis purification treatment are utilized, the purity of the obtained highland barley beta-glucan is high, the process is simple and convenient, the production cost is lower, more ethanol can be obtained for recycling, the water after the ethanol is recycled can be reused, and the whole extraction process has no pollutant discharge, thereby being beneficial to protecting the environment.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly relates to highland barley beta-glucan and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Highland barley (hordeum vulgar l.var.nudur hook.f) belongs to the genus barley crop of the family gramineae, also known as naked barley, rice barley, huai barley and meta-wheat. The content of beta-glucan in highland barley raw materials is 4% -8%, and researches show that the beta-glucan has the effects of reducing blood fat, reducing cholesterol, regulating blood sugar, preventing cardiovascular diseases, improving immunity, resisting tumors and the like.
The prior art has the following defects:
at present, the preparation method of the high-content highland barley beta-glucan has the processes of alcohol precipitation, deproteinization, depigmentation, preparation chromatography purification and the like, is relatively complex, is relatively difficult to separate, is easy to cause lower yield of the beta-glucan in the extraction process, and has the defect of high water consumption or high treatment cost caused by the consumption of ethanol in the traditional method for extracting the beta-glucan by an alkaline method or an acid method.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides highland barley beta-glucan and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems that the existing preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan with high content has the processes of alcohol precipitation, deproteinization, depigmentation, preparation chromatography purification and the like, is complex, is difficult to separate, is easy to cause lower yield of beta-glucan in the extraction process, and has the defects of high water consumption or high ethanol consumption and high treatment cost in the traditional method for extracting beta-glucan by an alkaline method or an acid method.
The application is realized in this way, a highland barley beta-glucan and its preparation method, comprising:
step one, raw material preparation: peeling highland barley to obtain highland barley rice;
step two, grinding highland barley: pulverizing semen Avenae Nudae, and sieving with 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain semen Avenae Nudae powder;
step three, alkali liquor extraction: extracting at 30-50deg.C for 2 hr at pH of 7-10;
step four, mixing and adjusting: adding water with a feed liquid ratio of 1g (5-80) mL into highland barley powder, adding alkali liquid to adjust the pH value to 8-10, then adding 20U-2000U of high-temperature amylase, uniformly mixing, and stirring and refluxing for 1-15h at 90-95 ℃;
fifthly, removing protein: adjusting the pH value of the solution obtained in the step four to 3-5, standing, precipitating protein, centrifuging to remove the precipitate, and preparing an extracting solution;
step six, removing small molecule polysaccharide: intercepting the centrifugate by using an organic or inorganic ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weight of 5-10 ten thousand Da, and collecting the permeate;
step seven, centrifugal extraction: centrifuging for 10 minutes by a 4000-turn centrifuge to remove starch and obtain supernatant;
step eight, concentration treatment: concentrating under reduced pressure;
step nine, grading alcohol precipitation: concentrating the permeate, carrying out fractional alcohol precipitation, collecting precipitate from low to high concentration of alcohol precipitation, and obtaining highland barley beta-glucan crude product;
step ten, filtering: re-suspending the filter residue, stirring again, standing and filtering;
step eleven, dialysis and purification: adding water into the highland barley beta-glucan crude product for re-dissolution, and then dialyzing and purifying by using 8-15 ten thousand cellulose dialysis bags, and collecting highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution;
step twelve, drying: drying the highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution to obtain highland barley beta-glucan pure product;
step thirteen, ethanol recovery: and recycling ethanol by adopting an ethanol recycling tower.
Preferably, the drying temperature in the step twelve is 40-60 ℃ and the drying time is 4 hours.
Preferably, the conditions of the alcohol precipitation process in the step nine are as follows: the ethanol concentration is 95%, the edible ethanol with the mass 1-2 times of that of the concentrated solution is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10min and then is kept stand for 30min, and the mixture is filtered after standing.
Preferably, in the step seven, the centrifugation mode utilizes a decanter centrifuge and a disk centrifuge to centrifuge the extracting solution respectively.
Preferably, the pressure of the pressure concentration in the step eight is-0.06 to-0.08 MPa, and the temperature is 60 ℃.
Preferably, the highland barley beta-glucan is prepared by the preparation method of the highland barley beta-glucan of claims 1-5.
