CN117064014A - 一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用,属于饲料技术领域,包括以下重量份数的原料:金银花提取物1‑3份、黄芪0.8‑1.5份、大蒜0.8‑1.5份、生姜0.3‑0.8份、连翘0.1‑0.3份、枸杞0.2‑0.4份、灵芝0.3‑0.8份、稻壳粉4‑8份、麦麸1‑3份和蜂胶4‑7份。其制备方法包括以下步骤:将所述黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别进行干燥,再经混合后粉碎,然后加入金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到所述大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。本发明提供的饲料能够有效提高大口黑鲈的免疫力、抗氧化能力、抗应激能力以及肌肉品质,而且无毒副作用、环境友好。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料添加剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
随着全球人口的持续增长,水产品将成为可供人类消费的优质动物蛋白的主要来源。为了满足对日益增长的鱼类需求,增加放养密度已成为优化鱼类生产的最常见方法。大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)是一种肉食性淡水鱼,由于其生长快、无肌间骨、肉质鲜美、耐温性宽、市场价值高。大口黑鲈的这些优良特性吸引了许多消费者,因此这种鱼在中国得到了广泛的养殖。然而,集约化养殖下的高密度养殖会造成长期过度拥挤、应激和水质恶化,从而损害动物福利,并且,高放养密度也会导致疾病的爆发和传播,从而导致鱼类死亡率较高。并且,随着高放养密度集约化水产养殖的发展,由于鱼类的长期拥挤压力,会对其生长性能,免疫力和肌肉质量产生负面影响,导致消费者接受度低,严重损伤了养殖户的经济效益。为了预防和治疗疾病,养殖过程中会使用许多合成或天然化学品和兽药,特别是抗生素。但频繁使用药物给水产养殖动物带来了许多副作用,对人类健康和生态系统产生了负面影响。
目前,在水产养殖中应用植物来源的饲料添加剂是控制疾病和抗生素的鼓励替代品之一,因为这些植物产品来源于天然植物,不会产生药物残留,不会导致细菌病毒变异,不污染环境,并且易于获得、廉价且环保,由于其丰富的化学成分,还可以作为抗寄生虫、抗菌、促进生长、抗应激、提高免疫力和增加食欲的添加剂。
因此,如何提供一种用于大口黑鲈的饲料添加剂,以有效改善生长性能、免疫力和肌肉质量是本领域技术人员亟需解决的技术问题。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提出了一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了以下技术方案:
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物1-3份、黄芪0.8-1.5份、大蒜0.8-1.5份、生姜0.3-0.8份、连翘0.1-0.3份、枸杞0.2-0.4份、灵芝0.3-0.8份、稻壳粉4-8份、麦麸1-3份和蜂胶4-7份。
优选的,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物2份、黄芪1份、大蒜1份、生姜0.5份、连翘0.2份、枸杞0.3份、灵芝0.5份、稻壳粉5份、麦麸1份和蜂胶6份。
有益效果:金银花,传统上用其浆果的营养和药用特性。相对而言,金银花产量较高,价格较低。并且,其中含有大量的多酚、类黄酮、维生素和矿物质,有益于动物的健康,具有散热、解毒和抗氧化的特性。基于抗炎和抗肥胖研究,金银花的生物活性被认为是多酚,绿原酸和花青素。研究表明,金银花提取物不仅能提高畜禽动物的生长性能,改善肠道和肝脏健康,而且能提高其肌肉品质。
黄芪中含有多种有益成分,如黄芪多糖、皂苷类、黄酮类以及氨基酸,能够提高机体免疫功能,促进血清和肝脏蛋白质的更新,其作为饲料添加剂,不仅能提高畜禽动物的生长性能,改善肠道和肝脏健康,而且能提高其肌肉品质。
大蒜是一种具有药用特性的食用植物,在世界各地广泛使用。其活性成分主要为大蒜素,具有抗菌,抗癌,抗氧化的作用,保肝和免疫刺激活性。本发明中的大蒜可以改善大口黑鲈生长性能和存活率以及抗氧化活性,同时提高养殖动物肌肉品质,如持水力,颜色,质构特性。
连翘味苦,凉,具有清热,解毒,散结,消肿的功效。作为中药,其治温热,丹毒,斑疹,痈疡肿毒,瘰疬,小便淋闭。在大口黑鲈的养殖中,连翘具有防止细菌性、病毒性病害的作用,同时能够提高鱼类的抗应激性,提高活鱼的活力及长途运输存活率。
枸杞为茄科植物枸杞或青海枸杞的成熟果实。夏、秋果实成熟时采摘,除去果柄,置阴凉处晾至果皮起皱纹后,再暴晒至外皮干硬、果肉柔软即得。其性甘,味平,具有滋肾,润肺,补肝,明目的功效。枸杞富含多种氨基酸、维生素和矿物质,能够改善大口黑鲈肠道健康,同时增强大口黑鲈的免疫力和机体健康,同时也能增强其食欲,提高饲料利用率。
