CN116981465A - 涉及car工程化t细胞和细小病毒h-1的癌症疗法 - Google Patents
涉及car工程化t细胞和细小病毒h-1的癌症疗法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于涉及免疫疗法如适应性细胞疗法(例如,T细胞疗法)和溶瘤病毒(特别是细小病毒H‑1)的组合疗法的组合物、方法、用途和试剂盒,用于治疗患有癌症的受试者。该T细胞疗法包括表达重组受体如嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的细胞。在一些实施例中,癌症为实体瘤或血液恶性肿瘤。
Description
本发明涉及用于涉及免疫疗法如适应性细胞疗法(例如,T细胞疗法)和溶瘤病毒(特别是细小病毒H-1)的组合疗法的组合物、方法、用途和试剂盒,用于治疗患有癌症的受试者。该T细胞疗法包括表达重组受体如嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的细胞。在一些实施例中,癌症为实体瘤或血液恶性肿瘤。
背景技术
多年来,癌症治疗基于手术、化疗和放射,最近基于靶向疗法。尽管这些方法有助于改善效果,但是大多数恶性肿瘤仍然有不良预后。靶向抗癌方法提供个性化的疗法来降低大多数恶性肿瘤的复杂性并提高成功概率。当前,使用患者免疫系统的力量来对抗疾病的免疫疗法越来越受到关注。癌症免疫疗法的一种方法是对患者的T细胞进行基因工程化,以表达识别和攻击肿瘤细胞的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。该CAR包含抗体或与铰链区融合的源于配体的靶向胞外域、跨膜结构域和胞内T细胞信号传导结构域。当由T细胞表达时,CAR为抗原授予由靶向结构域确定的特异性。与以主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)依赖性方式识别抗原的常规T细胞受体(TCR)相比,CAR可能能够将T细胞的效应子功能重新定向到在细胞表面上表达任何蛋白或非蛋白靶标。该策略由此避免靶细胞的抗原处理和呈现的需求,并且适用于非典型T细胞靶标。绕过人MHC限制使CAR-T细胞方法成为一种普遍的治疗方法,拓宽了过继T细胞疗法的潜在适用性。
四代CAR正在临床前研究和正在进行的临床研究中进行调研(Mirzaei等人,Frontiers in Immunology 2017,第8卷,Art.1850)。CAR“代”通常是指包含在受体分子中的胞内信号传导结构域。第一代CAR仅包括CD3ζ作为胞内信号传导结构域;第二代CAR包括除了CD3ζ之外的单个共刺激结构域,诸如CD28、4-1BB(CD137)、CD27或OX40;第三代CAR包含CD3ζ和两个共刺激结构域,诸如CD28、4-1BB或其他共刺激分子(参考图3)。CAR可以进一步通过引入额外的基因来操纵,包括编码强效抗肿瘤细胞因子的那些基因,(例如,IL-12和II-15)或共刺激配体(例如,4-1BBL),因此产生“铠装”第四代CAR T细胞(Maus等人,Blood2014,123(1),2625-2635;Pegram等人,Cancer J.2014,20(2):127)。
被开发用于治疗B细胞白血病和淋巴瘤的靶向B细胞受体相关蛋白CD19的嵌合抗原受体是迄今为止临床测试最多的。CD19-CAR T细胞疗法在多个采用不同治疗设计的机构中取得了很大进展,导致了这种过继免疫疗法的成功商业化。两种CD19靶向CAR-T细胞产品,诺华(美国新泽西州东汉诺威)的(替沙来塞)和凯特制药(美国加利福尼亚州圣莫尼卡)的(阿基仑赛),已于2017年被美国FDA批准分别用于治疗B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)和弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)。CAR-T细胞疗法在患有复发且通常难治性疾病的儿童及青壮年中已经取得了非凡的效果,完全应答(CR)率为70-90%(Cummins等人,Leuk.Lymphoma 2017,1-15)。在淋巴瘤和其他B细胞恶性肿瘤中,CAR T细胞疗法是有效的,同时显示出较低的CR率,约55%(Cummins等人,Leuk.Lymphoma 2017,1-15)。FDA批准的两种CAR都特异性结合CD19,CD19是一种抗原,其很好地作为血液恶性肿瘤的靶标工作,因为它在恶性细胞上几乎均匀表达并且出现在所有B细胞上,包括健康的和恶性的细胞。因此,CD19-CAR-T细胞治疗可引起B细胞发育不全,但是这种状况可以用静脉免疫球蛋白和密切感染监测来管理。
尽管用CAR-T细胞治疗血癌取得了进展,但是已经证实,实体瘤的治疗更加困难。CAR-T细胞疗法针对实体瘤的有限成功可能由于许多因素导致,包括:(i)大多数癌症中缺乏独特的肿瘤相关抗原(TAA);(ii)体外扩增的CAR-T细胞不能使随后的过继转移持久化和增殖;(iii)CAR-T细胞向肿瘤位点的低效转运;(iv)导致长出抗原阴性肿瘤变体的靶向抗原的异质表达;(v)缺乏存活因子和生长因子(例如,IL-2);(vi)存在免疫抑制分子和细胞;和(vii)代谢不良的肿瘤微环境(Zhang等人,Int.J.Biol.Sci.2016,12:718-729)。已经尝试了许多策略和方法来克服这些障碍,包括用敲除PD-1表达或分泌细胞因子/趋化因子武装CAR-T细胞,并将CAR-T细胞与检查点抑制剂联合使用(Heczey等人,Mol.Ther.2017,25:2214-2224;Rupp等人,Sci.Rep 2017,7:737;Hedge等人,CancerImmunol.Immunother.2017,66:1113-1121)。尽管做出了这些努力,但到目前为止,仍然没有CAR-T细胞被临床批准用于实体瘤治疗,但是一些临床研究正在进行中。
目的
因此,需要改进策略来提高CAR-T细胞治疗实体瘤的疗效。这些改进的策略可能涉及在施用给受试者时改善细胞的持久性、活性和/或增殖。
具体实施方式
根据本发明,这通过权利要求中限定的主题来实现。
本发明人成功地示出了(a)免疫细胞(特别是T细胞),其被基因修饰以表达嵌合抗原受体(CAR)[下文中称为“CAR细胞”]和(b)溶瘤病毒(特别是细小病毒H-1)的组合使用提高了肿瘤治疗的疗效,特别是用于治疗实体瘤。因此,本发明涉及药物组合或医学制剂,其包括(a)被基因修饰以表达嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的T细胞和(b)细小病毒H-1。
用于治疗实体瘤的免疫疗法(包括CAR-T技术)的效果仍然较差,是由于实体瘤周围的障碍使得T细胞的侵入变得困难或甚至不可能。该障碍被称为“肿瘤微环境”(TME),并且是肿瘤存在的细胞环境,包括周围的血管、免疫细胞、纤维母细胞、骨髓来源炎症细胞、淋巴细胞、信号传导分子和细胞外基质。肿瘤和周围的微环境紧密相关并恒定地互动。通过释放胞外信号、促进肿瘤血管生成和诱导外周免疫耐受,肿瘤可以影响微环境,而微环境中的免疫细胞可以影响癌细胞的生长和进化。临床和临床前研究已经显示,反转在许多癌症中触发的免疫抑制路径可能需要通过例如包括共刺激信号传导或附加的活性剂来进行CAR T细胞修饰。与对CAR-T细胞疗法良好应答的某些血液癌症相比,实体瘤不仅缺乏常规的共刺激分子(其在血液恶性肿瘤中的恶性和正常B淋巴细胞靶标上表达),还具有进化的机制来活跃地抑制免疫系统。很多免疫抑制路径可以限制过继CAR T细胞疗法的全部潜能。在持续的肿瘤抗原相遇后,抑制性免疫受体经常在T细胞上表达,并且这些受体包括T细胞膜蛋白3(TIM-3)、淋巴细胞活化蛋白3(LAG-3)、T细胞Ig和ITIM结构域(TIGIT)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)和程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)。这些受体的上调限制了CAR T细胞的抗肿瘤应答的持久性和活性。因此,肿瘤采用多个策略来逃避或误导肿瘤特异免疫应答。
