CN117071169A - 一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN117071169A
CN117071169A CN202210495678.6A CN202210495678A CN117071169A CN 117071169 A CN117071169 A CN 117071169A CN 202210495678 A CN202210495678 A CN 202210495678A CN 117071169 A CN117071169 A CN 117071169A
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郑煜铭
郭朝阳
陈江萍
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Abstract

本专利公开了一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗及其制备方法，防雾霾纱窗由自支撑的纳米纤维过滤层和支撑层热压复合而成；过滤层由静电纺丝工艺制备的纳米纤维沉积在接收基材上，去除基材得到。该发明的优点在于：通过调整不同高分子种类和浓度来实现纳米纤维形貌和直径的控制，同时实现高效的空气过滤和优秀的机械强度；通过选择不同的接收基材实现纱窗高的透光率。

Description

一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及防雾霾技术领域，具体涉及基于静电纺纳米纤维的空气过滤领域。
背景技术
大气环境是人类赖以生存和发展的必要资源重要资源，大规模的化石燃料燃烧导致大量的悬浮颗粒物（PM）进入大气环境中，造成了严重的雾霾现象。在这其中，PM2.5由于动力学直径较小，更容易穿透呼吸道和肺泡进入人体，造成严重的呼吸系统和心血管疾病。据世界卫生组织统计，目前世界上91%以上的人口居住在没有达到世卫组织空气质量指南水准的地方。当室外PM2.5数值较高时，往往大多数人会选择在室内活动。现有提高室内空气质量的主要方式包括空气净化器和新风系统，但是上述两种方式不仅需要较高的安装成本，而且在使用的过程中需要不断地消耗电能，限制了二者在普通居民建筑中的使用。防雾霾纱窗不仅可以阻止室外的悬浮颗粒物进入室内环境，而且可以利用传统窗户大的通风面积来达到不需要消耗能量的自然通风效果，改善室内的空气质量。但这就对防雾霾纱窗提出了十分严格的要求，例如较高的过滤效率、较好的可见光透过率和透气性。就市面上现有的防雾霾纱窗来看，往往力学性能较差，透光透气性差，且过滤效率不高，因此继续开发出一款既可以独立支撑具有良好的透光透气性，又可以有效减少PM2.5进入房间。
静电纺丝技术是目前制备纳米纤维较为成熟的技术，它是通过在高分子溶液(或熔体)和接收基材上产生电势差，使得高分子液滴克服表面张力拉伸产生纳米级别的纤维。静电纺纳米纤维比表面积大、孔隙率高、结构易调控，非常适合用于高效空气过滤。同时，而静电纺丝共纺技术不仅可以将多种组分共同集成在同一张纳米纤维膜中，从而制备出力学性能、透光透气性和空气过滤性能兼具的防雾霾纱窗材料。
发明内容
为了克服现有同类型产品防雾霾效果差、透光透气性不足以及机械强度低的问题，本发明通过采用静电纺丝共纺技术和不同的接收基材来调控纳米纤维的种类和结构，为此，本发明提供一种自支撑防雾霾纱窗及其制备方法，在室内空气净化领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。
为了达到上述目的，本发明采用了以下技术方案：
一种自支撑的纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，所述的防雾霾纱窗是有高分子材料通过静电纺丝工艺制成，所述的高分子为聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚苯乙烯、聚酰亚胺中的两种或几种。
进一步的，所述纳米纤维膜层的厚度为5 -15 μm。
进一步的，所述纳米纤维膜的接收基材为砂纸、硅油纸、粗糙铜箔、铝箔、牛皮纸中的一种。
进一步的，所述纳米纤维膜的支撑层为PP透明方格布。
本专利还公开了上述防雾霾纱窗的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将两种或以上高分子原料溶于有机溶剂中，在20-60 ℃的条件下磁力搅拌6h，得到静电纺丝液；
(2)将步骤(1)配置好的不同纺丝液选择合适的针头规格同时进行静电纺丝共纺，将接收基材均匀的置于纺丝机滚筒上，在其表面沉积形成多种纳米纤维组成的纳米纤维层，调控纺丝相关工艺参数和纺丝周围环境温湿度来改变纳米纤维的直径分布和纳米纤维的厚度；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的附有纳米纤维膜的基材置于烘箱中去除多余溶剂，剥离基材得到自支撑的纳米纤维膜；
(4)将步骤(3)获得的纳米纤维膜与PP方格布通过压辊进行热压复合，结束后裁剪至合适尺寸，即获得所述防雾霾纱窗。
进一步的，步骤(1)中所述纺丝液的质量体积分数为5%-25%。
进一步的，步骤(1)中所述的纺丝液溶剂体系为四氢呋喃、甲酸、二氯甲烷、二甲基甲酰胺、丙酮中的一种或几种。
进一步的，步骤(2)中所述的静电纺丝共纺过程，针头之间的水平距离为0.5-3cm，针头与接收基材之前的距离为5-20 cm，纺丝电压为10-25 kV。
进一步的，步骤(3)中烘箱的温度范围为20-70 ℃，烘干至恒重为止。
进一步的，步骤(4)中的压辊表面温度范围为80-160 ℃。
本发明的有益效果：本发明制备的防雾霾纱窗可通过调整高分子的种类和纺丝液的浓度得到不同直径、不同比例均匀分布的纳米纤维膜，纳米纤维由50-100 nm以下的细纤维和300 nm左右的粗纤维交叉分布组成，粗纤维提供好的支撑强度，细纤维保证高的过滤效率，粗纤维可以提供较好的机械性能和减少阻力，细纤维可以提供较高的过滤效率，粗细纤维直径均小于或接近可见光波长，有利于可见光的通过。
本发明制备的防雾霾纱窗中过滤层的纳米纤维膜具有一定的自支撑性，具有较大的比表面积和孔隙结构，有利于提升防雾霾纱窗的透光率和换气水平，同时加工性能良好，可以根据实际需要剪裁加工成合适大小。
本发明选用的基材可以保证纳米纤维膜微观结构的各向异性，但又不会造成肉眼可见的不均匀，保证了防雾霾纱窗的过滤性质稳定，机械性能可靠。
本发明的制备工艺成熟稳定，成本较为低廉，适合工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备所使用的静电纺丝装置示意图。
