CN1170261A - 电气设备安全电路 - Google Patents
电气设备安全电路 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
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- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
- H05B3/342—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heaters used in textiles
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- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
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- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/0252—Domestic applications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
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- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
- H05B3/56—Heating cables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H5/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection
- H02H5/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
- H02H5/042—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature using temperature dependent resistors
- H02H5/043—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature using temperature dependent resistors the temperature dependent resistor being disposed parallel to a heating wire, e.g. in a heating blanket
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- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
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- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/035—Electrical circuits used in resistive heating apparatus
Abstract
一种电气安全电路,用于在存在过热状态时中断电气设备的工作电源。
Description
本发明涉及与电气设备连接使用的安全电路
在电气设备中,有时需要断开工作电源以防止过热引起的损坏或伤害。在完成该任务的、与电热毯和床罩相连的安全装置方面的研究已取得实质性进展。
电热毯一般设有纤维套,它具有通过毯子整个区域的通道,其中穿过弯曲的低瓦数加热元件。为了给加热元件过热提供保护,已知将双金属热动开关或持续传感线放在靠近加热元件处以便感应过热状态。这种安全装置通过操作继电器或类似开关设备对过热状态作出反应,断开电路并关断加热元件的工作电源。
在更先进的电热毯中,加热元件由正温度系数(PTC)材料密封的两彼此隔开的导体构成。这种加热元件本身限制温度,它能均衡一定的过热状态而不需断开工作电源。但是如果存在极度过热状态例如有关PTC加热元件的两导体之一出现断路或开路时,则分隔装置还需要断开工作电源这种安全装置一般在发展至危险状态前通过烧断熔丝而中断电路
本发明提供一种改进的装置在过热状态下中断电气设备的工作电源。
本发明以一种安全电路实现,它具有热性能接近至少电气设备的电路元件之一的导电元件,该电气设备由工作电源供电。构成导电元件使之响应于高温快速断开。
安全电路包括与导电元件和工作电源相连的开关电路,且其响应于导电元件的断开而中断电气设备的工作电源。
参照下述说明,权利要求和附图,本领域的技术人员将进一步理解本发明的上述及其它特点,优点和目的。
图1是实现本发明的电热毯示意图;
图2是本发明正温度系数加热元件的放大截面图;
图3是本发明安全电路的示意性电路图。
本发明的安全装置可在包括电热毯,电热垫,电马达和建筑物线路,但不局限于此的各种电路电气设备和电力线中实施。下面为了说明,描述本发明应用于电热毯的情形。
参见图1,该图所示为可使用本发明安全装置的电热毯10。毯10包括细长加热元件12,它来回循环通过电热毯套14中形成的通道,以公知的方式在毯面上均匀供热。虽然只显示了一个通常约100英尺长的加热元件,但一个毯中可含有两个或两个以上的加热元件。控制器16连接加热元件12,它包括on/off开关18,启动按钮20,以及使毯10的使用者可调节加热元件12产生的热量的调热控制22。控制器16通过插头24将毯10连至适当的电力工作电源。