因此,本发明人将CAR-T细胞技术与溶瘤病毒,即细小病毒H-1,组合来将所谓的“冷肿瘤”,即具有低程度免疫细胞浸润的肿瘤,转换为“热肿瘤”,所述热肿瘤为免疫原性肿瘤,即具有中程度或高程度免疫细胞浸润。“冷”肿瘤和“热”肿瘤的概念对于本领域技术人员来说是熟知的。冷肿瘤通常富含免疫抑制细胞因子并且具有大量Treg细胞和髓系来源抑制细胞(MDSC)。冷肿瘤通常具有少量TH 1细胞、NK细胞和CD8+T细胞和较少功能性抗原呈递细胞(APC)(例如树突细胞(DC))。相反,热肿瘤富含TH 1型趋化因子并且具有大量效应子免疫细胞(TH 1细胞、NK细胞和CD8+T细胞)和大量DC。趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10和CX3CL1在吸引多个癌症类型中的T细胞中发挥重要作用。
免疫细胞浸润的程度可以例如通过所谓的“免疫评分”来测量,所述免疫评分用于预测在患有癌症的患者中的临床效果。共识免疫评分是一种总结肿瘤及其侵袭边缘内的CD3+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的密度的评分系统。例如,免疫评分可以根据CD3+/CD8+T细胞密度被分类为低、中和高,而0-25%的密度优选地评为低,25-70%的密度优选地评为中,并且70-100%的密度优选地评为高(Pages F.等人(2018)Lancet 391(10135):2128-2139)。冷肿瘤被定义为具有低程度的免疫细胞浸润,即优选地具有低免疫评分。热肿瘤被定义为具有中或高程度的免疫细胞浸润,即优选地具有中或高免疫评分。
一些肿瘤类型甚至在治疗之前就属于热肿瘤类型,例如黑素瘤。然而,本发明实现了T细胞的进一步增强的活化和免疫细胞对肿瘤的浸润。
冷肿瘤通常对免疫疗法和基于细胞的疗法应答不好。本发明基于以下发现:溶瘤病毒能通过提高免疫细胞对肿瘤的浸润并由此正面地影响TME来改善此类应答。患有冷肿瘤(例如,结直肠癌、卵巢癌、肺癌)的患者因此尤其受益于该治疗。因此,肿瘤可以显示对基于细胞的疗法的更好的应答。通过应用细小病毒H-1,冷肿瘤可以由此被转换为热肿瘤,所述细小病毒H-1起到“开门器”的作用并且使肿瘤对T细胞疗法敏感。
因此,本文提供的是免疫疗法,如适应性细胞疗法,例如,T细胞疗法,其与细小病毒H-1组合以用于治疗患有癌症、特别是患有实体瘤的受试者。该T细胞疗法包括表达重组受体如嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的细胞。
嵌合抗原受体和CAR细胞
“嵌合抗原受体”(CAR)是提供抗原结合功能和免疫细胞活化功能的重组受体。例如,Dotti等人,Immunol Rev(2014)257(1)中综述了CAR结构和工程化。
因此,嵌合抗原受体(CAR)是指重组多肽构建体,其包括至少一个胞外抗原结合结构域、跨膜结构域和胞质信号传导结构域(本文也称为“胞内信号传导结构域”),所述胞质信号传导结构域包括源自如下文定义的刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,CAR多肽构建体中的结构域处于相同的多肽链中,例如包括嵌合融合蛋白。在一些实施例中,CAR多肽构建体中的结构域彼此之间不连续,例如,处于不同的多肽链中。
在一些实施例中,胞质信号传导结构域包括主信号传导结构域(例如,主信号传导结构域CD3-ζ)。在一些实施例中,胞质信号传导结构域还包括源自如下文定义的至少一个共刺激分子的一个或多个功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,共刺激分子选自41BB(即CD137)、CD27、ICOS和/或CD28。在一些实施例中,CAR包括嵌合融合蛋白,其包括胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号传导结构域,所述胞内信号传导结构域包括源自刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,CAR包括嵌合融合蛋白,其包括胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号传导结构域,所述胞内信号传导结构域包括源自共刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,CAR包括嵌合融合蛋白,其包括胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号传导结构域,所述胞内信号传导结构域包括源自一个或多个共刺激分子的两个功能性信号传导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,CAR包括嵌合融合蛋白,其包括胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号传导结构域,所述胞内信号传导结构域包括源自一个或多个共刺激分子的至少两个功能性信号传导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号传导结构域。在一些实施例中,CAR包括CAR融合蛋白的氨基末端(N-ter)处的可选前导序列。在一些实施例中,CAR还包括胞外抗原识别结构域的N末端处的前导序列,其中该前导序列在细胞处理和CAR定位到细胞膜期间可选地从抗原识别结构域(例如scFv)上切割。这方面参考图3。
CAR包括靶向特异性癌症细胞抗原或肿瘤标记物X的抗原结合结构域(例如scFv、单结构域抗体或TCR(例如TCRα结合结构域或TCRβ结合结构域)),其中X可以是如本文所述的癌症细胞抗原。例如,包括靶向CEA的抗原结合结构域的CAR被称为CEA-CAR。CAR可以在任何细胞中表达,例如如下文所述的免疫效应细胞(例如,T细胞或NK细胞)。
本公开还提供了包括或表达根据本公开的CAR的细胞。还提供了包括或表达编码根据本公开的CAR的核酸的细胞。
该细胞可以是免疫细胞。该细胞可以是造血源的细胞,例如嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、树突细胞、淋巴细胞或单核细胞。淋巴细胞可以是例如T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、NKT细胞或先天淋巴样细胞(ILC)或其前体。该细胞可表达例如CD3多肽(例如CD3y CD3或CD35)、TCR多肽(TCRa或TCR)、CD27、CD28、CD4或CD8。
在优选实施例中,该细胞为T细胞。在一些实施例中,T细胞为CD3+T细胞。在一些实施例中,T细胞为CD3+T细胞、CD8+T细胞。在一些实施例中,T细胞为细胞毒性T细胞(例如细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL))。
CAR T细胞的用途与它们可以全身给药并且将适用于原发肿瘤和转移肿瘤两者的优势相关联。
在一些实施例中,该细胞为抗原特异性T细胞。在本文的实施例中,“抗原特异性”T细胞是对T细胞特异性的抗原作出应答而显示出T细胞的某些功能特性的细胞或表达所述抗原的细胞。在一些实施例中,所述特性是与效应子T细胞,例如细胞毒性T细胞,相关联的功能特性。
在一些实施例中,抗原特异性T细胞可以显示一个或多个以下特性:细胞毒性,例如对包括/表达T细胞特异性的抗原的细胞;增殖、IFNy表达、CD107a表达、IL-2表达、TNFa表达、穿孔素表达、颗粒酶表达、粒溶素表达和/或FAS配体(FASL)表达,例如,对T细胞特异性的抗原或包括/表达T细胞特异性的抗原的细胞作出应答。抗原特异性T细胞包括当由适当的MHC分子呈递时能够识别T细胞特异性的抗原的肽的TCR。抗原特异性T细胞可以是CD4+T细胞和/或CD8+T细胞。