图2为实施例1制备的防雾霾纱窗的扫面电镜SEM照片。
图3为实施例4制备的防雾霾纱窗的扫面电镜SEM照片。
具体实施方式
为了清晰的说明本专利及其技术方案，下面通过具体的实施方式和附图详细说明本发明的具体技术方案。但下述的具体实施例仅为本发明的简易例子，并不局限和代表本发明的权利保护范围，凡在本发明创造的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明创造的保护范围之内,本发明的实际保护范围以权利说明书为准。
实施例1
(1)配制聚氨酯纺丝液，质量体积含量为10 wt%，溶剂体系为二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃（体积比为1:1），使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60 ℃下搅拌3 h后，室温静置24 h，得到均匀的聚氨酯纺丝液；
(2)配制聚酰胺6纺丝液，质量体积含量为15 wt%，有机溶剂为88%的甲酸，使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60 ℃下搅拌2 h后，室温静置24 h，得到均匀的聚酰胺6纺丝液；
(3)将配制好的上述纺丝液装入10 ml注射器中置于推液泵，将2000目砂纸置于静电纺丝机的滚筒上，调整纺丝针头之间距离为1 cm，针头与接受滚筒之间的距离为15 cm，纺丝电压调整为15 kV，纺丝时间为1 h，周围环境温度控制为25 ℃，湿度为40%；
(4)将附有纳米纤维的砂纸取下，置于40 ℃的恒温烘箱中烘干4 h，随后将纳米纤维取下，得到自支撑的过滤层；
(5)选择目数为60的PP透明网格布作为支撑层，调整热压机压辊温度为90 ℃，时间为160 s，最终得到新型纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，经过滤测试，该纱窗在32 L/min的风速下，对PM0.3的有效过滤效率为99.72%，过滤阻力为112 Pa，透光率为82.1%，长度为5 cm的试样拉伸强度为12 MPa，断裂应变为151%。
实施例2
(1)配制质量分数为10%的聚偏氟乙烯，溶剂体系为二甲基甲酰胺和丙酮（质量比为7:3），使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60 ℃下搅拌2h后，室温静置24 h，得到均匀的聚偏氟乙烯纺丝液；
(2)配制聚氨酯纺丝液，质量体积含量为8 wt%，溶剂体系为二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃（体积比为1:1），使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60 ℃下搅拌3 h后，室温静置24 h，得到均匀的聚氨酯纺丝液；
(3)将配制好的上述纺丝液装入10 ml注射器中置于推液泵，将粗糙导电铜箔置于静电纺丝机的滚筒上，调整纺丝针头之间距离为1 cm，针头与接受滚筒之间的距离为10cm，纺丝电压调整为20 kV，纺丝时间为90 min，周围环境温度控制为25 ℃，湿度为40%；
(4)将附有纳米纤维的导电铜箔取下，置于室温中烘干4 h，随后将纳米纤维取下，得到自支撑的过滤层；
(5)选择目数为60的PP透明网格布作为支撑层，调整热压机压辊温度为100 ℃，时间为180s，最终得到新型纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，经过滤测试，该纱窗在32 L/min的风速下，对PM0.3的有效过滤效率为99.2%，过滤阻力为154 Pa，透光率为73.3%。
实施例3
(1)配制质量分数为10%的聚丙烯腈，选用溶剂为二甲基甲酰胺，使用磁力搅拌器常温搅拌3h后，室温静置24h，得到均匀的聚丙烯腈纺丝液；
(2)配制聚氨酯纺丝液，质量体积含量为20 wt%，溶剂体系为二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃（体积比为1:1），使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60 ℃下搅拌3 h后，室温静置24 h，得到均匀的聚氨酯纺丝液；
(3)将配制好的上述纺丝液装入10 ml注射器中置于推液泵，将硅油纸置于静电纺丝机的滚筒上，调整纺丝针头之间距离为1.5 cm，针头与接受滚筒之间的距离为10 cm，纺丝电压调整为15 kV，纺丝时间为90 min，周围环境温度控制为25 ℃，湿度为40%；
(4)将附有纳米纤维的硅油纸取下，置于40℃的恒温烘箱中烘干4h，随后将纳米纤维取下，得到聚氨酯和聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的过滤层；
(5)选择目数为60的PP透明网格布作为支撑层，调整压辊温度在100 ℃，时间为150 s，得到纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗。经过滤测试，该纱窗在32 L/min的风速下，对PM0.3的有效过滤效率为95.0%，过滤阻力为100 Pa，透光率为43.2%。
实施例4
(1)配制质量分数为10%的聚酰胺6，选用溶剂为甲酸，使用磁力搅拌器常温搅拌3h后，室温静置24h，得到均匀的聚丙烯腈纺丝液；
(2)配制聚氨酯纺丝液，质量体积含量为10 wt%，溶剂体系为二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃（体积比为1:1），使用恒温式水浴搅拌器，在60℃下搅拌3h后，室温静置24h，得到均匀的聚氨酯纺丝液；
(3)将配制好的上述纺丝液装入10 ml注射器中置于推液泵，将硅油纸置于静电纺丝机的滚筒上，调整纺丝针头之间距离为1cm，针头与接受滚筒之间的距离为15 cm，纺丝电压调整为15 kV，纺丝时间为60 min，周围环境温度控制为25 ℃，湿度为40%；
(4)将附有纳米纤维的取下，置于40 ℃的恒温烘箱中烘干4 h，随后将纳米纤维取下，得到聚氨酯和聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的过滤层；
(5)选择目数为60的PP透明网格布作为支撑层，调整压辊温度在90 ℃，时间为100s，得到纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗。经过滤测试，该纱窗在32 L/min的风速下，对PM0.3的有效过滤效率为78%，过滤阻力为60 Pa，透光率为78%。