图2是电热毯10中所用的本发明加热元件12的截面图。加热元件12使用正温度系数(PTC)材料26,该材料在一对彼此隔开的导体28和30之间挤压并围绕其,且该材料呈狗骨(dogbone)形。适当的电绝缘涂层32压在PTC材料26上。虽然PTC加热元件的特定结构可广泛变化。但这种加热元件的优选实施例在Kelly的美国专利No.4,277,673,1981年7月7日出版,名称“电导体自调节制品”,和Crowley的美国专利No.4,309,596,1982年1月5日出版,名称“灵活的自限制加热电缆”中详细公开,这里以此两专利作参考。通常,加热元件中的PTC材料具有限高的表面电阻,并由聚乙烯,硅橡胶或具有混合碳黑颗粒的类似物构成,从而给出特定的温度/电阻特性。在优选实施例中,每个导体28和30都具有导体线螺旋缠绕其上的绝缘芯,每一芯涂覆导电碳扩散,如Crowley的美国专利No.4,309,596所述。加在每一芯上的涂层抵消PTC材料26的高表面电阻结果在PTC材料26与每一导体28和30之间为低电阻电结合。在运行中,电流在导体28与30之间流动并通过其间的材料26。PTC材料26在加热元件12的整个长度上提供电阻性加热区,并且,虽然图3所示为不连续并列电阻但PTC材料在导体28和30之间形成一个连续的电阻加热器。
选择PTC材料26的成分和其挤压的物理尺寸,使电阻与每英尺长度的散热在任何给定的温度下合理稳定。在低温下,每英尺散热将大于正常室温下的。而在过热或高温状态时,散热将低于正常情况。PTC材料26自限制,对每一不同环境和绝缘系统产生给定的散热或线温度。以此方式,就散热而言,在部分毯10捆扎或被反常约束(例如,由放在毯顶上的某些东西引起的)时,加热元件12对新环境起反应并降低其在该区域的散热,试图维持合理的稳定温度。
本发明的加热元件12中含有导电元件34(图2),它与导体28和30平行通过加热元件的长度。在优选实施例中,元件34为丝或纤维并位于PTC材料26与绝缘层32之间的间隙中(图2中稍夸大)。如此定位纤维34热接近导体28和30。但是,不象导体28和30,导电纤维34未涂覆导电碳消散。所以,PTC材料26的高表面电阻使导电纤维34实质上电绝缘,从而在纤维34和导体28与30之间流过的泄漏电流几乎没有。在优选实施例中,导体28与30分离,距离约0.040英寸,而导电纤维34与每一导体分离,距离约0.031英寸。纤维34的成分如下,该成分使它在遇到与极端过热状态相关的高温,而通过PTC材料26的自限制特性不能补偿时,将断开。有许多种材料和成分可用于导电元件34。可使用任何金属,合金,或导电材料,及其混合物,包括但不局限于:
不锈钢
锆/铜
铜和铜合金
镍和镍合金
铂
铅与铅合金
银
镍/铬
金
镍/铬/铁
铝
黄铜
锌合金
铍/铜
青铜
铁
铁/铬/铝
镉合金
锡与锡合金
碳
磷/青铜
同样,任何金属或导电涂覆纤维或线可用于导电纤维34,包括但不局限于:
涂覆银的线
涂覆镍的线
涂覆石墨的线
涂覆铜的线
涂覆铜/银的线
涂覆银/镍的线
涂覆石墨/氧化铁的线
涂覆碳的线
而且,任何具有金属混合物或导电纤维的线可用于导电纤维34,包括但不局限于:
填充银的塑料线
填充镍的塑料线
填充碳的塑料线
填充石墨的塑料线
填充铜/银的塑料线
填充银/镍的塑料线
填充铝的塑料线
填充铜的塑料线
填充金的塑料线
多种类型的光纤也可用于导电纤维34。
测试上述几种材料与成分,以确定哪种构成导电纤维34的优选实施例。测试不锈钢纤维,缠绕聚脂线的不锈钢纤维,涂覆银的聚酯线,涂覆银的聚乙烯线,以及涂覆银的聚丙烯线。虽然所有被测试材料与成分都性能良好,但确定缠绕聚酯线的不锈钢纤维是最佳材料。实际测试的这种特定类型最佳材料由缠绕两股150登尼尔(等于约0.006英寸直径)聚酯线的四股35微米不锈钢纤维构成它可从Bekaert Fibre Technology得到,作为VN 35/4聚酯不锈钢线。这种优选材料中所含聚酯通常熔点为256℃,而不锈钢熔点通常为约1500℃。
在为导电纤维34而测试的其它材料中,确定第二最佳材料是不锈钢纤维(无聚酯线)。实际测试的这种特定类型第二优选材料由90股14微米不锈钢纤维(通常熔点为约1500℃)构成它可从Bekaert Fibre Technology得到,作为Bekinox #VN 14/1X90/90Z。
为导电纤维34优选上述两种最佳成分是因为其强度足以承受电热毯的正常弯曲,整理和洗涤,并足够灵活,不会使电热毯过于僵硬。而且,因为下面更仔细讨论的原因,不锈钢的绞合足够少,热量使导电纤维34在毯织品燃烧前断开。最佳实施例中的聚酯有益于增加不锈钢纤维股的强度,以利于制造处理。
参见图3,该图是本发明安全电路37的示意性电路图,其大部分装在控制器16内(图1)。插头24将安全电路连至适当的电力工作电源,该电源通常为交流线电压。熔丝38与电源线40串连,并用于在流经的电流超过预定值时中断电路在优选实施例中,熔丝38为额定5安培,这说明如果电流为至少4.5安培(其额定值的90%),则熔丝将断开电路。熔丝38的额定值足够高,从而在首次向毯10供电时,瞬时经历通常约4安培的正常高合闸电流,而熔丝38不烧断。这种高合闸电流是PTC材料引起的,冷却时,该材料具有极低的电阻,该电阻随加热元件12的供电而快速升高。但是,如果加热元件12中出现短路熔丝38将快速烧断并断开电路如下所述。
与熔丝38串联的是on/off开关18,它由毯10的使用者控制(图1)。开关18在“on”位置时闭合以连接其余安全电路与电力工作电源。安全电路包括由继电器线圈42和正常断开继电器开关44构成的继电器。在优选实施例中,继电器具有115伏交流电压线圈和单极开关,并由Comell DubilierCorporation(公司)制造。与继电器线圈42相连的启动按钮20,在使用者瞬间按一下使on/off开关18闭合(″on″)时,使得形成完整的回路由此继电器线圈42被激励并具有流经的足够电流使继电器开关44闭合释放启动按钮20后,虽然经过继电器线圈42的感应电流小于按下启动按钮20时,但导电纤维34形成的完整回路(下面说明)随后将使继电器线圈42被充分激励以便保持继电器开关44闭合在优选实施例中,启动按钮20是由Grayhill公司制造的单极单掷正常断开瞬时开关。