CAR到T细胞中的工程化可以在培养期间、体外进行,用于转导和扩增,例如在过继T细胞疗法的T细胞扩增期间发生。用于采集并工程化免疫细胞以表达CAR的方法对技术人员来说是熟知的,并且例如在Wang和Riviere Mol Ther.Oncolytics.(2016)3:16015.中描述。将会理解,“至少一个细胞”包含多个细胞,例如这种细胞的群体。
包括或表达根据本公开的CAR的细胞可以是如上文定义的真核免疫细胞,例如哺乳动物免疫细胞。哺乳动物可以是人类或非人类哺乳动物(例如,兔子、豚鼠、大鼠、小鼠或其他啮齿目动物(包括啮齿目的任意动物)、猫、狗、猪、绵羊、山羊、牛(包括母牛,例如奶牛,或牛属目的任意动物)、马(包括马科目的任意动物)、驴和非人类灵长目动物)。在一些实施例中,细胞可以来自或可以获得自人类受试者。在将表达CAR的细胞用于治疗受试者的情况下,该细胞可以来自待用表达CAR细胞治疗的受试者(即,该细胞可能是自体的),或者该细胞可能来自不同的受试者(即,细胞可能是同种异体的)。
当前,大多数CAR-T临床试验使用自体CAR-T,但是患者自身的T细胞通常具有质量和数量缺陷;并且自体CAR-T的生产成本更昂贵。因此,同种异体CAR-T也可能有用。然而,同种异体T细胞上的抗原受体TCR可以识别接受者中的同种异体抗原,由此引起移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。另外,HLA在同种异体T细胞上的表达可以快速引起宿主免疫细胞排斥反应。因此,使用诸如ZFN、TALEN和CRISPR/Cas9的基因编辑工具来敲除同种异体T细胞上的TCR、MHC和相关信号传导路径基因从而防止宿主对同种异体CAR-T的排斥是实现通用CAR-T的关键步骤。
可选地,待用CAR-T细胞治疗的受试者进行了淋巴细胞删除。清髓性淋巴细胞删除可以通过胸腺切除术和/或放射来实现。非清髓性淋巴细胞删除可以通过使用环磷酰胺和氟达拉滨治疗来实现。可选的淋巴细胞删除的原因是CAR T细胞的过继转移之前受试者的淋巴细胞池的减少。这可以通过消除受试者免疫系统(“细胞因子库”)的调节性T细胞和竞争性元素来增强治疗效果。
CAR-T疗法的原理在图2中示出。患者的T细胞被采集(例如通过白细胞去除术)和扩增并且被修饰以表达通过基因工程识别单肿瘤抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。大量CAR-T细胞在体外扩增之后返回到患者以用于细胞免疫疗法。作为由基因表达的嵌合蛋白,CAR包含连接到T细胞信号传导结构域的抗体(例如单链抗体scFv)的抗原结合结构域。CAR-T细胞过继免疫的显著优势在于细胞免疫疗法更精确。CAR-T细胞过继免疫疗法系统使用T细胞的基因修饰,并使用抗原抗体结合的原理来规避MHC限制的抗原呈递,由此实现精确靶向。
目前,CAR-T疗法的研究和发展主要集中于CAR的构建、通过各种修饰来增强靶向、免疫杀伤、耐久性和CAR-T细胞的安全。
在一些实施例中,产生包括特异于癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的至少一个细胞的方法步骤可以包括一个或多个以下步骤:从受试者采集血液或癌症活检样本;测试该样本是否表达特异性癌细胞抗原,从该样本分离和/或扩增至少一个细胞;将该至少一个细胞在体外或离体细胞培养基中培养;将如本文所述的CAR或编码如本文所述的CAR的核酸引入该至少一个细胞中,由此修饰该至少一个细胞;扩增该至少一个修饰的细胞;采集该至少一个修饰的细胞;将该修饰的细胞与辅剂、稀释剂或载体混合;将该修饰的细胞施用到受试者。
在一些实施例中,方法可以另外包括处理该细胞以诱导/增强CAR或编码CAR的核酸的表达。例如,核酸可以包括调控因子,其用于响应于用特定药剂治疗而从核酸诱导上调CAR表达。在一些实施例中,治疗可以通过将药剂施用给已经施用了根据本公开的修饰细胞的受试者而在体内进行。在一些实施例中,治疗可以通过向离体或体外培养的细胞中施用药剂而离体或在体外进行。
技术人员能够根据本公开确定用于细胞的过继转移的适当试剂和程序,例如通过参考Dai等人,2016J Nat Cancer Inst 108(7):439。
在T细胞的表面上表达CAR蛋白的过程中,需要病毒载体来通过DNA合成技术合成可以表达细胞中的CAR蛋白的DNA序列。因此,CAR DNA序列通过分子克隆技术被加载到质粒载体中。优选地,质粒载体在多个克隆位点将基因或DNA序列表达到细胞中的蛋白质中。表达这些CAR蛋白之后,它们被固定到T细胞表面中。在替代方案中,可以使用病毒介导的基因表达技术,例如慢病毒、逆转录病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒(AAV)等。
适用于通过CAR-T技术进行癌症治疗的癌细胞抗原(也称为“肿瘤抗原”)在以下文献中综述:Zarour HM、DeLeo A、Finn OJ等人Categories of Tumor Antigens.In:KufeDW、Pollock RE、Weichselbaum RR等人,编辑。Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine.第6版。Hamilton(ON):BC Decker;2003,其中,针对本发明,参考这些抗原,并且它们通过引用并入本文。癌细胞抗原的示例包括但不限于:CD19;CD123;CD22;CD30;CD70、CD97、CD171;CS-1;C型凝集素样分子1、CD33;表皮生长因子受体变体III(EGFRvIII);神经节苷脂G2(GD2);神经节苷脂GD3;TNF受体家族成员;B细胞成熟抗原;Tn抗原((Tn Ag)或(GalNAca-Ser/Thr));前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA);受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体1(ROR1);Fms样酪氨酸激酶3(FFT3);肿瘤相关糖蛋白72(TAG72);CD38;CD44v6;癌胚抗原(CEA);癌抗原125(CA125)、上皮细胞黏附分子(EPCAM);B7H3(CD276);KIT(CD117);白介素13受体亚基α-2;间皮素;白介素11受体α(IL-11Ra);前列腺干细胞抗原(PSCA);蛋白酶原基因21;血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2);Lewis(Y)抗原;CD24;血小板源性生长因子受体β(PDGFR-β);段特异性胚胎抗原4(SSEA-4);CD20;叶酸受体α;受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶ERBB2(Her2/neu);粘蛋白1、细胞表面相关(MUC1);表皮生长因子受体(EGFR);神经细胞黏附分子(NCAM);前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP);延伸因子2突变(EFF2M);肝配蛋白B2;成纤维细胞活化蛋白α(FAP);胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-I受体)、碳酸酐酶IX(CAIX);蛋白酶体(前体、巨蛋白因子)亚基、β型、9(LMP2);糖蛋白100(gpIOO);由裂点簇区(BCR)和Abelson小鼠白血病病毒致癌基因同源物1(AbI)组成的致癌基因多肽(bcr-abI);酪氨酸酶;肝配蛋白A型受体2(EphA2);岩藻糖GM1;唾液酸基Lewis黏附分子(sLe);神经节苷脂GM3;转谷氨酰胺酶5(TGS5);高分子量黑素瘤相关抗原(HMWMAA);o-乙酰-GD2神经节苷脂(OAcGD2);叶酸受体β;肿瘤内皮标记物1(TEM1/CD248);肿瘤内皮标记物7相关(TEM7R);密封蛋白6(CLDN6);促甲状腺激素受体(TSHR);G蛋白偶联受体C类5组、成员D(GPRC5D);X染色体开放阅读框架61(CXORF61);CD97;CD179a;间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK);多唾液酸;胎盘特异性1(PLAC1);globoH糖神经酰胺的多聚己糖部分(GloboH);乳腺分化抗原(NY-BR-1);尿溶蛋白2(UPK2);甲型肝炎病毒细胞受体1(HAVCR1);肾上腺受体β3(ADRB3);泛连接蛋白3(PANX3);G蛋白偶联受体20(GPR20);淋巴细胞抗原6复合物、位点K 