生姜是全球最受欢迎的草药香料之一,几个世纪以来一直被用作传统草药。生姜的抗氧化、保肝、抗菌、镇痛和抗炎活性已得到广泛证明,且生姜各种药理活性的最重要生物活性成分是姜辣素。生姜添加到家禽日粮中,可以增加体重和提高饲料效率,提高生长性能,血清代谢物和抗氧化状态。
灵芝,是一种著名的中药,因为它具有广泛的药理活性成分,具有独特的健康益处。它含有丰富的类黄酮(芦丁,儿茶素,槲皮素,山奈酚,杨梅素和芹菜素)和酚酸(丁香酸,咖啡酸,邻苯三酚,阿魏酸,肉桂酸,儿茶酚和鞣花酸)。具体来说,灵芝中存在的三萜类化合物和多糖具有健康和药用益处,例如保肝、抗氧化剂和免疫调节活性。
蜂胶是蜜蜂从植物芽孢或树干上采集的树脂,混入其上颚腺、蜡腺的分泌物加工而成的一种具有芳香气味的胶状固体物,蜂胶的成分十分复杂,类黄酮和萜烯类化合物是主要的活性成分,还含有有机酸、脂类、酶和多种氨基酸等,被誉为“紫色黄金”。蜂胶含有丰富而独特的活性物质,具有抗菌消炎、增强免疫、降血脂等多种功能,蜂胶作为保健品对增强身体免疫力有很好的效果,蜂胶是天然的高效免疫增强剂,刺激机体的免疫功能,增强巨噬细胞的活力,提高身体免疫力,能起到一定程度预防感冒的作用。
本发明以上述中药原料为饲料添加剂的活性成分,其中,金银花提取物与连翘和蜂胶相互配合,二者均具有清热解毒功效,同时能够起到抑菌效果,降低大口黑鲈感染病菌导致疾病的概率。此外,本发明中的枸杞、生姜和灵芝相互配合,起到补气益肝之效,能够大大提高大口黑鲈免疫能力,改善大口黑鲈生长性能,同时提高其活力,能够令其运动量提高,进而大口黑鲈肌肉质量。并且,本发明中的大蒜以及生姜相互配合,能够改善大口黑鲈胃肠道菌种平衡,降低养殖过程中的应激,减少肠道疾病的发生。
此外,本发明中还添加稻壳粉、麦麸以及蜂胶,其能够包裹上述中药组分,进而起到缓释作用,提高了本发明饲料添加剂的悬浮性和粘合性,降低饲料散失率,降低对水体污染,改善养殖环境,间接提高大口黑鲈群养成活率。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将所述黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别进行干燥,再经混合后粉碎,然后加入金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到所述大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
优选的,所述金银花提取物的制备方法包括以下步骤:
将金银花清洗后烘干、粉碎,再以水为溶剂进行超声提取,提取结束后收集滤液,将所得滤液进行减压浓缩后干燥,得到所述金银花提取物。
优选的,所述水与粉碎后的金银花的质量比为(8-15):1。
优选的,所述超声提取的温度为40-65℃,时间为1.5-3h。
优选的,所述滤液为用0.45μm滤膜过滤得到。
优选的,所述干燥为40-65℃下烘干至水分含量3-5%。
有益效果:本发明通过上述提取方法能够将金银花中的绿原酸、槲皮素等活性成分进行提取,大大提高金银花的吸收利用率以及作用效果。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂在提高大口黑鲈抗氧化状态、免疫力和肌肉品质的饲料中的应用。
优选的,所述大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的添加量为0.5-1.5%。
本发明公开了一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用,本发明提供的饲料添加剂包括金银花提取物等中药组分以及缓释组分,其中中药组分相互协同能够有效提高大口黑鲈的免疫力、抗氧化能力、抗应激能力以及肌肉品质,而且无毒副作用、环境友好,缓释组分能够大大降低饲料散失率,同时提高饲料利用率,避免养殖水由于饲料而造成的污染,改善了养殖环境。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
本发明实施例中的中药原料均通过广州当地药材市场购买获得。
本发明实施例中使用的大口黑鲈基础日粮产自广东联鲲集团有限公司。
实施例1
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物2份、黄芪1份、大蒜1份、生姜0.5份、连翘0.2份、枸杞0.3份、灵芝0.5份、稻壳粉5份、麦麸1份和蜂胶6份。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)金银花提取物制备:
(1-1)将新鲜的金银花用蒸馏水彻底清洗。然后在50℃的热风烘箱中干燥,将水分含量降低至2-5%;
(1-2)将步骤(1)所得干燥的金银花在粉碎机中粉碎,过60目筛,再以10倍蒸馏水浸泡,并于50℃恒温水浴超声振荡处理2h,超声处理结束后静置1h,收集上清液,然后用0.45μm滤膜过滤以除去杂质颗粒得到滤液,将所得滤液于旋转蒸发仪中50℃减压浓缩,最后放入烘箱中进行50℃烘干至固体状,水分含量为3-5%,得到金银花提取物,密封该固体状金银花提取物,并置于-20℃冷藏待用。