安全电路包括气体管46,它在继电器开关44和on/off开关18闭合时激励。如此激励时气体管46发光。并用作显示器灯光表示电热毯在使用中。与气体管46串连的是限流电阻R1。在优选实施例中,气体管46是氖灯,电阻R1是62千欧电阻,而管46和电阻R1的组合为额定120伏。
安全电路中还包括双金属热动开关48,其物理和热性能接近电阻R2。连接电阻R2,使其每当加热元件12产生热时就激励并产生热,且电阻R2在优选实施例中为62千欧碳电阻器。在本领域普通技术人员公知的方式中,热动开关48象与其温度相关的开关一样工作,该温度由电阻R2发出的热决定。具体地当其温度在某一临界值以下时热动开关48“闭合”,而当超过临界温度时“断开”。通过控制器16的调热控制22(图1)控制临界温度,以及相应的热动开关48的灵敏度。超过临界温度且热动开关48断开时,电阻R2和加热元件12均不激励,使其停止发热并开始冷却。当电阻R2冷却到热动开关48的温度降到低于临界温度的点时,热动开关48闭合使电阻R2和加热元件12再次激励。这种周期性能使毯10的使用者利用调热控制22可有效控制加热元件12产生的热量。
图3还显示了加热元件12。当on/off开关18,继电器开关44和双金属热动开关48闭合时,加热元件12被激励并通过在导体28与30之间流过并流经电阻性PTC材料26的电流而产生热量。由于下述原因,导体28的两端50和52连接在一起,而导体30的两端54和56连接在一起。如上所述,加热元件12包括导电元件或纤维34,如图3所示,它与工作电源相连并从点58延伸至点60且通过加热元件12的长度。与PTC材料26和导体28与30绝缘的导电纤维34连接继电器线圈42并在on/off开关18闭合时形成传导电流的完整环流路径。如上所述,该电流激励继电器线圈42,从而保持继电器开关44闭合
通常以与非电热毯非常相似的方式使用如上所述的电热毯。具体地在使用期间,使用之间或洗涤时,通常反复弯曲并折叠电热毯。从这些对电热毯的要求出发,这种电热毯中所含的加热元件必须由适当的尺寸和材料制成,使其能反复弯曲而不断裂或出现其它问题。尽管仔细设计并制造这种加热元件,但是如果毯连接工作电源时产生严重过热状态,可能损坏加热元件。这种严重过热状态可燃烧加热元件并带来危险。对加热元件的这种损坏例子包括在加热元件所含的一个或多个导体中出现断裂或故障,或在导体之间产生短路。严重过热状态通常是由能达到几千摄氏度的电弧引起。
本发明的上述安全电路防止或消除这类问题。在导体28或30中出现单一断裂的情况下,由于每一导体的两端连接在一起并接至工作电源,断点两端产生的压降即使有,也相当小。该压降的精确幅值取决于相对导体端的断裂位置。在导体28或30的中间断裂时断点上无压降,而导体一端处的断裂产生最大压降,其等于导体长度上的总压降。导体上的压降取决于导体的内部电阻,它保持足够低,使得即使在最大压降的情况下,断裂处也不会产生电弧。以上述方式,Crowley的美国专利No.2,168,580,名称“电热毯或垫”中有更详细的说明,在此作参考,安全电路防止在导体28和30的一个或两个中的单一断裂产生过热状态。
但是,在导体28或30中出现两个断点时,一个或两个断点上的压降通常很高,从而产生电弧。如上所述,这种电弧可产生过多热量,如果工作电源不中断这种过热会引起危险,燃烧PTC材料26,绝缘层32,最后燃烧毯10的纤维
本发明安全电路的导电纤维34在导体28或30中出现两个断点时防止危险情况发展。如上所述,纤维34物理和热性能接近导体28与30,且由遇到高温时使其断开的材料形成。这样,在加热元件12产生期望热量的毯10正常工作期间,导电材料34不断开,但如果发展到如电弧引起的极端过热状态则导电材料34将快速断开。导电材料34中的断开将打开正常导引电流通过继电器线圈42的电流路径于是断开使继电器线圈42去激励,继电器开关44断开并中断加热元件12的工作电源。如上所述,选择用于导电纤维34的材料使纤维34在发展到危险状态之前断开,并中断工作电源。
在导体28和30之间发生短路时,通过安全电路的电流将增加。如果短路严重,而工作电源不中断,通过导体28和30的已增大电流可引起加热元件12过热,甚至出现电弧,发展到危险情况。如果流过安全电路的熔丝38的电流超过预定值,它通过断开电路,从而中断工作电源防止这种过热状态,在优选实施例中,该预定值为约5.0安培。但是,在熔丝38碰巧失灵的可能性很小情况下,导电纤维34将防止危险状态发展。以上述方式,如果由于短路加热元件12的温度达到危险的高值时,纤维34将断开,从而中断工作电源。
从上述描述可见,导电纤维34和本发明的安全电路在几乎任何条件下都能容易地实现防止过热状态。而且,在各种电路,电气设备,和电线中,不管电源是交流或直流,都能实现这种安全电路的优点。
上述只是优选实施例。本领域的技术人员和利用本发明的人将修改本发明。所以,应明白附图所示及以上描述的实施例是为了说明而不是限制本发明的保护范围,本发明的保护范围由按专利法原理阐明的下述权利要求确定。
Claims (12)
1.一种电气安全电路,用于具有由工作电源激励的电路元件的电气设备,该安全电路包括:
导电元件,其热性能接近至少一个由工作电源激励的电路元件,构成所述导电元件以响应于高温而断开;以及
连接所述导电元件和工作电源的开关电路,所述开关电路响应于所述导电元件的断开而中断电气设备的工作电源。
2.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于所述导电元件包括缠绕聚酯线的不锈钢纤维。
3.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于所述导电元件包括不锈钢纤维。
4.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于所述开关电路包括继电器。
5.如权利要求1的安全电路,还包括连接工作电源的熔丝,超过预定电流值时所述熔丝中断电气设备的工作电源。