9(LY6K);嗅觉受体51E2(OR51E2);TCRγ交替阅读框蛋白(TARP);Wilms肿瘤蛋白(WT1);癌/睾丸抗原1(NY-ESO-1);癌/睾丸抗原2(LAGE-la);黑素瘤相关抗原1(MAGE-A1);ETS易位变体基因6、位于染色体12p上(ETV6-AML);精液蛋白17(SPA17);X抗原家族、成员1A(XAGE1);血管生成素结合细胞表面受体2(Tie 2);黑素瘤癌睾丸抗原1(MAD-CT-1);黑素瘤癌睾丸抗原2(MAD-CT-2);Fos相关抗原1;肿瘤蛋白p53(p53);p53突变体;存活素;端粒酶;前列腺癌肿瘤抗原1、RAS家族抗原或突变体(k-RAS、N-RAS)、人端粒酶反转录酶(hTERT);肉瘤易位断点;黑素瘤细胞凋亡抑制剂(ML-IAP);ERG(跨膜蛋白酶、丝氨酸2(TMPRSS2)ETS融合基因);N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基-转移酶V(NA17);配对框蛋白Pax-3(PAX3);前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、雄激素受体;细胞周期素BI;v-myc禽类骨髓细胞瘤病毒癌基因神经母细胞瘤衍生同源基因(MYCN);Ras同源家族成员C(RhoC);酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2(TRP-2);细胞色素P450 1B1(CYP1B1);CCCTC结合因子(锌指蛋白)样、T细胞识别的鳞状细胞癌抗原3(SART3);配对框蛋白Pax-5(PAX5);前顶体素结合蛋白sp32(OY-TES1);淋巴细胞特异性蛋白酪氨酸激酶(FCK);A激酶锚定蛋白4(AKAP-4);滑膜肉瘤、X断点2(SSX2);晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE-1);肾普遍存在1(RU1);肾普遍存在2(RU2);豆荚蛋白;人乳头状瘤病毒E6(HPV E6);人乳头状瘤病毒E7(HPV E7);细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制剂p16INK4a;肠羧基酯酶;热休克蛋白70-2突变(mut hsp70-2);CD79a;CD79b;CD72;淋巴细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体1(LAIR1);IgA受体的Fc片段(FCAR或CD89);白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体亚科A成员2(LILRA2);CD300分子样家族成员f(CD300LF);C型凝集素结构域家族12成员A(CLEC12A);骨髓基质细胞抗原2(BST2);EGF样含模粘蛋白样激素受体样2(EMR2);淋巴细胞抗原75(LY75);磷脂酰肌醇聚糖3(GPC3);MSI移码突变体(例如WO 2014/090265 A1中提到的那些)、Fc受体样5(FCRL5);或免疫球蛋白λ样多肽1(IGLL1)。
在一些实施例中,抗原选自以下项:间皮素、EGFRvIII、GD2、Tn抗原、PSMA、PSA、CD70、CD97、TAG72、CD44v6、CEA、CA125、EPCAM、KIT、IL-13Ra2、leguman、GD3、CD171、IL-11Ra、PSCA、MAD-CT-1、MAD-CT-2、VEGFR2、LewisY、CD24、PDGFR-β、SSEA-4、叶酸受体α、ERBB(例如,ERBB2)、Her2/neu、MUC1、EGFR、NCAM、肝配蛋白B2、CAIX、LMP2、sLe、HMWMAA、o-乙酰-GD2、叶酸受体β、TEM1/CD248、TEM7R、FAP、豆荚蛋白、HPV E6或E7、p16INK4a、ML-IAP、CLDN6、TSHR、GPRC5D、ALK、多唾液酸、Fos相关抗原、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、TRP-2、CYP1B1、精液蛋白17、β人绒毛膜促性腺激素、AFP、甲状腺球蛋白、PLAC1、globoH、RAGE1、MN-CA IX、MSI移码突变体、人端粒酶反转录酶、肠道羧酸酯酶、mut hsp 70-2、NA-17、NY-BR-1、UPK2、HAVCR1、ADRB3、PANX3、NY-ESO-1、GPR20、Ly6k、OR51E2、TARP或GFRa4。
CAR-T疗法的示例以及如何产生和制备CAR和T细胞描述于Katz等人,Cancer GeneTherapy(2020),27:341-355、Hege等人,Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer(2017),5:22和Koneru等人,Journal of Translational Medicine(2015),13:102。这些方法通过引用并入本文。
溶瘤病毒
术语“溶瘤病毒”是指来自细小病毒科的病毒,特别是指“细小病毒”,更特别地是指细小病毒H-1或选自以下项的相关啮齿动物细小病毒:LuIII、小鼠微小病毒(MMV)、小鼠细小病毒(MPV)、大鼠微小病毒(RMV)、大鼠细小病毒(RPV)或大鼠病毒(RV)。
如本文所用,溶瘤病毒包括它的野生型或修饰的有复制能力的衍生物,以及基于此类病毒或衍生物的相关病毒或载体。基于本文的公开内容,合适的溶瘤病毒、衍生物等以及可用于活跃地产生所述病毒并对疗法有用的细胞在本领域的技术范围内是容易确定的,而无需过度的经验努力。
细小病毒H-1(H-1PV)属于细小病毒科并且是含有5.1kb长单链DNA基因组的小(直径约25nm)无包膜二十面体粒子。H-1PV的基因组结构由受控于两个启动子(P4早期启动子和P38后期启动子)的两个转录单位组成。P4调节编码非结构(NS)蛋白(NS1和NS2)的基因的表达,而P38调节编码衣壳(VP)蛋白(VP1、VP2、VP3)的基因的表达。病毒优先在快速分裂的癌细胞中繁殖。这种肿瘤选择性不基于癌细胞对病毒的更好的摄取,而是由于癌细胞过表达病毒DNA复制所需的因子,诸如细胞周期素A、E2F或CREB/ATF。此外,癌细胞通常在产生有利于病毒增殖的有效抗病毒免疫应答的能力方面存在缺陷。已知该病毒可活化多种细胞死亡路径。取决于细胞类型和生长条件,H-1PV可以诱导细胞凋亡、细胞坏死或组织蛋白酶B依赖性细胞死亡。主要非结构蛋白NS1是病毒DNA复制、病毒基因表达和细胞毒性的主调节剂。类似于整个病毒,NS1的单独表达足以经由反应性氧化物和DNA损伤的积累而诱导细胞周期阻滞、细胞凋亡和细胞溶解。
治疗详情
优选地,在本发明的医学制剂中,溶瘤病毒,即细小病毒H-1和被基因修饰以表达嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的免疫细胞(例如T细胞)以有效剂量存在并且与药学上可接受的载体组合。
根据本发明,术语“药物组合”、“药物组合物”或“医学制剂”互换使用。