(2)将黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别于50℃下进行干燥,直至含水量为2-3%,再经干燥后的黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝混合后粉碎过100目筛,然后加入步骤(1)所得金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
实施例2
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物1份、黄芪0.8份、大蒜0.8份、生姜0.8份、连翘0.1份、枸杞0.4份、灵芝0.3份、稻壳粉8份、麦麸1份和蜂胶7份。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)金银花提取物制备:
(1-1)将新鲜的金银花用蒸馏水彻底清洗。然后在40℃的热风烘箱中干燥,将水分含量降低至2-5%;
(1-2)将步骤(1)所得干燥的金银花在粉碎机中粉碎,过60目筛,再以10倍蒸馏水浸泡,并于65℃恒温水浴超声振荡处理1.5h,超声处理结束后静置1.5h,收集上清液,然后用0.45μm滤膜过滤以除去杂质颗粒得到滤液,将所得滤液于旋转蒸发仪中65℃减压浓缩,最后放入烘箱中进行50℃烘干至固体状,水分含量为3-5%,得到金银花提取物,密封该固体状金银花提取物,并置于-20℃冷藏待用。
(2)将黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别于50℃下进行干燥,直至含水量为2-3%,再经干燥后的黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝混合后粉碎过100目筛,然后加入步骤(1)所得金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
实施例3
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物3份、黄芪1.2份、大蒜1.2份、生姜0.4份、连翘0.3份、枸杞0.2份、灵芝0.7份、稻壳粉6份、麦麸1.5份和蜂胶5份。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)金银花提取物制备:
(1-1)将新鲜的金银花用蒸馏水彻底清洗。然后在50℃的热风烘箱中干燥,将水分含量降低至约2-5%;
(1-2)将步骤(1)所得干燥的金银花在粉碎机中粉碎,过60目筛,再以10倍蒸馏水浸泡,并于40℃恒温水浴超声振荡处理3h,超声处理结束后静置1h,收集上清液,然后用0.45μm滤膜过滤以除去杂质颗粒得到滤液,将所得滤液于旋转蒸发仪中40℃减压浓缩,最后放入烘箱中进行40℃烘干至固体状,水分含量为3-5%,得到金银花提取物,密封该固体状金银花提取物,并置于-20℃冷藏待用。
(2)将黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别于60℃下进行干燥,直至含水量为2-3%,再经干燥后的黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝混合后粉碎过100目筛,然后加入步骤(1)所得金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
实施例4
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物1.5份、黄芪1.5份、大蒜1.5份、生姜0.6份、连翘0.1份、枸杞0.4份、灵芝0.6份、稻壳粉4份、麦麸3份和蜂胶4份。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)金银花提取物制备:
(1-1)将新鲜的金银花用蒸馏水彻底清洗。然后在50℃的热风烘箱中干燥,将水分含量降低至约2-5%;
(1-2)将步骤(1)所得干燥的金银花在粉碎机中粉碎,过60目筛,再以10倍蒸馏水浸泡,并于45℃恒温水浴超声振荡处理2h,超声处理结束后静置1h,收集上清液,然后用0.45μm滤膜过滤以除去杂质颗粒得到滤液,将所得滤液于旋转蒸发仪中60℃减压浓缩,最后放入烘箱中进行60℃烘干至固体状,水分含量为3-5%,得到金银花提取物,密封该固体状金银花提取物,并置于-20℃冷藏待用。
(2)将黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别于50℃下进行干燥,直至含水量为2-3%,再经干燥后的黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝混合后粉碎过100目筛,然后加入步骤(1)所得金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
实施例5
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物2.5份、黄芪1.4份、大蒜0.9份、生姜0.7份、连翘0.2份、枸杞0.3份、灵芝0.4份、稻壳粉7份、麦麸1份和蜂胶5份。
