CN117018283A - 以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法,属于生物医用材料技术领域,该人工硬脑膜包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向脑组织一侧设有内纳米纤维支架层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向颅骨一侧设有外纳米纤维支架层;内纳米纤维支架层为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,外纳米纤维支架层为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,且低孔隙纳米纤维支架层的孔径小于高孔隙纤维支架层的孔径;上述人工硬脑膜的总厚度为250μm‑500μm。本发明的人工硬脑膜将可吸收可降解材料和不可吸收不可降解材料结合,结构更稳定牢固且不易分层,力学性能更好,使用安全性更高,适合大范围大尺寸的硬脑膜修复。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物医用材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
硬脑膜是脑组织表面一种厚而坚韧的双层纤维膜组织,紧贴颅骨内侧,具有保护脑和脊髓、防止脑脊液与外界交通的作用。外伤、开放性颅脑损伤及颅脑手术、肿瘤的侵蚀、炎症的破坏及先天性疾病等可能导致硬脑膜缺损。在神经外科开颅手术中,为直达病灶,患者颅骨下硬脑膜往往被切除破坏。当颅内压升高时,缺少硬脑膜或硬脑膜闭合不全,会造成持续性的脑脊液渗漏。脑脊液渗漏会延长创面愈合时间,导致脑膜炎、硬膜外感染和颅腔内积气等,这些并发症通常会延长住院时间、需要二次手术和增加患者医疗费用。而脑膜缺损必须加以修补以防脑脊液漏、脑膨出,且需避免发生皮下积液、皮层粘连及颅内感染等并发症。硬脑膜损伤修复能为神经组织提供容纳和保护作用,在神经外科临床治疗中是重要课题。常规的硬脑膜的修补方式,是使用人工硬脑膜,通过“贴合”或“缝合”的形式对破损处进行直接修补。根据《脑脊液漏规范化管理中国专家共识》中指出,当硬膜缺损较小且缝合受限时,建议使用自体组织或人工材料进行硬膜缺损的封堵,以增加硬膜强度。实际上,当硬脑膜损伤切口小,可通过缝线缝合或采用粘合剂进行胶粘。当硬脑膜损伤面积大,原有脑膜无法有效覆盖时,需采用人工硬脑膜(Artificial Dura Mater)进行替代修补。
理想的人工硬脑膜修补材料需具备以下特点:①材料来源充足,制备工艺简便;②化学性质稳定,具有一定的弹性和稳定性,无急性炎症反应,不发生脑膜-脑粘连;③组织相容性好,无毒副作用,不产生免疫反应;④安全性好,无致癌性物质,不传播病毒性疾病;⑤韧性好;⑥致密性好,无渗漏性。目前,人工硬脑膜材料主要为自体或生物来源的材料(包括胶原、心包膜等),以及各种合成材料(包括金属材料、硅橡胶、聚酯、聚乙烯等)。
然而,通过观察远期效果发现,目前常用的硬脑膜修补材料都存在不同程度的缺陷,容易引起术后并发症。具体而言,自体筋膜虽符合上述所有要求,但是自体筋膜取材来源有限,易导致原有组织结构的破坏,且容易发生粘连、引起术后癫痫。以胶原蛋白(如材料来源于猪、牛等动物的皮肤、肌腱及心包组织等)为主的胶原膜,存在动物源性分险,力学强度不足,易褶皱,术中缝合操作不便,且其在免疫原性、疾病传播等方面具有潜在风险,且修补后降解较快,容易被吸收和发生形变,难以起到长久的隔离皮层和皮下组织的作用,不利于维持内部三维结构。
人工合成的高分子材料中,以医用高分子可吸收生物材料(如聚乳酸、聚己内酯等)为主要成分的人工膜,植入体内后不需取出,减少了患者的痛苦和手术难度,但存在力学强度不足,降解特性难以做到精准控制,存在吸收降解周期与自体脑膜生长覆盖速度不一致的问题,具有脑脊液漏的风险。在不可吸收材料中,考虑到人工硬脑膜的性能、稳定性及安全性,目前也只有少数材料如聚四氟乙烯、硅橡胶、钛网等能满足上述要求,然而,其因具有惰性而不可降解,存在二次取出的风险,也仍存在背向脑膜面细胞、纤维难以附着而容易发生积液、术后感染等问题。因此,提供和开发新的人工硬脑膜材料及其制备方法仍然是本领域的重要课题。
发明内容
本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法,将可吸收可降解材料和不可吸收不可降解材料结合,结构更稳定牢固且不易分层,力学性能更好,可降低脑膜修补术后感染发生几率及皮下积液率,使用安全性更高,适合大范围大尺寸的硬脑膜修复。
为实现上述目的,第一方面,本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向脑组织一侧设置有内纳米纤维支架层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向颅骨一侧设置有外纳米纤维支架层;内纳米纤维支架层为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,外纳米纤维支架层为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,且低孔隙纳米纤维支架层的孔径小于高孔隙纤维支架层的孔径;人工硬脑膜的总厚度为250μm-500μm。
上述多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜具有内层和外层可吸收、中间层不可降解吸收的特点,以高安全特性、高力学强度的聚芳醚酮不可吸收材料为基底,在基底的两侧辅以可吸收的高分子支架材料,将可吸收可降解材料和不可吸收不可降解材料结合,使得该人工硬脑膜的力学性能更佳,在具有与人体原生硬脑膜相似的厚度、弹性、抗张能力及防渗漏性能的前提下,能防止脑脊液渗漏和皮层粘连,同时具有无毒、无免疫原性、生物相容性好、长期性能稳定、可降低脑膜修补术后感染发生几率、安全性更高的特点,尤其适合大范围大尺寸的硬脑膜修复。
该人工硬脑膜植入体内后,外纳米纤维支架层的孔隙较大,也能较快速地降解,有利于成纤维细胞附着并分泌胶原纤维、弹力纤维,避免膜外死腔形成,降低皮下积液、感染概率,起到细胞爬附和生长的作用;内纳米纤维支架层的孔隙较小,起防粘连作用。且该材料不含有任何生物来源的成分、没有外源细胞和蛋白,避免发生免疫排斥及疾病传播风险。