Compared with the prior art, the embodiment of the application has the following main beneficial effects:
the method has the advantages that the characteristics of small molecular polysaccharide are removed by utilizing membrane separation, and meanwhile, the grading alcohol precipitation and dialysis purification treatment are utilized, so that the obtained highland barley beta-glucan has high purity, the process is simple and convenient, the production cost is low, more ethanol can be recycled, water after the ethanol is recovered can be reused, no pollutant is discharged in the whole extraction process, and the environment is favorably protected.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan;
Detailed Description
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used in the description of the applications herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application; the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof in the description of the application and the claims and the description of the drawings above are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. The terms first, second and the like in the description and in the claims or in the above-described figures, are used for distinguishing between different objects and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order.
Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of such phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Those of skill in the art will explicitly and implicitly appreciate that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
The embodiment of the application provides highland barley beta-glucan and a preparation method thereof, as shown in figure 1, comprising the following steps:
step one, raw material preparation: peeling highland barley to obtain highland barley rice;
step two, grinding highland barley: pulverizing semen Avenae Nudae, and sieving with 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain semen Avenae Nudae powder;
step three, alkali liquor extraction: extracting at 30-50deg.C for 2 hr at pH of 7-10;
step four, mixing and adjusting: adding water with a feed liquid ratio of 1g (5-80) mL into highland barley powder, adding alkali liquid to adjust the pH value to 8-10, then adding 20U-2000U of high-temperature amylase, uniformly mixing, and stirring and refluxing for 1-15h at 90-95 ℃;
fifthly, removing protein: adjusting the pH value of the solution obtained in the step four to 3-5, standing, precipitating protein, centrifuging to remove the precipitate, and preparing an extracting solution;
step six, removing small molecule polysaccharide: intercepting the centrifugate by using an organic or inorganic ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weight of 5-10 ten thousand Da, and collecting the permeate;
step seven, centrifugal extraction: centrifuging for 10 minutes by a 4000-turn centrifuge to remove starch and obtain supernatant;
step eight, concentration treatment: concentrating under reduced pressure;
step nine, grading alcohol precipitation: concentrating the permeate, carrying out fractional alcohol precipitation, collecting precipitate from low to high concentration of alcohol precipitation, and obtaining highland barley beta-glucan crude product;
step ten, filtering: re-suspending the filter residue, stirring again, standing and filtering;
step eleven, dialysis and purification: adding water into the highland barley beta-glucan crude product for re-dissolution, then dialyzing and purifying by using 8-15 ten thousand cellulose dialysis bags, and collecting highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution;
step twelve, drying: drying the highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution to obtain highland barley beta-glucan pure product;
step thirteen, ethanol recovery: and recycling ethanol by adopting an ethanol recycling tower.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present application, the drying temperature in step twelve is 40-60 ℃ and the drying time is 4 hours.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present application, the conditions in the alcohol precipitation process in step nine are: the ethanol concentration is 95%, the edible ethanol with the mass 1-2 times of that of the concentrated solution is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10min and then is kept stand for 30min, and the mixture is filtered after standing.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present application, the centrifugation in step seven uses a decanter centrifuge and a disk centrifuge to centrifuge the extract, respectively.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present application, the pressure of the medium-pressure concentration in the step eight is-0.06 to-0.08 MPa, and the temperature is 60 ℃.
The highland barley beta-glucan is characterized by being prepared by the preparation method of the highland barley beta-glucan of claims 1-5.
The method has the advantages that the characteristics of small molecular polysaccharide are removed by utilizing membrane separation, and meanwhile, the grading alcohol precipitation and dialysis purification treatment are utilized, so that the obtained highland barley beta-glucan has high purity, the process is simple and convenient, the production cost is low, more ethanol can be recycled, water after the ethanol is recovered can be reused, no pollutant is discharged in the whole extraction process, and the environment is favorably protected.
It should be noted that, for simplicity of description, the foregoing embodiments are all illustrated as a series of acts, but it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present application is not limited by the order of acts, as some steps may be performed in other order or concurrently in accordance with the present application. Further, those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the embodiments described in the specification are all preferred embodiments, and that the acts and modules referred to are not necessarily required for the present application.