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)金银花提取物制备:
(1-1)将新鲜的金银花用蒸馏水彻底清洗。然后在50℃的热风烘箱中干燥,将水分含量降低至约2-5%;
(1-2)将步骤(1)所得干燥的金银花在粉碎机中粉碎,,过60目筛,再以10倍蒸馏水浸泡,并于50℃恒温水浴超声振荡处理2h,超声处理结束后静置1h,收集上清液,然后用0.45μm滤膜过滤以除去杂质颗粒得到滤液,将所得滤液于旋转蒸发仪中50℃减压浓缩,最后放入烘箱中进行50℃烘干至固体状,水分含量为3-5%,得到金银花提取物,密封该固体状金银花提取物,并置于-20℃冷藏待用。
(2)将黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别于50℃下进行干燥,直至含水量为2-3%,再经干燥后的黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝混合后粉碎过100目筛,然后加入步骤(1)所得金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
对比例1
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括金银花提取物。
对比例2
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括连翘。
对比例3
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括枸杞。
对比例4
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括稻壳粉。
对比例5
一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括蜂胶。
技术效果
1.金银花提取物活性成分鉴定
经HPLC法测定,实施例1-5中所得金银花提取物的主要活性物质如表1所示。
表1金银花提取物主要活性物质含量
如表1所示,金银花提取物的主要活性物质主要包括绿原酸(13.81-13.98%),槲皮素3-葡萄糖苷(7.86-7.98%)和槲皮素3-芸香糖苷(5.42-5.54%)等。
2.饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈抗氧化能力和免疫力及肌肉品质的影响探究
根据大口黑鲈生长性能,通过在大口黑鲈基础日粮中梯度加入实施例1所得饲料添加剂。基础日粮成分如表2所示,其中的粗蛋白质量分数为50.34-50.49%,粗脂肪的质量分数为12.13-12.23%,对应的饲料添加剂添加量为0%、0.5%,1%,1.5%组。先筛分不同饲粮成分,并彻底混合,随后,分别将40kg基础日粮与含4种不同水平的上述饲料添加剂充分混合,制成膨化颗粒料,烘干,得到4组大口黑鲈配合饲料。将鱼以自然的明暗循环保存在室外水箱中2周,以适应实验环境。在此期间,每天喂食2次基础日粮(09:00和17:00)至饱食状态。随后,将288条生长状态相同的大口黑鲈(平均重量254.29±12.65克)随机分配到12个实验网箱(2×1×1米),每网箱24条鱼。在实验过程中,溶解氧保持在8.0mg/L左右,pH值保持在7.5±0.3,水温保持在26-30℃,分别投喂添加不同量的实施例1所得饲料添加剂的饲料,试验养殖周期为8周。
表2饲料组成及营养指标
(1)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈血清抗氧化能力和免疫力的影响探究
利用上述饲料养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈并抽血,进行生化分析。利用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物,中国)测定血清生化参数,包括总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、补体C3(C3)、补体C4(C4)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme)。实验结果见表3。
表3血液指标
结果如表3所示,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈血清总抗氧化能力,提高SOD和CAT的含量,减少脂质氧化产物MDA的产生。此外大口黑鲈饲料添加剂还能提高大口黑鲈血清中TP和ALB含量以及溶菌酶活力,增强大口黑鲈免疫力。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得血液指标结果如表4所示:
表4对比例大口黑鲈血液指标
(2)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈肠道酶活力的影响探究