术语“个人”和“受试者”在本文互换使用。他们指的是可能患有或易患疾病或失调(例如,癌症)但可能患有疾病或失调或可能不患有疾病或失调的人或另一哺乳动物(例如,小鼠、大鼠、兔子、狗、猫、牛、猪、绵羊、马或灵长目动物)。在许多实施例中,个人为人类。除非另有说明,否则术语“个人”和“受试者”并不表示特定的年龄,因此包括成年人、老人、儿童和新生儿。在本公开的实施例中,“个人”或“受试者”为“患者”。术语“患者”指的是治疗的个人或受试者,特别是患病的个人或受试者。
在本公开的一个实施例中,目的是提供对表达抗原的患病细胞的免疫应答,例如表达肿瘤抗原的癌细胞,并治疗疾病,例如涉及表达抗原如肿瘤抗原的细胞的癌症。可以引发对抗原的免疫应答,其可以是治疗性的或部分或完全保护性的。本文描述的药物组合物适用于诱导或增强免疫应答。本文所述的药物组合物因此可用于对涉及抗原的疾病的预防性和/或治疗性治疗。
如本文所用,“免疫应答”是指对抗原或表达抗原的细胞的综合身体反应,并且是指细胞免疫应答和/或体液免疫应答。细胞免疫应答包括但不限于指向表达抗原的细胞的细胞反应。此类细胞可以由抗原在其细胞表面上的表达或抗原与I类或II类MHC分子的呈递来表征。细胞反应涉及T淋巴细胞,其可以被分类为辅助T细胞(也称为CD4+T细胞),通过调节免疫应答或诱导感染细胞或癌细胞中的细胞凋亡的杀伤细胞(也称为细胞毒性T细胞、CD8+T细胞或CTL),T淋巴细胞发挥核心作用。在一个实施例中,施用本公开的药物组合物涉及刺激对表达一个或多个肿瘤抗原的癌细胞的抗肿瘤CD8+T细胞应答。
本公开设想了可以是保护性、防备性、预防性和/或治疗性的免疫应答。如本文所用,“诱导免疫应答”可以指示在诱导之前不存在对特定抗原的免疫应答,或者它可以指示在诱导之前有对特定抗原的基本水平的免疫应答,在诱导之后增强了免疫应答。因此,“诱导免疫应答”包括“增强免疫应答”。
术语“免疫疗法”涉及通过诱导或增强免疫应答治疗疾病或病症。
术语“疫苗接种”或“免疫”描述了为诱导免疫应答而向个人施用抗原的过程,例如,出于治疗或预防原因。
如本文所用,术语“药剂”被理解为意指在组织、系统、动物、哺乳动物、人或其他受试者中产生期望效果的物质。
如本文所用的术语“治疗”及其衍生物指的是治疗疗法。关于特定病症,治疗指的是:(1)减轻病症或病症的一个或多个生物学表现,(2)干扰(a)导致病症或者负责病症的生物学级联中的一个或者多个点、或者(b)病症的一个或多个生物学表现,(3)减轻与病症相关联的症状、作用或副作用中的一者或者多者,或(4)减缓病症或病症的一个或多个生物学表现的进展。
术语“药物有效量”或“治疗有效量”是指单独或与其他剂量一起实现期望反应或期望效果的量。在治疗特定疾病的情况下,期望反应优选地涉及疾病过程的抑制。这包括减缓疾病的进展,特别地,中断或逆转疾病的进展。治疗疾病中的期望反应也可以是延迟或预防所述疾病或所述病症的发作。本文所述的有效量的组合物将取决于要治疗的病症、疾病的严重性、患者的个人参数(包括年龄、生理状况、身材和体重)、治疗的持续时间、伴随疗法(如果存在的话)的类型、给药的具体途径和相似的因子。因此,本文所述的组合物的施用剂量可以取决于各种此类参数。在患者中的反应对初始剂量不充分的情况下,可以使用更高的剂量(或通过不同的、更局部的给药途径实现的有效的更高剂量)。如本文所用,“有效量”指的是将引起组织、系统、动物或人的生物或医学反应的医学制剂的任何成分或组分的量,例如,研究人员或临床医生正在寻求的量。此外,术语“治疗有效量”指的是,与尚未接受这种量的对应受试者相比,引起疾病、失调或副作用的改善治疗、治愈、预防或改善的任何量。该术语还包括在其范围内有效增强正常生理功能的量。可使用本领域技术人员已知的方法来确定用于治疗和/或预防这些疾病或失调的“有效剂量”。
施用治疗有效量的本发明的组合相对于单独的组分化合物的优势在于,与单独施用治疗有效剂量的组分化合物相比,所述组合提供了以下一种或多种改进的性质:i)比最有效的单个药剂更大的抗癌效果,ii)协同或高度协同的抗癌活性,iii)提供具有降低的副作用概况的增强的抗癌活性的给药方案,iv)毒性作用的降低概况,v)治疗窗口的增加,或vi)一种或两种组分化合物的生物利用度的增加。
“药学上可接受”指的是不干扰活性成分的生物活性的有效性且对施用的患者无毒的任何载体。合适的药物载体的示例在本领域中是众所周知的,并且包括磷酸盐缓冲盐水溶液、水、乳剂(例如油/水乳剂)、各种类型的润湿剂、无菌溶液等。此类载体可以由常规方法准备并且可以以有效剂量施用给受试者。另外的药物相容性载体可以包括凝胶、生物可吸附基质材料、含有治疗剂的植入元件、或任何其他合适的载体、递送或分配装置或材料。
本发明的药物组合物可以含有盐、缓冲液、防腐剂和任选的其他治疗剂。在一个实施例中,本公开的药物组合物包括一个或多个药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂。
用于本公开的药物组合物中的合适的防腐剂包括但不限于苯扎氯铵、氯丁醇、尼泊金和硫柳汞。
如本文所用的术语“赋形剂”是指可以存在于本公开的药物组合物中但并非活性成分的物质。赋形剂的示例包括但不限于载体、结合剂、稀释剂、润滑剂、增稠剂、表面活性剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、乳化剂、缓冲液、调味剂或着色剂。
术语“稀释剂”涉及稀释和/或疏水剂。此外,术语“稀释剂”包括流体、液体或固体悬浮剂和/或混合媒介中的任意一种或多种。合适的稀释剂的示例包括乙醇、甘油和水。
术语“载体”是指可以是天然的、合成的、有机的、无机的组分,其中结合活性组分以促进、增强或实现药物组合物的施用。如本文所用的载体可以是一种或多种适用于施用给受试者的相容固体或液体填料、稀释剂或包封物质。合适的载体包括但不限于无菌水、林格、乳酸林格、无菌氯化钠溶液、等渗盐水、聚亚烷基二醇、氢化萘,以及特别是生物相容性丙交酯聚合物、丙交酯/乙交酯共聚物或聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯共聚物。在一个实施例中,本公开的药物组合物包括等渗盐水。
用于治疗用途的药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稀释剂在药学领域是众所周知的,并且例如在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Co.(A.RGennaro编辑1985)中描述。
药物载体、赋形剂或稀释剂可以根据预期施用途径和标准药物实践进行选择。
如本文所用,术语“癌症”是指细胞或组织的异常生长,并且被理解为包括恶性瘤生长。术语“瘤”是指或涉及肿瘤。在一些实施例中,癌症为实体瘤,特别是肝癌(例如肝细胞癌)、胃癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、结直肠癌(例如盲肠(腺)癌、阑尾、升结肠、降结肠、横结肠、乙状结肠、直肠癌或肛门癌),肺癌(例如肺鳞状细胞癌、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLS)、小细胞肺癌(SCLC))、软组织肉瘤、骨肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、皮肤癌(例如恶性黑素瘤)、睾丸癌、乳腺癌、纤维肉瘤、神经母细胞瘤、脑癌(例如胶质瘤:室管膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、少突胶质瘤、脑干胶质瘤、少星形细胞瘤(例如多形性胶质母细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤))、膀胱癌、肠癌、前列腺癌、肾癌(例如肾细胞癌)、胰腺癌(例如胰腺导管腺癌)、胸膜间皮瘤、头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)、鼻咽癌(NPC)或口咽癌(OPC)。术语“癌症”还包含所提到的各种器官中的肿瘤的转移。在进一步优选的实施例中,要治疗的肿瘤为复发肿瘤。本发明的医疗配方的特别的优势在于甚至致癌干细胞也能被成功治疗。这对于避免肿瘤复发和转移形成具有积极作用。