进一步设置为,聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的层厚为9-50μm;内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为300nm-10μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为10-200μm;外纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为300nm-20μm,孔径为10-50μm,层厚为50-200μm。内纳米纤维支架层的低孔隙纳米纤维支架层靠近脑组织一侧,具有与天然硬脑膜相似的微观结构,能够有效防止脑脊液的溢出,而且其孔径较小,小于单个细胞的尺寸(15μm),不仅具有极强的力学性能,且能成为一道防粘连的抑菌屏障。外纳米纤维支架层的高孔隙纳米纤维支架层靠近颅骨一侧,能够允许硬脑膜成纤维细胞通过,不仅为细胞的爬行和增殖提供了附着点,还可有效防止炎症反应。内层和外层均为多孔结构,中间层是更致密的不可降解材料,三层材料相互匹配,其可降解部分的降解产物安全,其降解速度与硬脑膜生成速度更匹配。
进一步设置为,聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为无孔结构或多孔结构;多孔结构的聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的孔径为1-2mm,孔距为10-12mm。聚芳醚酮基底纤维层作为不可降解的材料,可以是无孔结构,也可以是多孔结构,并不影响人工硬脑膜的力学性能及使用效果。聚芳醚酮基底纤维层具有生物惰性,化学性质极其稳定,可耐高热,可抗严寒,具有高强度和高韧性、优异的抗撕裂强度、抗穿刺性、低毒性、耐化学腐蚀性,且具有长期的使用安全性,无需担心吸收后,自体纤维细胞无法完全覆盖硬脑膜缺损区,形成脑脊液渗漏的风险。
进一步设置为,聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的材料为聚醚醚酮、聚醚酮、聚醚酮酮或聚醚醚酮酮。聚芳醚酮是亚苯基环通过醚键和酮基连接而成的一类结晶型聚合物,得益于聚芳醚酮的特殊分子结构,其具有优异的特性,包括:优异的绝热性能、适中的力学性能、稳定的化学性能、出色的生物相容性,人体出现排异反应的可能性较低。且聚芳醚酮的弹性模量为3GPa-4GPa(人体的皮质骨的弹性模量为7-25GPa),应力遮挡风险较低,聚芳醚酮的拉伸强度为大于120MPa(人体的皮质骨的拉伸强度为50-150MPa),适于被用于制备永久性修复植入体。优选的聚醚醚酮的生物兼容性好、低比重、抗裂开且易于加工,其弹性模量为8.7GPa,更接近人类皮质骨,减少了因高弹性模量、金属植入物的应力屏蔽效应引起的骨吸收的担忧。
进一步设置为,内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚己内酯、聚羟基乙酸、聚乳酸或羟基乙酸-乳酸共聚物。上述的材料均能降解且可吸收,也能起到支架的作用。其中,优选的聚己内酯具有良好的生物相容性并且降解产物无毒,是FDA认证的用于临床的生物材料,其降解速度较聚羟基乙酸、聚乳酸更慢,降解产物也不会引发明显的炎症发应,能够促进硬脑膜的修复,还能有效防止感染。
进一步设置为,人工硬脑膜还包括设置在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的外侧的抗感染涂层,抗感染涂层的层厚为300-1000nm;抗感染涂层的抗感染材料为水凝胶-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚己内酯-抗生素抑菌缓释体中的至少一种。
进一步设置为,上述抗感染涂层可依据具体情况选择不同类型的抗生素,可选自头孢类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、头霉素类等。优选地,抗生素为亚胺培南-西司他丁钠或盐酸万古霉素或庆大霉素。目前脑膜修补术后颅内感染多为革兰氏阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌等,亚胺培南-西司他丁钠或盐酸万古霉素或庆大霉素因其有效性多为临床使用。
对颅脑手术感染的控制往往通过预防性静脉使用抗生素,但目前的感染率仍高达4%左右,且由于存在血脑屏障,许多药物无法对颅内细菌起到杀灭作用,感染发生后通过静脉给药所能选择的药物较为受限。因此,利用抗感染材料在人工硬脑膜上形成抗感染涂层,通过调节抗生素含量来实现按需释放,抗感染涂层的生物相容性好,抗感染涂层在初期快速释放涂层表面的抗生素,在水凝胶/聚乳酸/聚己内酯等材料分解过程中也能缓慢释放抗生素,实现抗生素在局部的缓释行为,显著延长药物的作用时间。抗感染涂层利用了突释和缓释的抗生素在人工硬脑膜的周围形成持久的抗生素微环境,能长时间有效防止感染和炎症反应,降低脑膜修补术后感染的发生几率。
进一步设置为,内纳米纤维支架层一侧的抗感染涂层的外侧还设置有抗粘附涂层,上述抗粘附涂层的材料为水凝胶和/或医用抗粘附单体。上述抗粘附单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酰氧基磷酸胆碱、丙烯酰胺基磷酸胆碱、甲基丙烯酰胺基磷酸胆碱、丙烯酰胺基羧酸甜菜碱、丙烯酸单聚乙二醇酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和苯乙烯磺酸中的至少一种。
抗粘附涂层的作用是为了提高人工硬脑膜的防粘连作用,本发明对上述水凝胶和抗粘附单体的来源没有特殊限制,采用本领域技术人员熟知的市售商品即可。
进一步设置为,外纳米纤维支架层一侧的抗感染涂层的外侧还设置有促生长涂层,上述促生长涂层的材料为细胞粘附分子(如整合素、选择素、钙黏蛋白、免疫球蛋白超家族成员和其他粘蛋白等)和/或多种表皮生长因子(如胰岛素样生长因子、神经生长因子、脑源性神经营养因子或睫状神经营养因子等)。优选地,抗粘附涂层和促生长涂层通过涂覆或喷洒制得。
进一步设置为,上述具有抗粘附涂层和促生长涂层的人工硬脑膜可在制备促进神经修复、创伤愈合和防止粘连材料中应用。为了提高人工硬脑膜的细胞粘附性能,在最外层增加了促进细胞粘附和生长的活性物质。具有抗粘附涂层和促生长涂层的人工硬脑膜除了具有多功能性和优良的生物相容性、密闭性以外,还能利用抗感染涂层、抗粘附涂层和促生长涂层在促进神经修复、伤口愈合、防止颅内感染、粘连和瘢痕增生等方面发挥作用。
进一步设置为,聚芳醚酮基底纤维层在人工硬脑膜中的层数为1-3层,且单层或多层聚芳醚酮基底纤维层镶嵌排列在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层之间;每层聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的两侧均为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,或均为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,或分别为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层。本发明的人工硬脑膜中,单层或多层的聚芳醚酮基底纤维层均能有效的阻止成纤维细胞等向组织缺损处的长入,具有优异的机械性能和生物相容性,同时利用高孔隙纳米纤维支架层和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层与组织修复进程一致的降解性能,促进组织的再生修复,整个人工硬脑膜不必二次手术取出。