在基础饲料中添加实施例1所得饲料添加剂饲喂大口黑鲈,设置4个梯度,添加浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈,一个实验组18条鱼并采肠道样品,进行生化分析,结果如表5所示。
表5大口黑鲈肠道酶活
0% | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | |
蛋白酶 | 0.91±0.06 | 0.93±0.03 | 0.94±0.03 | 0.95±0.03 |
淀粉酶 | 2216.63±121.75b | 2351.34±98.69ab | 2500.03±116.27a | 2469.80±106.39a |
脂肪酶 | 280.84±3.74 | 287.98±12.76 | 292.70±10.31 | 288.36±11.79 |
由表5可以看出,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈肠道淀粉酶活力,增强大口黑鲈消化能力。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得肠道酶活力结果如表6所示:
表6大口黑鲈肠道酶活
对比例1 | 对比例2 | 对比例3 | 对比例4 | 对比例5 | |
蛋白酶 | 0.91±0.06 | 0.92±0.04 | 0.94±0.05 | 0.93±0.02 | 0.91±0.06 |
淀粉酶 | 2354.12±111.84ab | 2375.14±99.31ab | 2245.84±120.75b | 2326.79±118.48ab | 2307.18±108.98ab |
脂肪酶 | 282.56±7.18 | 280.48±9.84 | 284.53±10.61 | 285.15±8.96 | 282.88±5.49 |
(3)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈肌肉常规营养成分的影响探究
在基础饲料中添加金银花提取物饲喂大口黑鲈,设置4个梯度,添加浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈,一个实验组18条鱼并采肌肉样品,采用中国国家标准法测定了鱼全身和肌肉的粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432-1994)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433-2006(Class B))、粗灰分(GB/T 6438-2007)和水分(and GB/T 6435-2014/8.1)进行了测定。结果如表7所示。
表7肌肉常规营养成分
0% | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | |
全身 | ||||
粗蛋白(%) | 16.02±0.76b | 16.67±1.30ab | 17.86±0.89a | 17.97±1.08a |
粗脂肪(%) | 5.46±0.06 | 5.44±0.03 | 5.55±0.19 | 5.63±0.21 |
灰分(%) | 5.78±0.06 | 5.76±0.03 | 5.79±0.03 | 5.8±0.03 |
水分(%) | 74.52±0.44 | 74.71±0.52 | 75.47±0.44 | 75.66±0.52 |
肌肉 | ||||
粗蛋白(%) | 18.42±0.55b | 19.25±0.48ab | 19.99±0.89a | 20.1±1.08a |
粗脂肪(%) | 1.71±0.05a | 1.66±0.03ab | 1.60±0.07b | 1.61±0.04b |
灰分(%) | 1.53±0.02 | 1.51±0.05 | 1.45±0.06 | 1.37±0.03 |
水分(%) | 76.39±0.44 | 76.58±0.52 | 77.34±0.44 | 77.53±0.52 |
结果如表7所示,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈全身及肌肉粗蛋白含量,降低大口黑鲈肌肉脂肪含量,提高大口黑鲈营养价值。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得肌肉常规营养成分结果如表8所示:
表8肌肉常规营养成分
(4)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈肌肉生化参数的影响探究
在基础饲料中添加金银花提取物饲喂大口黑鲈,设置4个梯度,添加浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈,一个实验组18条鱼并采肌肉样品,利用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物,中国)测定肌肉生化参数,包括总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、硫代巴比妥酸活性物种(TBARS)、蛋白质碳基(PC),实验结果见表9.