6.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于电气设备是电热毯。
7.如权利要求6的安全电路,其中至少一个电路元件是具有两个彼此分开导体的正温度系数加热元件,且其中所述导电元件包含在加热元件内并与导体并联运行。
8.如权利要求7的安全电路,其特征在于两个彼此分开的导体的每一个具有连在一起的两端。
9.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于所述导电元件在电气设备中着火前断开。
10.如权利要求1的安全电路,其特征在于如果电气设备中出现开路或短路时,所述导电元件断开。
11.一种电气安全电路,用于具有由工作电源激励的电路元件的电气设备,该安全电路包括:
导引电流的装置,所述导电装置的热性能接近至少一个由工作电源激励的电路元件,构成所述导电装置以响应于至少一个电路元件的反常高温而断开;以及
连接所述导电装置和工作电源的开关装置,所述开关装置响应于所述导电装置的断开而关断电气设备的工作电源。
12.一种保护电气设备的方法,该电气设备由工作电源激励且其中存在过热状态,该方法包括:
断开热性能接近过热状态的导电元件;以及
响应于所述导电元件的断开而关断电气设备的电源。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/652,898 | 1996-05-23 | ||
US08/652,898 US5801914A (en) | 1996-05-23 | 1996-05-23 | Electrical safety circuit with a breakable conductive element |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1170261A true CN1170261A (zh) | 1998-01-14 |
CN1061790C CN1061790C (zh) | 2001-02-07 |
Family
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CN97114836A Expired - Fee Related CN1061790C (zh) | 1996-05-23 | 1997-05-23 | 电气设备安全电路 |
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US (1) | US5801914A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0809417A3 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3023332B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR970078742A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1061790C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR003660A1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2357597A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2205819A1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX9703836A (zh) |
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- 1997-05-23 JP JP9169374A patent/JP3023332B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-23 AR ARP970102193A patent/AR003660A1/es unknown
- 1997-05-23 MX MX9703836A patent/MX9703836A/es unknown
- 1997-05-23 CN CN97114836A patent/CN1061790C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN101494371B (zh) * | 2008-01-25 | 2015-02-04 | Abb公司 | 负载控制设备 |
CN107898273A (zh) * | 2017-12-18 | 2018-04-13 | 无锡优耐特能源科技有限公司 | 一种安全防护脚垫及安全继电器装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0809417A2 (en) | 1997-11-26 |
JP3023332B2 (ja) | 2000-03-21 |
CN1061790C (zh) | 2001-02-07 |
AU2357597A (en) | 1997-11-27 |
JPH10144192A (ja) | 1998-05-29 |
CA2205819A1 (en) | 1997-11-23 |
KR970078742A (ko) | 1997-12-12 |
MX9703836A (es) | 1998-04-30 |
AR003660A1 (es) | 1998-09-09 |
EP0809417A3 (en) | 1998-02-04 |
US5801914A (en) | 1998-09-01 |
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