Claims (8)

1.一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于，防雾霾纱窗包括纳米纤维过滤层和支撑层；纳米纤维过滤层是由高分子材料经过静电纺丝共纺工艺沉积在接收基材上制成，具有良好的自支撑性，所述的高分子为聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氨酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚苯乙烯中的两种或几种。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于，所述的支撑层材料为普通PP透明网格布，目数为40-200，所述的接收基材为砂纸、硅油纸、粗糙铜箔、A4纸中的一种，砂纸的目数为100-5000目。
3.如权利要求1 所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于防雾霾纱窗的具体制备方法如下：
(1)将两种或以上高分子原料溶于有机溶剂中，在20-60 ℃的条件下磁力搅拌6 h，得到静电纺丝液；
(2)将步骤(1)配置好的不同纺丝液选择合适的针头规格同时进行静电纺丝共纺，将接收基材均匀的置于纺丝机滚筒上，在其表面沉积形成多种纳米纤维组成的纳米纤维层，调控纺丝相关工艺参数和纺丝周围环境温湿度来改变纳米纤维的直径分布和纳米纤维的厚度；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的附有纳米纤维膜的基材置于烘箱中去除多余溶剂，剥离基材得到自支撑的纳米纤维膜；
(4)将步骤(3)获得的纳米纤维膜与PP方格布通过压辊进行热压复合，结束后裁剪至合适尺寸，即获得所述防雾霾纱窗。
4.如权利要求4所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于所述步骤(1)中高分子溶液的种类及比例可调，从而形成不同直径和形貌的纳米纤维，所述步骤(1)中纺丝液中高分子的质量体积分数为5%-25%。
5.如权利要求4所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于所述步骤(2)的静电纺丝过程中，针头与接受滚筒之间的距离为10-20 cm，纺丝电压为10-25 kV，针头之间的距离为1-3 cm。
6.如权利要求4所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于所制备的纳米纤维由50-100 nm以下的细纤维和300 nm左右的粗纤维交叉分布组成，粗纤维提供好的支撑强度，细纤维保证高的过滤效率，粗细纤维直径均小于或接近可见光波长，增加了防雾霾纱窗的透光率。
7.如权利要求4所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于所述步骤(4)中，热压机压辊表面温度范围为80-160 ℃。
8.如权利要求4所述的一种自支撑纳米纤维防雾霾纱窗，其特征在于自支撑纳米纤维过滤层具有很好的力学性能，可以随意剪裁和加工成随意大小形状。
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