第二方面,本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,该人工硬脑膜为前述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术提供低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,提供高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;且内纳米纤维支架层的孔径小于外纳米纤维支架层的孔径;
(2)将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度后,放置于内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的中间,形成聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;
(3)对步骤(2)中按结构位置放置好的内纳米纤维支架层、聚芳醚酮基底纤维层和外纳米纤维支架层进行层压贴合处理,从而使内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层贴合于聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的相对两侧,得到的多层级纳米纤维复合体即为人工硬脑膜。
本发明的人工硬脑膜以不可吸收材料聚芳醚酮为基底,通过设置可吸收纳米纤维支架,将可吸收可降解材料和不可吸收不可降解材料结合,其使用过程的安全性更高,力学性能更好,同时提供了细胞爬附和生长的支架环境,能诱导组织(脑膜)原位再生,且可吸收可降解材料的降解速度也与硬脑膜生成速度更匹配,适合大范围大尺寸的硬脑膜修复,避免了现有技术中,单一使用可吸收材料时的降解速度不可控,自体细胞生长速度可能跟不上聚己内酯的降解速度,依然存在脑膜外溢等风险的问题。
进一步设置为,聚芳醚酮薄膜的玻璃化转变温度为125-165℃。上述聚芳醚酮薄膜为标准化规格,或根据个性化定制尺寸进行模切和压印制得。个性化定制尺寸的人工硬脑膜吻合精度更高,能精准匹配患者的颅骨缺损,提高了假体制作的精度和效率,也有利于提高手术效率及术后恢复效率。
进一步设置为,层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度40-45℃、压力1.0-1.1MPa、时间为30-45s、层压后厚度控制为250-500μm。利用层压粘合技术制备的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,能避免使用其他粘合材料作为粘合层,保证了材料的单一性、生物安全性和稳定性,同时层压粘合形成的中间过渡带的孔径显著缩小,层间结合良好,能有效防止外层(颅骨一侧)纤维通过膜孔进入内层(脑组织一侧)。
进一步设置为,制备方法还包括:将层压贴合处理制得的多层级纳米纤维复合体进行冷却、修剪后,浸渍于抗感染材料中,静置5-10min后捞出沥干,反复浸渍3-5次后,在无菌环境中干燥10-15min,在多层级纳米纤维复合体外形成厚度为300-1000nm的抗感染涂层,即得人工硬脑膜。
优选地,抗感染材料为水凝胶-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚己内酯-抗生素抑菌缓释体中的至少一种。通过在最外侧和最内侧增加抗感染涂层缓释抗生素药物,能降低术后感染发生率,同时采用经临床长期验证的抗生素及缓释材料,加工可靠。
进一步设置为,在制备过程中,当聚芳醚酮基底纤维层在人工硬脑膜中的层数为多层时,将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度后,以聚芳醚酮薄膜-低孔隙纳米纤维支架层或高孔隙纳米纤维支架层-聚芳醚酮薄膜的形式交替放置在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层之间,最后通过层压贴合处理,制得人工硬脑膜。
进一步设置为,制备方法还包括后处理步骤;后处理包括灭菌操作和真空包装;灭菌操作采用γ射线辐照灭菌或环氧乙烷灭菌。优选地,灭菌方式采用γ射线辐照灭菌。
第三方面,本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的使用方法,包括:对硬脑膜损伤进行修复时,采用不缝合和缝合两种方式。本发明的人工硬脑膜具备较高的弹性、韧性和拉伸强度等特征,能适应组织的撕裂、缝合强度,且能够同时满足上述两种修复手术方式的需求,其生理特征更适于硬脑膜损伤患者修补硬脑膜使用(如开放性颅脑损伤或肿瘤侵蚀造成的脑损伤或先天性疾病造成的硬脑膜缺损等)。
进一步设置为,当选择不缝合时,将尺寸稍大的人工硬脑膜完全覆盖缺损窗,将其边缘放置于硬脑膜下,在两者的交界缘涂一层粘合剂(如氰基丙烯酸正丁酯等)。当选择缝合时,将符合尺寸的人工硬脑膜缝合到缺损部位,而为了避免脑积液从切口缝线处漏出,用封闭剂将人工硬脑膜边缘封闭。
进一步设置为,多层级纳米纤维复合体形成的人工硬脑膜和带有抗感染涂层的人工硬脑膜在临床植入时,可由医生自主选择在靠近脑组织一侧涂覆或喷洒水凝胶和/或医用抗粘附单体,以形成抗粘附涂层,在靠近颅骨一侧涂覆或喷洒细胞粘附分子和/或多种表皮生长因子,以形成促生长涂层。上述人工硬脑膜的外侧还可以喷洒抗炎药物、镇痛药物等医药材料。本发明的人工硬脑膜可根据术中病灶处的感染程度调整抗感染材料及其他临床用药物的含量,以实现个性化治疗。
第四方面,本发明提供一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜在制备组织修复用制品中的应用,上述组织修复用制品包括人工牙膜、骨修复膜、盆底修复补片、硬脑膜补片、脊膜补片。该人工硬脑膜制得的硬脑膜补片为标准化尺寸或个性化定制尺寸。
本发明的人工硬脑膜模拟人体组织去细胞的纤维结构,采用静电纺丝或3D打印技术制作而成,非常接近于人体组织,具有与脑膜相似的抗张性、柔韧性及弹性,致密性好,无渗漏,操作简单,易于缝合,具有良好的安全性,无细胞毒性和排斥反应,具有极大应用价值,可用于治疗脑损伤或硬脑膜缺损,也可用于制备骨科材料(如肋骨、胫骨、肩胛骨、胸骨和髂骨的骨重建材料)、牙科材料或口腔材料。
第五方面,本发明提供一种用于硬脑膜损伤修复的试剂盒,包含上述以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜。
进一步设置为,上述试剂盒还包括手术刀、手术剪、止血钳、镊子、缝合针、含注射用水的安瓿瓶、注射器。上述试剂盒的设置方便了硬脑膜损伤修复手术的进行,且使用方便、快速,省去一定的手术前准备时间,实用性强,方便推广。