表9肌肉抗氧化参数
0% | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | |
T-AOC(U/mgprotein) | 4.6±0.05b | 4.68±0.12b | 4.85±0.09a | 4.88±0.08a |
SOD(U/mgprotein) | 26.87±0.02 | 26.85±0.05 | 27.79±0.06 | 29.71±0.03 |
CAT(U/mgprot) | 90.5±4.17b | 96.29±3.01ab | 98.05±2.75a | 97.9±4.72a |
GSH(U/mgprotein) | 10.19±0.06 | 10.52±0.03 | 10.26±0.28 | 10.72±0.13 |
MDA(nmol/mgprot) | 9.81±0.1a | 9.5±0.31ab | 9.34±0.17b | 9.18±0.22b |
PC(nmol/mgprotein) | 6.17±0.11a | 6.04±0.21ab | 5.77±0.19b | 5.82±0.05b |
结果如表9所示,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈肌肉总抗氧化能力和CAT活力,并降低脂质和蛋白质氧化产物的生成,提高大口黑鲈肌肉抗氧化能力。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得肌肉生化参数结果如表10所示:
表10肌肉抗氧化参数
对比例1 | 对比例2 | 对比例3 | 对比例4 | 对比例5 | |
T-AOC(U/mgprotein) | 4.61±0.05b | 4.83±0.07a | 4.75±0.08ab | 4.78±0.08ab | 4.72±0.05ab |
SOD(U/mgprotein) | 27.77±2.22 | 26.81±2.35 | 27.83±3.14 | 28.87±3.05 | 26.79±2.47 |
CAT(U/mgprot) | 93.8±4.87ab | 96.22±3.95ab | 95.45±4.77ab | 95.13±4.63ab | 95.17±3.45ab |
GSH(U/mgprotein) | 10.21±0.17 | 10.23±0.25 | 10.21±0.17 | 10.27±0.16 | 10.25±0.09 |
MDA(nmol/mgprot) | 9.46±0.38ab | 9.77±0.53b | 9.65±0.49ab | 9.58±0.58ab | 9.68±0.32ab |
PC(nmol/mgprotein) | 6.05±0.16ab | 6.01±0.2ab | 6.03±0.17ab | 6.03±0.08ab | 6.12±0.11aa |
(5)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈肌肉品质参数的影响探究在基础饲料中添加金银花提取物饲喂大口黑鲈,设置4个梯度,添加浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈,一个实验组18条鱼并采肌肉样品,用pH Meter(PHSJ-3F,Leici,中国)在鱼片15min和24小时测定pH。用色度计(LS172,深圳,中国)测量15min和24小时时的肉色,包括L*(亮度)、a*(红色)和b*(黄色)。通过测量同一肌肉3次,获得平均颜色值。此外还测量了滴水损失与烹饪损失。实验结果见表11。
表11肌肉品质参数
0% | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | |
PH24h | 6.18±0.1b | 6.75±0.08a | 6.83±0.04a | 6.82±0.03a |
L*24h | 41.35±3.5 | 43.93±4.12 | 42.76±4.51 | 42.85±2.15 |
a*24h | 4.01±0.3b | 4.8±0.33a | 4.79±0.25a | 4.49±0.27ab |
b*24h | 18.51±0.33 | 17.51±0.05 | 16.02±0.04 | 16.01±0.02 |
滴水损失15min | 7.92±0.53a | 6.72±0.41b | 6.86±0.44ab | 6.84±0.42ab |
滴水损失24h | 27.73±0.83a | 24.6±1.23ab | 24.35±0.06b | 24.27±0.03b |
烹饪损失24h | 28.59±1.88a | 26.06±1.40ab | 23.81±1.44b | 24.37±2.28b |
结果如表7所示,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈肌肉放置24小时的pH值,并减少滴水损失和烹饪损失,提高大口黑鲈肌肉品质。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得肌肉品质参数结果如表12所示:
表12肌肉品质参数