在一些实施例中,癌症为血癌,特别是急性或慢性白血病或淋巴瘤。在一些实施例中,白血病选自急性髓细胞白血病(AML)、急性淋巴白血病(ALL)、慢性髓细胞白血病(CML)或慢性淋巴白血病(CLL)。在一些实施例中,淋巴瘤为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。在一些实施例中,非霍奇金淋巴瘤为套细胞淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、边缘区淋巴瘤或伯基特淋巴瘤。
化合物的施用可以通过不同的全身或局部方式实现,例如通过静脉内、腹膜内、皮下、肌肉内、局部、肿瘤内、鼻腔或皮内给药。当然,施用途径取决于疗法的种类和药物组合物中含有的化合物的种类。病毒和CAR-T的给药方案在本技术领域范围内是由主治医师基于患者数据、观察结果和其他临床因素容易确定的,包括例如患者的身材、体表面积、年龄、性别、要施用的特定病毒、特定抑制剂等、施用的时间和途径,肿瘤类型和特点、患者的总体健康状况以及患者正在接受的其他药物治疗。选择用于本发明的组合疗法的给药方案(本文也称为施用方案)取决于几个因素,包括实体的血清或组织周转率、症状水平、实体的免疫原性以及被治疗的个人中靶细胞、组织或器官的可及性。优选地,给药方案使递送给患者的每种治疗剂的量最大化,与可接受的副作用水平一致。因此,组合中每种治疗剂的剂量和给药频率部分取决于特定的治疗剂、正在治疗的癌症的严重程度和患者特点。指南是选择合适剂量的抗体、细胞因子和小分子。参见例如Wawrzynczak(1996)Antibody Therapy,Bios Scientific Pub.Ltd.Oxfordshire,UK;Kresina(编辑)(1991)MonoclonalAntibodies,Cytokines and Arthritis,Marcel Dekker,纽约,纽约州;Bach(编辑)(1193)Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptide Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases,MarcekDekker,纽约,纽约州;Beart等人,(2003)New Engl.J.Med.348:601-608;Milgrom等人(1999)New Engl.J.Med 341:1966-1973;Slamon等人(2001)New Engl.J.Med.344:783-792;Beniaminovitz等人(2000)New Engl.J.Med.342:613-619;Ghosh等人(2003)NewEngl.J.Med.348:24-32;Lipsky等人(2000)New Engl.J.Med.343;1594-1602;Physicians`Desk Reference 2003(Physicians`Desk Reference,第57版);Medical EconomicsCompany;ISBN;1563634457;第57版(2002年11月)。适当给药方案的确定可以由临床医生进行,例如,使用本领域已知或怀疑影响治疗或预测影响治疗的参数或因素,并且将取决于例如患者的临床病史(例如,以前的治疗),待治疗的癌症的类型和阶段以及在组合疗法中对一种或多种治疗剂的反应的生物标志物。
由于与根据本发明的CAR细胞组合的病毒包含具有穿透血液系统能力的感染性病毒颗粒,因此可以进行治疗或至少通过静脉注射病毒开始治疗。由于长期静脉内治疗可能容易由于形成针对病毒的中和抗体而变得低效,因此在初始方案静脉内病毒给药后可以采用不同的给药模式,或这种不同的给药技术,例如肿瘤内病毒给药,可替代地在整个病毒治疗过程中使用。然而,在优选的实施例中,在整个治疗过程中通过静脉给药进行给药。
作为另一具体的给药技术,病毒(病毒、载体和/或细胞药剂)可以从植入患者的源中施用给患者。例如,可以在肿瘤切除过程中或通过单独的程序将例如硅树脂或其他生物相容性材料的导管连接到安装在患者体内的小皮下储存器(Rickham储存器),以允许在不同时间局部注射细小病毒组合物,而无需进一步的手术干预。病毒或衍生载体也可以通过立体定向手术技术或导航靶向技术注射到肿瘤中。
病毒的施用也可以通过使用合适的泵系统,例如蠕动输注泵或对流增强输送(CED)泵,以低流速通过植入导管连续输注病毒颗粒或含有病毒颗粒的流体来进行。
病毒组合部分的另一种施用方法是来自植入的物品,该植入的物品被构造和布置成将细小病毒分配到期望的癌症组织。例如,可以使用已经用病毒,特别是细小病毒H-1浸润的晶片,其中在外科肿瘤切除结束时将晶片附着到切除腔的边缘。在这种治疗干预中可以采用多个晶片。主动产生病毒或基于病毒的载体的细胞可以在肿瘤切除之后注射到肿瘤或肿瘤腔中。
CAR T细胞和CAR-T细胞组合物可以根据合适的剂量计划施用。在某些实施例中,CAR T细胞施用一次,随后的剂量取决于临床标准。如果个人不响应或仅部分响应,可以第二次、第三次或第四次将CAR-T细胞组合物施用到所述患者,直到观察到期望的临床响应。CAR-T细胞的剂量通常将包括至少1x106个细胞,但是不超过5x108个细胞。可以基于用CAR构建体转导的个体的活PBMC的总量来施用细胞。在某些实施例中,单剂量包括1百万转导的PBMC至1亿转导的PBMC。
细小病毒可以根据合适的剂量计划施用。在某些实施例中,病毒施用一次,随后的剂量取决于临床标准。如果个人不响应或仅部分响应,可以第二次、第三次或第四次施用到所述患者,直到观察到期望的临床响应。细小病毒的剂量通常将包括至少1x106pfu,但是不超过5x1011pfu。优选地,施用的剂量在1x107pfu和5x1010pfu之间。
它还可以允许以较低的治疗剂量在临床上使用病毒和/或CAR细胞,保留甚至增强抗癌功效,同时提高安全性并减少和/或避免副作用。鉴于病毒和CAR细胞之间的强协同作用,可以预见治疗剂量的减少,例如先前使用的单组分剂量的一半或三分之一正在保持期望的治疗效果。鉴于减少的剂量,可以减少甚至避免(严重的)副作用。
在细小病毒的情况下,感染作用杀死肿瘤细胞但不伤害正常细胞,并且这种感染可以例如通过静脉内或肿瘤内使用合适的细小病毒,例如细小病毒H-1,或基于这种病毒的相关病毒或载体来进行,以进行肿瘤特异性治疗而没有不良的神经或其他副作用。
本发明的组合疗法通常用于治疗大到足以通过触诊或通过本领域熟知的成像技术(例如MRI、超声或CAT扫描)发现的肿瘤。在一些优选的实施例中,本发明的组合疗法用于治疗晚期肿瘤,其尺寸至少为大约200mm3、300mm3、400mm3、500mm3、750mm3或高达1000mm3。
本发明的组合疗法可以在切除肿瘤的手术之前或之后使用,并且可以在化疗或放射治疗之前、期间或之后使用。
因此,在一些实施例中,治疗可以进一步包括其他治疗性或预防性干预,例如化疗、免疫疗法、放射治疗、手术、疫苗接种和/或激素治疗。这种其他治疗性或预防性干预可以在本公开所涵盖的疗法之前、期间和/或之后发生,并且其他治疗性和预防性干预的递送可以经由不同的给药途径作为本公开的疗法而进行。化疗和放射疗法分别是指用治疗剂或电离辐射(例如,使用X射线或g射线的放射疗法)治疗癌症。
在一些实施例中,组合疗法中的至少一种治疗剂使用与当所述治疗剂用作治疗同一癌症的单一疗法时通常使用的相同的给药方案(治疗的剂量、频率和持续时间)施用。在其他实施例中,患者在组合疗法中接受的至少一种治疗剂的总量低于将该治疗剂用作单一疗法时的总量,例如,较小的剂量、较不频繁的剂量和/或较短的治疗持续时间。
附加的治疗剂可以是例如化疗剂、生物治疗剂(包括但不限于抗体,例如VEGF、EGFR、Her2/neu;生长因子受体,CD20、CD40、CD40L、CTLA-4、OX-40 4-1BB和ICOS;抗体片段)、核酸(DNA或RNA)、免疫原性药剂(例如,减毒的癌细胞、肿瘤抗原、抗原呈递细胞,例如用肿瘤衍生抗原或核酸脉冲的树突细胞)、免疫刺激性细胞因子(例如,IL-2、IFN-α、IFN-γ、GM-CSF),以及用编码免疫刺激细胞因子(例如但不限于GM-CSF)或检查点抑制剂(例如但不限于抗PD1或抗PD-L1抗体,例如尼沃利珠单抗、帕普利珠单抗、伊匹单抗、替西木单抗、阿维单抗)的基因转染的细胞。