本发明提供的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜及其制备方法,与现有技术相比,实现了如下有益效果:
(1)本发明以高性能的聚芳醚酮薄膜为中层基底,保证了硬脑膜的力学强度,以可吸收可降解的低孔隙纤维支架为可防止软组织粘连的内层(贴近脑组织),以高孔隙纤维支架为可促进细胞爬附和生长的外层(贴近颅骨),提供了原位细胞爬附和生长的环境,基底层材料不可降解且可长期永久使用,内外层材料则根据孔隙程度进行可控降解,能被安全吸收,在降解周期内原位(脑膜)细胞完成爬附和生长,与聚芳醚酮基底层结合为一体,使用安全可靠,能避免可吸收材料被降解造成脑脊液渗漏的风险。
(2)本发明的人工硬脑膜兼具良好的力学性能、降解性能和生物相容性,可吸收材料的降解速度与硬脑膜生成速度相匹配,基底纤维层也确保了不会造成脑脊液渗漏的情况发生,很好地降低了积血、积液发生率,能使得颅骨外观得到恢复且保持原有美观度,解决了单一的可吸收材料的机械性能差易塌陷、体内降解过快的技术缺陷。
(3)该人工硬脑膜的生产是连续的过程,使用中不易分裂断层和塌陷皱缩,通过层压技术使得人工硬脑膜的结构更稳定更牢固,不易分层,在内/外纳米纤维支架层发生降解后,人工硬脑膜仍能依靠基底纤维层保持较高的力学性能,抗打击能力强,修复后颅骨应力完整。
(4)本发明的人工硬脑膜通过结构设计的优化来改善其与周围的组织之间的生物连接模式,以优化颅骨缺损修复效果,拉伸性能优异,还通过在最外层和最内层增加抗感染缓释涂层及抗粘附涂层、促生长涂层,制得具有药物突释和缓释作用的人工硬脑膜材料,赋予其一定的抑菌活性,能降低术后感染发生率,临床应用广泛,可开发为多种组织修复用制品。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明一实施方式提供的人工硬脑膜的结构示意图;
图2为本发明另一实施方式提供的人工硬脑膜的结构示意图;
图3为本发明又一实施方式提供的人工硬脑膜的结构示意图;
图4为实施例1和实施例4制得的人工硬脑膜的细胞毒性结果;
图5为不同方法所制人工硬脑膜在降解前后的拉伸强度变化曲线图。
附图标记说明:。
1-聚芳醚酮基底纤维层,2-低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,3-高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,4-抗感染涂层,5-促生长涂层,6-抗粘附涂层。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例,也属于本发明保护的范围。
下述实施例中使用本领域常规的仪器设备。下述实施例中所用的试验材料和试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径获得,其规格为本领域常规规格。下述实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者,均可以按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。
需要说明的是,在本发明以及下述实施例中,未做特殊说明的浓度、比例等均为重量浓度、重量比等,“%”都表示重量百分比,“份”都表示重量份,属于本领域技术人员常用的书写习惯,故在本发明中不再赘述。
如图1所示,本发明提供的一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向脑组织一侧设置有内纳米纤维支架层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向颅骨一侧设置有外纳米纤维支架层;内纳米纤维支架层为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层2,外纳米纤维支架层为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层3,且低孔隙纳米纤维支架层2的孔径小于高孔隙纤维支架层的孔径3;人工硬脑膜的总厚度为250μm-500μm。
该人工硬脑膜植入体内后,外纳米纤维支架层的孔隙较大,也能较快速地降解,有利于成纤维细胞附着并分泌胶原纤维、弹力纤维,避免膜外死腔形成,降低皮下积液、感染概率,起到细胞爬附和生长的作用;内纳米纤维支架层的孔隙较小,起防粘连作用。
如图2所示,本发明提供的一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向脑组织一侧设置有内纳米纤维支架层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向颅骨一侧设置有外纳米纤维支架层;在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的外侧还设置有抗感染涂层4,内纳米纤维支架层一侧的抗感染涂层4的外侧还设置有抗粘附涂层6,外纳米纤维支架层一侧的抗感染涂层4的外侧还设置有促生长涂层5。
如图3所示,本发明提供的一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向脑组织一侧设置有内纳米纤维支架层;在聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1上、朝向颅骨一侧设置有外纳米纤维支架层;内纳米纤维支架层为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层2,外纳米纤维支架层为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层3;在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的外侧还设置有抗感染涂层4;上述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层在人工硬脑膜中的层数为2层,每层聚芳醚酮基底纤维层1的两侧均为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层3,或分别为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层3和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层2。
具体的,一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层;
(2)选用标准化规格的聚芳醚酮薄膜,或按需(尺寸外形和数量)对聚芳醚酮薄膜进行模切和压印,使其符合个性化定制尺寸,然后将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度125-165℃后,放置于内纳米纤维支架层上面,作为聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;