(6)饲料中添加大口黑鲈饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈肌肉质构参数的影响探究,在基础饲料中添加金银花提取物饲喂大口黑鲈,设置4个梯度,添加浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。养殖8周后,从每个网箱中随机选择6条大口黑鲈,一个实验组18条鱼并采大口黑鲈侧线鳞以上的背部肌肉切成大小相等的鱼块(2cm×2cm×1cm)。用Univeral TA质构仪(中国上海腾技仪器科技有限公司,中国)测定肌肉质构参数:硬度(gf)、咀嚼性(g)、弹性、胶黏性(gf)、粘性(gf/mm)和粘聚性。
表13肌肉质构参数
0% | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | |
硬度(gf) | 609.93±33.71b | 639.39±22.72ab | 672.83±33.75a | 684.50±43.55a |
咀嚼性(gf) | 350.66±31.56b | 393.16±17.38ab | 416.02±37.72a | 407.59±20.35a |
弹性(gf) | 0.48±0.02 | 0.55±0.04 | 0.58±0.02 | 0.59±0.04 |
粘聚性(gf/mm) | 0.46±0.02b | 0.59±0.03ab | 0.58±0.02ab | 0.61±0.03a |
粘性(gf) | 32.06±2.60 | 34.13±2.55 | 36.62±2.60 | 34.19±2.45 |
胶着性(gf) | 464.46±33.02b | 519.77±15.85a | 553.33±33.52a | 561.62±16.77a |
结果如表13所示,大口黑鲈饲料添加剂能显著提高大口黑鲈肌肉硬度,咀嚼性,粘聚性和胶着性提高大口黑鲈肌肉紧实度。
将对比例1-5中所得饲料添加剂以表2中1%添加量与基础日粮混合,重复上述养殖过程以及检测过程,所得肌肉质构参数结果如表14所示:
表14肌肉质构参数
综上可以看出,在向基础日粮里混合添加量为1%的饲料添加剂的情况下,本发明实施例1所得饲料对于大口黑鲈的抗氧化性、免疫性能以及肌肉品质等性能具有更为明显的提升,且通过与对比例1-5各组数据对比能够得知,本发明中的各原料间具有一定的协同作用,本发明中的金银花提取物与连翘、黄芪、枸杞等原料相互配合,才能够达到最优的技术效果,并且,本发明中的蜂胶能够进一步提升产品的抗氧化效果,同时稻壳粉、麦麸与蜂胶能够相互协同,将中药组分进行负载,起到缓释作用,进而提高饲料利用率,同时避免水源污染。
以上,仅为本申请较佳的具体实施方式,但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换,都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。因此,本申请的保护范围应该以权利要求的保护范围为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,其特征在于,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物1-3份、黄芪0.8-1.5份、大蒜0.8-1.5份、生姜0.3-0.8份、连翘0.1-0.3份、枸杞0.2-0.4份、灵芝0.3-0.8份、稻壳粉4-8份、麦麸1-3份和蜂胶4-7份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂,其特征在于,包括以下重量份数的原料:
金银花提取物2份、黄芪1份、大蒜1份、生姜0.5份、连翘0.2份、枸杞0.3份、灵芝0.5份、稻壳粉5份、麦麸1份和蜂胶6份。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将所述黄芪、大蒜、生姜、连翘、枸杞和灵芝分别进行干燥,再经混合后粉碎,然后加入金银花提取物、稻壳粉以及麦麸混合均匀,最后加入蜂胶混合均匀,即得到所述大口黑鲈饲料添加剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述金银花提取物的制备方法包括以下步骤:
将金银花清洗后烘干、粉碎,再以水为溶剂进行超声提取,提取结束后收集滤液,将所得滤液进行减压浓缩后干燥,得到所述金银花提取物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水与粉碎后的金银花的质量比为(8-15):1。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述超声提取的温度为40-65℃,时间为1.5-3h。
7.根据权利要求4所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述滤液为用0.45μm滤膜过滤得到。
8.根据权利要求4所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述干燥为40-65℃下烘干至水分含量3-5%。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的一种大口黑鲈饲料添加剂在提高大口黑鲈抗氧化状态、免疫力和肌肉品质的饲料中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述大口黑鲈饲料添加剂的添加量为0.5-1.5%。
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