In the several embodiments provided by the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus may be implemented in other manners. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative, and such partitioning of the above-described elements may be implemented in other manners, e.g., multiple elements or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be omitted, or not performed. Alternatively, the coupling or communication connection shown or discussed as being between each other may be an indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or elements via some interfaces, which may be in the form of telecommunications or otherwise.
The units described above as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and components shown as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed over a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present application, and not for limiting the scope of the present application. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are merely some, but not all, embodiments of the application. Based on these embodiments, all other embodiments that may be obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art without inventive effort are within the scope of the application. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art may still combine, add or delete features of the embodiments of the present application or make other adjustments according to circumstances without any conflict, so as to obtain different technical solutions without substantially departing from the spirit of the present application, which also falls within the scope of the present application.
Claims (6)
1. The preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, raw material preparation: peeling highland barley to obtain highland barley rice;
step two, grinding highland barley: pulverizing semen Avenae Nudae, and sieving with 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain semen Avenae Nudae powder;
step three, alkali liquor extraction: extracting at 30-50deg.C for 2 hr at pH of 7-10;
step four, mixing and adjusting: adding water with a feed liquid ratio of 1g (5-80) mL into highland barley powder, adding alkali liquid to adjust the pH value to 8-10, then adding 20U-2000U of high-temperature amylase, uniformly mixing, and stirring and refluxing for 1-15h at 90-95 ℃;
fifthly, removing protein: adjusting the pH value of the solution obtained in the step four to 3-5, standing, precipitating protein, centrifuging to remove the precipitate, and preparing an extracting solution;
step six, removing small molecule polysaccharide: intercepting the centrifugate by using an organic or inorganic ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weight of 5-10 ten thousand Da, and collecting the permeate;
step seven, centrifugal extraction: centrifuging for 10 minutes by a 4000-turn centrifuge to remove starch and obtain supernatant;
step eight, concentration treatment: concentrating under reduced pressure;
step nine, grading alcohol precipitation: concentrating the permeate, carrying out fractional alcohol precipitation, collecting precipitate from low to high concentration of alcohol precipitation, and obtaining highland barley beta-glucan crude product;
step ten, filtering: re-suspending the filter residue, stirring again, standing and filtering;
step eleven, dialysis and purification: adding water into the highland barley beta-glucan crude product for re-dissolution, and then dialyzing and purifying by using 8-15 ten thousand cellulose dialysis bags, and collecting highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution;
step twelve, drying: drying the highland barley beta-glucan pure product solution to obtain highland barley beta-glucan pure product;
step thirteen, ethanol recovery: and recycling ethanol by adopting an ethanol recycling tower.
2. The method for preparing highland barley beta-glucan according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in the step twelve is 40-60 ℃ and the drying time is 4h.
3. The method for preparing highland barley beta-glucan according to claim 1, wherein the conditions of the alcohol precipitation process in the step nine are as follows: the ethanol concentration is 95%, the edible ethanol with the mass 1-2 times of that of the concentrated solution is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10min and then is kept stand for 30min, and the mixture is filtered after standing.
4. The method for preparing highland barley beta-glucan according to claim 1, wherein the centrifugation method in the seventh step is to centrifuge the extract by a decanter centrifuge and a disk centrifuge, respectively.
5. The method for preparing highland barley beta-glucan according to claim 1, wherein the pressure of the concentration in the step eight is-0.06 to-0.08 MPa and the temperature is 60 ℃.
6. The highland barley beta-glucan according to claim 5, wherein the highland barley beta-glucan is produced by the production method of highland barley beta-glucan according to claims 1 to 5.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202311170986.2A CN117088995A (en) | 2023-09-12 | 2023-09-12 | Highland barley beta-glucan and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115850531A (en) * | 2022-11-25 | 2023-03-28 | 西藏奇正青稞健康科技有限公司 | Preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan with blood sugar reducing function |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115850531A (en) * | 2022-11-25 | 2023-03-28 | 西藏奇正青稞健康科技有限公司 | Preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan with blood sugar reducing function |
| CN115850531B (en) * | 2022-11-25 | 2024-05-10 | 西藏奇正青稞健康科技有限公司 | Preparation method of highland barley beta-glucan with blood glucose reducing function |
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