(3)以聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;
(4)采用层压贴合处理将内纳米纤维支架层、聚芳醚酮基底纤维层和外纳米纤维支架层进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度40-45℃、压力1.0-1.1MPa、时间为30-45s、层压后厚度控制为250-500μm;
(5)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,裁剪内层外附着的支撑或裁剪多余的聚芳醚酮薄膜,即得人工硬脑膜;
(6)对人工硬脑膜进行灭菌操作后,真空包装,备用。
当人工硬脑膜设置有抗感染涂层时,其制备方法还包括:(7)将裁剪后的多层级纳米纤维复合体浸渍于抗感染材料中,静置5-10min后捞出沥干,反复浸渍3-5次后,在无菌环境中干燥10-15min,在多层级纳米纤维复合体外形成厚度为300-1000nm的抗感染涂层,即得人工硬脑膜,然后进行灭菌和真空包装。
当聚芳醚酮基底纤维层在人工硬脑膜中的层数为多层时,其制备步骤如下:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层;
(2)选用聚芳醚酮薄膜,然后将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度125-165℃后,放置于内纳米纤维支架层上面,作为聚芳醚酮基底纤维层(可将多层聚芳醚酮薄膜同时或分别加热升温);
(3)以聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术制得低/高孔隙纳米纤维支架层;
(4)在步骤(3)的低/高孔隙纳米纤维支架层上放置升温至玻璃化转变温度的聚芳醚酮薄膜;
(5)以聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;
(6)采用层压贴合处理进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;
(7)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,裁剪内层外附着的支撑或裁剪多余的聚芳醚酮薄膜,即得人工硬脑膜;
(8)对人工硬脑膜进行灭菌操作后,真空包装,备用。
作为一种优选实施方式,内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的制备以聚己内酯(PCL)材料为例:
(1)采用静电纺丝技术时,纺丝液体系的黏度控制为15-18Pa·S,加载电压为10-15KV,单针供给速度为0.5-1.5mL/h,纺丝接收距离为30-45cm,纺丝温度为70-75℃。上述纺丝液的溶剂为二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲酸、水中的至少一种。静电纺丝技术中,聚己内酯材料可使用嵌段共聚物(如聚乙二醇-聚己内酯组成嵌段共聚物)以获得更细纤维直径;聚乳酸材料可使用乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物或硬脂酸以获得更细纤维直径。
或,(2)采用熔丝成型技术时,分层层厚为0.01-0.02mm,成型温度为90-95℃,打印速度为30-40mm/s,室温为20-25℃,打印平台不加热,成型路径为长边路径。
作为一种优选实施方式,以聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体为例,抗感染材料的制备过程为:取1.0g聚乳酸溶解于10mL乙酸乙酯,制成聚乳酸-乙酸乙酯溶剂系统,在聚乳酸-乙酸乙酯溶剂系统内按比例加入抗生素,制成抗生素浓度为5%的均匀相混合溶液。待多层级纳米纤维复合体浸渍完成,干燥,溶剂在干燥期挥发后,即在多层级纳米纤维复合体表面形成聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体构成的抗感染涂层。
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。但是应该理解,实施例只是举例说明的目的,并不意欲限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,纺丝液体系的黏度控制为15Pa·S,加载电压为12KV,单针供给速度为1mL/h,纺丝接收距离为30cm,纺丝温度为70℃。纺丝液的溶剂为四氢呋喃。内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为1μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为150μm。
(2)选用标准化规格的聚芳醚酮薄膜,然后将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度145℃后,放置于内纳米纤维支架层上面,作为聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的层厚为45μm;聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的材料为聚醚醚酮。聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为无孔结构。
(3)以聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的静电纺丝技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;外纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为20μm,孔径为30μm,层厚为200μm;内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚己内酯。
(4)采用层压贴合处理将内纳米纤维支架层、聚芳醚酮基底纤维层和外纳米纤维支架层进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度40℃、压力1.0MPa、时间为30s、层压后厚度控制为390μm。
(5)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,裁剪内层外附着的支撑或裁剪多余的聚芳醚酮薄膜,即得总厚度为390μm的人工硬脑膜。
(6)对人工硬脑膜采用γ射线辐照灭菌操作后,真空包装,备用。
实施例2:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,在实施例1的基础上,还包括以下步骤:
(7)将裁剪后的多层级纳米纤维复合体浸渍于抗感染材料中,静置10min后捞出沥干,反复浸渍3次后,在无菌环境中干燥10min,在多层级纳米纤维复合体外形成厚度为500nm的抗感染涂层,即得人工硬脑膜,然后进行灭菌和真空包装。上述抗感染材料为聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体,抗生素为庆大霉素。
实施例3:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,在实施例2的基础上,还包括以下步骤:
(8)在制得的带有抗感染涂层的人工硬脑膜的内纳米纤维支架层一侧涂覆一层抗粘附涂层,上述抗粘附涂层的材料为丙烯酰胺。然后在外纳米纤维支架层一侧涂覆一层促生长涂层,上述促生长涂层的材料为免疫球蛋白和脑源性神经营养因子,干燥后,进行灭菌和真空包装,即得人工硬脑膜。
实施例4:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用熔丝成型技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,分层层厚为0.01mm,成型温度为90℃,打印速度为35mm/s,室温为21℃,打印平台不加热,成型路径为长边路径。内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为5μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为100μm。
(2)按需(尺寸外形和数量)对聚芳醚酮薄膜进行模切和压印,使其符合个性化定制尺寸,然后将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度155℃后,放置于内纳米纤维支架层上面,作为聚芳醚酮基底纤维层(可将多层聚芳醚酮薄膜同时或分别加热升温);聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的层厚为30μm;聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的材料为聚醚酮。聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为多孔结构,上述多孔结构的聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的孔径为2mm,孔距为12mm。
(3)以聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的熔丝成型技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层;高孔隙纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为10μm,孔径为40μm,层厚为150μm;高孔隙纳米纤维支架层和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚乳酸。
(4)在步骤(3)的高孔隙纳米纤维支架层上放置升温至玻璃化转变温度的聚芳醚酮薄膜。
(5)以步骤(4)的聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的熔丝成型技术制得同步骤(3)同规格的高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层。
(6)采用层压贴合处理将上述的5层材料进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度45℃、压力1.1MPa、时间为45s、层压后厚度控制为450μm。
(7)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,裁剪内层外附着的支撑或裁剪多余的聚芳醚酮薄膜,即得总厚度为450μm的人工硬脑膜。
(8)对人工硬脑膜进行环氧乙烷灭菌操作后,真空包装,备用。
实施例5:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,在实施例4的基础上,还包括以下步骤:
(9)将裁剪后的多层级纳米纤维复合体浸渍于抗感染材料中,静置5min后捞出沥干,反复浸渍4次后,在无菌环境中干燥15min,在多层级纳米纤维复合体外形成厚度为740nm的抗感染涂层,即得人工硬脑膜,然后进行灭菌和真空包装。上述抗感染材料为水凝胶-抗生素抑菌缓释体,抗生素为盐酸万古霉素。
实施例6:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,在实施例5的基础上,还包括以下步骤:
(10)在制得的带有抗感染涂层的人工硬脑膜的内纳米纤维支架层一侧涂覆一层抗粘附涂层,上述抗粘附涂层的材料为甲基丙烯酰胺基磷酸胆碱。然后在外纳米纤维支架层一侧涂覆一层促生长涂层,上述促生长涂层的材料为神经生长因子,干燥后,进行灭菌和真空包装,即得人工硬脑膜。
对比例1:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,纺丝液体系的黏度控制为15Pa·S,加载电压为12KV,单针供给速度为1mL/h,纺丝接收距离为30cm,纺丝温度为70℃。纺丝液的溶剂为四氢呋喃。内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为1μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为150μm。
(2)以内纳米纤维支架层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的静电纺丝技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;外纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为20μm,孔径为30μm,层厚为200μm;内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚己内酯。
(3)采用层压贴合处理将内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度40℃、压力1.0MPa、时间为30s、层压后厚度控制为345μm。
(4)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,对人工硬脑膜采用γ射线辐照灭菌操作后,真空包装,即得总厚度为345μm的人工硬脑膜。
对比例2:
一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用熔丝成型技术制得低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,分层层厚为0.01mm,成型温度为90℃,打印速度为35mm/s,室温为21℃,打印平台不加热,成型路径为长边路径。内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为5μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为100μm。
(2)以内纳米纤维支架层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的熔丝成型技术制得高孔隙纳米纤维支架层;高孔隙纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为10μm,孔径为40μm,层厚为150μm;高孔隙纳米纤维支架层和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚乳酸。
(3)以步骤(2)的高孔隙纳米纤维支架层为基底材料,采用步骤(1)的熔丝成型技术制得同步骤(2)同规格的高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层。
(4)采用层压贴合处理将上述的3层材料进行粘合,得到多层级纳米纤维复合体;层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度45℃、压力1.1MPa、时间为45s、层压后厚度控制为390μm。
(5)待多层级纳米纤维复合体冷却至室温后,对人工硬脑膜进行环氧乙烷灭菌操作后,真空包装,即得总厚度为390μm的人工硬脑膜。
试验例1:性能指标测试
试验方法:以实施例1-实施例6制得的人工硬脑膜为试样,对其拉伸性能、防渗漏性能等进行测试。结果如表1。
拉伸性能测试:采用电子拉力试验机(HY3080,上海衡翼精密仪器有限公司)按ISO527-3标准检测,分别按横向和纵向将试样切成1cm×1cm,然后安装在拉力试验机上,每组5个样品,以200mm/min的夹具分离速度进行测试,分别记录试验样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,取平均值。
防渗漏测试:将试样以带4-0丝线的小号圆针穿过,留1厘米长4-0丝线于针孔处。将上述制备好带有丝线的人工硬脑膜放于渗漏测试仪内,其一边为正常气压下空气,另一侧为正常压力纯水(内纳米纤维支架层一侧);在纯水侧逐渐增加压力,待出现纯水渗漏到空气侧时记录压力,即为渗透压力。每个试验例设有3个平行,并取平均值。
表1
结果显示,采用本发明的方法制备的人工硬脑膜均具有优异的力学强度,其拉伸性能优异,且其内纳米纤维支架层一侧具有防渗透性能,能防止脑脊液渗漏,该人工硬脑膜为硬脑膜缺损修复过程中提供更高的力学支撑,更能满足硬脑膜损伤补片的治疗需要。
试验例2:生物相容性分析
试验方法:采用直接接触法对上述实施例1和实施例4制得的人工硬脑膜的细胞毒性进行检测。将上述两种试样做成相同规格大小尺寸,放置于24孔板,每组三个平行样品,用75%乙醇浸没补片进行灭菌,浸泡5h。除去乙醇后,PBS清洗3遍,用含10%胎牛血清和1%双抗(青霉素/链霉素)的DMEM高糖培养基浸泡24h。取生长对数期L929细胞,消化吹打,配制成1×104个/mL浓度的细胞悬浮液,以每孔200μL的量将细胞悬浮液接种在每种补片材料的表面,分别在第24h、第48h、第72h和第96h使用MTT法检测细胞增殖情况。利用酶标仪在492nm波长处检测吸光值,吸光值的大小可以反映细胞的生长情况。结果如图4所示。
图4为实施例1和实施例4制得的人工硬脑膜的细胞毒性结果。结果显示,随着培养天数的增加,人工硬脑膜表面培养的细胞的数量也不断增加,说明该人工硬脑膜材料对细胞增殖活性无毒性影响,具有良好的细胞相容性,细胞可在其纤维层上正常生长。
试验例3:降解性能测试
试验方法:通过无菌操作技术在37℃将实施例1、实施例4和对比例1、对比例2所制人工硬脑膜的同尺寸样品培养在DMEM培养基中,进行体外降解试验。在0周(培养前)及培养4周、12周、24周、48周时分别取样,干燥后进行拉伸强度测试。结果如图5所示。
图5为不同方法所制人工硬脑膜在降解前后的拉伸强度变化曲线。结果显示,实施例和对比例的人工硬脑膜的降解产物为水(H2O)和二氧化碳(CO2),随着降解时间的延长,能观察到外层纤维的孔径不断增大,测得的拉伸强度也随之降低,其中实施例1和实施例4的人工硬脑膜,在降解48周后,拉伸强度仍能保持在初始强度(0周)的60%以上,满足引导组织再生膜的机械强度要求,而对比例1、对比例2的拉伸强度已不足初始强度的60%。说明本发明的人工硬脑膜降解前有良好的手术可操作性和力学强度,降解后仍保持较高力学性能,能够起到在体内引导组织再生和保证力学支撑的作用;除聚芳醚酮基底外,其余可吸收部分被完全吸收和降解耗时需要2-4年。
试验例4:动物试验
试验方法:试验选择健康成年犬,共25只,雌雄不限,6月龄。所有纳入试验动物毛发光泽发亮,眼角、鼻端无异常分泌物,运动行为协调,肌肉收缩有力。购买回来后予以单笼常规饲养。将25只试验犬随机分为5组,每组5只。分别进行术后4周、12周和26周观察。试验方法为制备矢状线两侧的硬脑膜缺损动物模型,分别对左、右侧硬脑膜缺损使用试验样品及对照样品进行修补,然后于术后不同周期解剖动物,观察评价植入物与植入部位的组织相容性及缺损硬脑膜修复情况。以实施例1、实施例2、实施例4和对比例1、对比例2所制人工硬脑膜为试验组样品。
手术操作方法:实验动物术前预先麻醉。头顶部皮肤剔除毛发,沿头顶矢状线纵向切开头皮,进入头皮后用单极电刀沿矢状缝,旁开约0.5厘米,分别分离双侧顶部肌群,用剥离器分离骨膜,暴露左右两侧颞顶部颅骨约4cm×3cm的范围,用高速磨钻钻磨颅骨,形成3.5cm×2.5cm左右的骨窗。取出骨板,暴露硬脑膜,用显微剪制备尺寸为2.5cm×1.5cm的椭圆形硬脑膜缺损模型,制成硬脑膜缺损。从无菌包装袋中分别取出人工硬脑膜,根据缺损的硬脑膜尺寸修剪材料,以刚好覆盖缺损为宜。使用3/0无损伤丝线分别对人工硬脑膜与缺损硬膜周边的自体脑膜进行间断缝合,人工硬脑膜与自体脑膜间不留腔隙。硬膜外双侧放置引流条,放回骨板,分别使用1号丝线缝及4号丝线间断缝合肌肉和头皮,关闭术部切口。术后待动物完全清醒后送回动物房,常规饲养。术前一周测试体温。每天观察动物饮食、术部情况、四肢活动情况、癫痫抽搐并发症等。所有试验动物在预设观察期终点时静脉注射戊巴比妥钠(135mg/kg)进行安乐死。纵向切开头皮和皮下肌肉,取出颅骨板,大体观察两侧人工硬脑膜的缺损修复情况,包括人工硬脑膜与脑组织之间的粘连、对缺损硬脑膜修复等。
术后观察:术后动物恢复良好,切口愈合良好,无脑脊液漏,无癫痫发生。术后进食进水正常,无运动障碍,存活至预订期限,均未发生感染。术后12周打开头皮后,发现皮下组织和人工硬脑膜表面有粘连,但不紧密,且无出血等排异反应,人工脑膜和硬脑膜连接处对合平整,结缔组织覆盖完全,无缝隙,人工脑膜内面光滑,与脑皮层表面无粘连。软脑膜可见轻度增厚,硬脑膜可见中度增厚,蛛网膜下腔未见扩张及出血,大脑皮质组织细胞未见异常。