化疗剂的示例包括烷基化剂,例如环磷酸酰胺、白消安、喜树碱、氯佐菌素、氟莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀、雷尼霉素、抗生素、博来霉素、卡霉素、大观霉素、柔红霉素、去甲氧基柔红霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、甲氨蝶呤、阿糖胞苷、铂类似物,例如顺铂和卡铂;长春碱、铂;依托泊苷(VP-16);异环磷酰胺、米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺消灵;替尼泊苷;依达曲沙;柔红霉素;氨基蝶呤、希罗达;伊班膦酸盐;拓扑异构酶抑制剂;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);类视黄醇、他莫昔芬、雷洛昔芬、屈洛昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬、雷洛西芬或芳香化酶抑制剂。
本发明还涉及(a)溶瘤病毒(特别是细小病毒H-1)和(b)被基因修饰以表达嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的免疫细胞(特别是T细胞)用于制备用于治疗癌症的治疗制剂或药物组合物或药物组合的用途。
(a)和(b)的施用模式可以是同时的或顺序的,其中,优选地,顺序地或单独地施用(a)和(b)。这意味着(a)和(b)可以以单组剂量的形式提供,以用于一起或作为单独的实体(例如,在单独的容器中)服用,以同时地或以某个时间差施用。该时间差可以在1小时和1周之间,优选地在12小时和3天之间,最优选地在24-60小时。另外,可能经由另一施用方式来施用病毒,而不是CAR细胞。在这方面,肿瘤内和其他全身方式施用病毒或CAR细胞可以是有利的。在特定优选的实施例中,病毒是静脉内给药的,而CAR细胞是肿瘤内给药的。优选地,病毒和CAR细胞作为单独的化合物施用。用这两种药剂联合治疗也是可能的。
本发明的组合疗法中的每种治疗剂可以单独施用或以包含治疗剂和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂和稀释剂的药物(本文也称为“药物组合物”或“医学制剂”)施用,其量根据如上所述的标准药物实践。本发明的组合疗法中的每种治疗剂可以同时、一起或以任何次序顺序地施用。
同时施用是指将药剂一起施用,例如作为含有该药剂的药物组合物(即组合制剂),或在彼此之后立即施用,并任选地经由相同的施用途径,例如施用至相同的动脉、静脉或其他血管。
顺序施用是指施用一种或多种药剂,然后在给定的时间间隔后单独施用另一种药剂。当组合疗法中的治疗剂是不同的剂型(固体/液体)和/或以不同的给药计划施用时,顺序施用尤其有用,例如至少每天施用一种,而生物治疗剂施用频率更低,例如每周一次、每两周一次或每三周一次。该时间间隔可以是任何时间间隔,包括小时、天、周或月。在一些实施例中,顺序施用是指以至少10分钟、30分钟、1小时、6小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、36小时、48小时、3天、4天、5天、6天、1周、2周、3周、1个月、6周、2个月、3个月、4个月、5个月或6个月中的一个时间间隔分开地施用。在优选的实施例中,首先给予细小病毒,即,在施用CAR-T细胞之前具有某个时间差。该时间差可以是至少10小时,但也可以是4天,优选地18-72小时,最优选地在24小时和60小时之间。不需要以相同的途径施用这两种药剂,但是在一些实施例中是这种情况。
本文所述的CAR细胞和溶瘤病毒可以作为试剂盒提供,该试剂盒包括第一容器、第二容器和药品说明书。第一容器含有至少一剂CAR细胞,第二容器含有至少一剂溶瘤病毒,并且药品说明书或标签包括用于使用治疗制剂治疗患者的癌症的说明。第一和第二容器可以由相同或不同的形状(例如,小瓶、注射器和boole瓶)和/或材料(例如,塑料或玻璃)构成。该试剂盒还可以包括其他材料,这些材料可用于施用制剂,例如稀释剂、过滤器、IV包和线、针和注射器。
在本发明中,已经首次显示,溶瘤病毒H-1PV和CAR细胞的组合使用可能是对抗实体瘤的有效方法。
正如前面提到的那样,肿瘤没有被理论束缚的意图,可以隐藏自己免受免疫系统的攻击。这导致身体对肿瘤的免疫耐受,因为许多实体瘤具有微环境,其使得被活化的免疫细胞不可能侵入肿瘤。现在,通过使用溶瘤病毒,尤其是细小病毒,更特别是细小病毒H-1,其可以攻击肿瘤并改变其微环境,从而使这种对肿瘤的侵入成为可能。换句话说,溶瘤病毒能够通过溶癌作用使肿瘤“裸露”,并且CAR-T细胞能够开始侵入肿瘤。溶瘤病毒可以被视为成功免疫应答的开门器,因为它能刺激促炎性和促迁移细胞因子和趋化因子(图23)。有了这个概念,应该可以治疗过去CART-T治疗失败的实体瘤,因为溶瘤病毒治疗将非免疫原性肿瘤转化为免疫原性肿瘤。鉴于一般原则,只要它改变肿瘤微环境和任何基于细胞的疗法,这对任何溶瘤病毒都有效。这可能会导致预防疾病复发的长期效果,可能会增加最初的溶瘤。这些作用的结合使肿瘤更容易受到免疫系统的影响,特别是在之前用病毒治疗后。
肿瘤的侵袭边缘被发现是一个高度特异性的区域,由T细胞趋化因子和骨髓细胞相关因子主导,并伴有许多不同的免疫细胞亚型,包括免疫抑制细胞和T细胞(Halama等人,Cancer Cell 29:587-601(2016);WO 2016/066634 A2)。由于这种不同的微环境难以在动物模型中复现(Ellis and Fidler,Nat.Med.16:974-975(2010)),因此发明人建立了离体细胞迁移分析模型来研究T细胞在肿瘤患者原始环境中的浸润和定位。该模型的实验设计在图1中示出。结直肠癌肝转移(CRC-LM)的使用必须被理解为示例性的。该原理对于任何肿瘤组织都是相同的。
因此,在本申请中,组合效应的概念证明是在外植体模型中进行的(图1),该模型能够在取自肿瘤患者的样本的原始环境中再现不同的微环境,从而可以进行研究T细胞浸润的离体细胞迁移分析。在本申请中,已经表明参与的CAR活化和调节肿瘤环境,这可以从增加的TH1细胞因子和更多的促迁移趋化因子中看出。另外,已经看出补性T细胞刺激白介素的上调(延长活化和启动分化)。与携带和测试肿瘤样本无关的癌细胞抗原的“模拟CAR”相比,携带和测试肿瘤样本相关的癌细胞抗原的CAR(例如CEA<->结直肠癌;CA-125<->卵巢癌)产生显著不同的细胞因子环境(参考图9、10、11、12、16、17、20、21、22)。因此,已经识别了CEA-CAR与模拟CAR的不同特征,这意味着特异性CAR及其活化产生了不同的抗肿瘤环境。在本申请中,CEA-CAR在卵巢癌模型中曾用作模拟CAR,并且CA-125CAR在CRC-LM癌症模型中曾用作模拟CAR。当比较添加了细小病毒H-1的CAR和没有添加细小病毒H-1的CAR之间的细胞因子调节时,已经清楚地表明,添加的细小病毒导致T细胞活化和迁移增强,但也导致抗原呈递,包括GM-CSF、IL-10、CXCL9、CXCL10(IP-10)、IL-5和IL-6(图13)。这意味着发生了TH1型细胞因子的大量增加、促迁移趋化因子的大量上调和补性T细胞刺激白介素的上调(延长活化并启动分化)。
另外,研究表明,当细小病毒H-1存在时,肿瘤组织的深度浸润存在巨大差异(图6、7、8、14、15、18、19)。因此,总的来说,细小病毒H-1的添加显著改善了T细胞的浸润。特异性CAR修饰的T细胞的浸润增强并取代简单的T细胞浸润。浸润特异性CAR-T细胞被活化,产生TH1细胞因子和趋化因子用于进一步浸润,这最可能是由于CAR参与肿瘤。当使用不与肿瘤结合的模拟CAR时,这种效果没有显示出来。
术语“大约”是指大概或接近,并且在本文所述的数值或范围的上下文中,在一个实施例中是指所述或所要求的数值或范围的±20%、±10%、±5%或±3%。