其中,实施例2无明显炎症症状,实施例1和实施例4、对比例1和对比例2均有轻度炎症反应,但总体炎症反应均在可接受范围内,且随着植入时间延长,材料降解被吸收代谢后,局部组织的炎症反应减轻逐步达到稳定,说明实施例2的抗感染涂层的抗生素效果显著。在术后2-4天期间,对比例1和对比例2分别有1只和2只动物发生皮下积液,经过一次穿刺治疗皮下积液消失,术部愈合良好。试验表明,本发明的实施例的人工硬脑膜与脑膜粘合良好,与脑皮层无粘连、能够轻易分离,脑皮层与人工材料接触的部分色泽正常,发生炎症的程度较轻,有更多的胶原增生,能够达到硬脑膜细胞再生修复的效果。
需要说明的是,在本发明中,部分操作的详细步骤并未详述,但属于本领域技术人员已知的现有技术,故在此不再赘述。且,本发明中,所有以数值范围或百分比范围形式界定的特征如数值、数量、含量与浓度仅是为了简洁及方便。据此,数值范围或百分比范围的描述应视为已涵盖且具体公开所有可能的次级范围及范围内的个别数值(包括整数与分数)。
最后应说明的是,以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制,本发明中,未对各个实施方案或实施例中的各个技术特征的所有可能的组合都进行描述,只要这些技术特征的组合不存在矛盾,各个实施方案或实施例中的各个技术特征可以进行任意的组合,所有可能的组合都应当认为是本说明书记载的范围。本领域的普通技术人员参照前述各实施例对本发明的详细说明,依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,包括:聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;在所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向脑组织一侧设置有内纳米纤维支架层;在所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层上、朝向颅骨一侧设置有外纳米纤维支架层;
所述内纳米纤维支架层为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,所述外纳米纤维支架层为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,且所述低孔隙纳米纤维支架层的孔径小于所述高孔隙纤维支架层的孔径;所述人工硬脑膜的总厚度为250μm-500μm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的层厚为9-50μm;所述内纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为300nm-10μm,孔径不超过10μm,层厚为10-200μm;所述外纳米纤维支架层的纤维直径为300nm-20μm,孔径为10-50μm,层厚为50-200μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层为无孔结构或多孔结构;所述多孔结构的聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的孔径为1-2mm,孔距为10-12mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的材料为聚醚醚酮、聚醚酮、聚醚酮酮或聚醚醚酮酮。
5.根据权利要求1所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层的材料为聚己内酯、聚羟基乙酸、聚乳酸或羟基乙酸-乳酸共聚物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述人工硬脑膜还包括设置在所述内纳米纤维支架层和所述外纳米纤维支架层的外侧的抗感染涂层,所述抗感染涂层的层厚为300-1000nm;所述抗感染涂层的抗感染材料为水凝胶-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚乳酸-抗生素抑菌缓释体、聚己内酯-抗生素抑菌缓释体中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,其特征在于,所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层在所述人工硬脑膜中的层数为1-3层,且单层或多层聚芳醚酮基底纤维层镶嵌排列在内纳米纤维支架层和外纳米纤维支架层之间;每层聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的两侧均为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层,或均为低孔隙纳米纤维支架层,或分别为高孔隙纳米纤维支架层和低孔隙纳米纤维支架层。
8.一种以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述人工硬脑膜为所述权利要求1-7任一项所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜,包括:在无菌条件下,
(1)采用静电纺丝技术或熔丝成型技术提供低孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为内纳米纤维支架层,提供高孔隙纳米纤维支架层作为外纳米纤维支架层;且所述内纳米纤维支架层的孔径小于所述外纳米纤维支架层的孔径;
(2)将聚芳醚酮薄膜升温至玻璃化转变温度后,放置于所述内纳米纤维支架层和所述外纳米纤维支架层的中间,形成聚芳醚酮基底纤维层;
(3)对步骤(2)中按结构位置放置好的所述内纳米纤维支架层、所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层和所述外纳米纤维支架层进行层压贴合处理,从而使所述内纳米纤维支架层和所述外纳米纤维支架层贴合于所述聚芳醚酮基底纤维层的相对两侧,得到的多层级纳米纤维复合体即为所述人工硬脑膜。
9.根据权利要求8所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述聚芳醚酮薄膜的玻璃化转变温度为125-165℃。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的以聚芳醚酮为基底的多层级纳米纤维人工硬脑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述层压贴合处理的操作条件为:层压温度40-45℃、压力1.0-1.1MPa、时间为30-45s、层压后厚度控制为250-500μm。
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