在描述本公开的上下文中(尤其是在权利要求的上下文中),术语“一个”和“一种”以及“所述”以及所用的类似引用应解释为涵盖单数和复数两者,除非在本文另外地指示或明显地与上下文矛盾。本文中对值范围的陈述仅旨在作为单独引用落入该范围内的每个单独值的简写方法。除非本文另有说明,否则每个单独的值都被纳入说明书中,就好像它在本文中被单独引用一样。本文描述的所有方法都可以以任何合适的顺序执行,除非本文另有指示或与上下文明显矛盾。本文所提供的任何以及所有示例或示例性语言(例如,“诸如”)的使用仅意图更好地说明本公开,并且不会对权利要求书的范围施加限制。本说明书中的语言不应解释为将任何非要求保护的要素指示为实践本公开所必需的。
除非另有明确规定,术语“包括”在本文件上下文中用于表示除“包括”所介绍的名单成员之外,还可以可选地有其他成员。然而,作为本公开的具体实施例,术语“包括”涵盖不存在其他成员的可能性,即,就本实施例而言,“包括”应理解为具有“由…组成”的含义。
此外,附图、材料、方法和示例仅为说明性的,而非限制性的。标题、副标题或带编号或字母的元素,例如(a)、(b)、(i)等,只是为了便于阅读。在本文件中使用标题或带编号或字母的元素不要求按字母顺序执行步骤或元素,也不要求这些步骤或元素必须彼此分离。本发明的其他特征、目的和优点将从说明书和附图以及权利要求中显而易见。
附图说明
在附图和以下的实例中,“Parvoryx”是指包含野生型细小病毒H-1的可施用配方。
图1:人CRC-肝转移离体细胞迁移分析模型。
图2:CAR-T疗法的原理。
图3:CAR细胞的代。
图4:确认CEA靶标结构阳性的免疫组织化学。
图5:将CMFDA标记的CAR转导的患者T细胞置于外植体的培养基中,24小时后收获外植体。随后的荧光成像表明,外植体(结直肠癌肝转移)的表面被浸润到高达200μm的深度(白线)。
图6:施用ParvOryx(在培养基中)后,CMFDA标记的CEA-CAR转导的患者T细胞显示出超过200μm深度(=白线)的增强的大量浸润。放大显示了结直肠癌肝转移组织的内部中的CMFDA阳性淋巴细胞。
图7:与先前应用或未应用ParvOryx病毒相比,特异性CEA-CAR转导的患者T细胞的密度(Mann Whitney非参数测试)。
图8:特异性CEA-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润的比较显示ParvOryx施用明显增强了浸润能力。
图9:特异性CEA-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润的细微差异(Mann Whitney非参数测试)。ParvOryx施用增强了不依赖CAR特异性的T细胞浸润。
图10:特异性CEA-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图11:特异性CEA-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图12:特异性CEA-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图13:浸润的特异性CEA-CAR转导T细胞与伴随ParvOryx施用浸润的特异性CEA-CAR转导T细胞比较,组织细胞因子的百分比差异。星号标记特异性浸润依赖性细胞因子调节,表明特异性T细胞活化。
图14:施用ParvOryx(培养基)后,CMFDA标记的CA125-CAR转导的患者T细胞在卵巢癌中显示出超过200μm深度的增强的大量浸润。上部:不包含细小病毒;下部:加入细小病毒。放大显示了卵巢癌组织的内部中的CMFDA阳性淋巴细胞(下部中的白色箭头)。
图15:与先前应用或未应用ParvOryx病毒相比,特异性CA125-CAR转导的患者T细胞的密度(Mann Whitney非参数测试)。
图16:特异性CA125-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图17:特异性CA125-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式,也用于维持和分化信号如IL-7。
图18:施用ParvOryx(培养基)后,CMFDA标记的CA125-CAR转导的患者T细胞在卵巢癌中显示出超过200μm深度的增强的大量浸润。
图19:与先前应用或未应用ParvOryx病毒相比,特异性CA125-CAR转导的患者T细胞的密度(Mann Whitney非参数测试)。
图20:特异性CA125-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图21:特异性CA125-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式。
图22:特异性CA125-CAR与模拟CAR转导的T细胞浸润组织之间的细胞因子水平差异突出了仅针对特异性CAR转导T细胞的特异性TH1样活化模式,也用于维持和分化信号如IL-5和IL-7。
图23:ParvOryx诱导的细胞因子水平变化(与未经处理的对照相比的比率,在处理24小时时显示的三个卵巢癌外植体的平均值)以及CD8 T细胞密度的变化(最后一列)。上述细胞因子与其他癌症实体(结直肠癌肝转移和胰腺癌)的结果相同。
实例
患者:
(1)带有肝转移的结直肠癌
·接受多种化疗的患者
·切除CRC肝转移(CRCLM)
·CEA阳性肿瘤细胞
·成功的外周血取样和T细胞提取
·成功的CAR转染(模拟和CEA特异性CAR)
(2)卵巢癌(晚期)OvCa183
·接受第一种化疗的患者
·切除腹部肿瘤表现(OVCA)
·根据病理学报告的CA125阳性肿瘤细胞
·成功的外周血取样和T细胞提取
·成功的CAR转染(模拟和CA125特异性CAR)
(3)卵巢癌(晚期)OvCa184
·第一种化疗后的患者
·切除腹部肿瘤表现(OVCA)
·病理学确认的CA125阳性肿瘤细胞
·成功的外周血取样和T细胞提取
·成功的CAR转染(模拟和CA125特异性CAR)
实例1:外植体模型
组织培养
新鲜切除的肿瘤组织(CRCLM或卵巢癌)在0.9%生理盐水溶液(Sigma-Aldrich)和冰上直接从手术室转移到实验室。通过使用钳子和手术刀,将每个组织放置在培养皿中,并将其分成小块,其中包含相等比例的侵袭边缘。一块组织被直接冷冻并作为对照存储。对于自体T细胞分离,另外一块相邻组织(例如,肝)分开。将组织块放入96孔板中,并在无菌条件下在37℃和5%二氧化碳的MEM中培养,MEM含有2.9%的7.5%碳酸氢钠溶液和1%的200mML-谷氨酰胺溶液(Sigma-Aldrich)。如果有必要,使用氢氧化钠将培养基的pH调节到7.4。在24至72小时后,收获组织,将其放入含有组织包埋化合物(VWR)的小塑料碗(SakuraFinetek Germany GmbH)中,并直接冷冻在液氮中。冷冻的组织在-80℃存储,直到进一步使用。
T细胞分离和标记
为了分离自体T细胞,将一块约0.5cm2的新鲜切除的人CRC-LM组织(如果可用的话,邻近肝脏)放置在培养皿中,并用手术刀切碎。用钳子在细胞滤网(40μm网孔)上轻轻加入剪切的组织,并使用RPMI(Sigma-Aldrich)冲洗到50ml离心管中。通过新的细胞滤网第二次冲洗流动通道,并用5μM CellTrackerTMGreen CMFDA(Thermo Fisher Scientific)在细胞培养瓶中对分离的细胞进行染色1小时。使用Dynabeads Untouched Human T cells Kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific)通过基于阴性珠的分离来分离非粘附性T细胞。将自体CMFDAT细胞直接重新悬浮在组织培养基中用于离体细胞迁移分析。
供体T细胞使用Ficoll Paque Plus(Sigma-Aldrich)通过密度梯度离心从健康供体的外周血中获得,随后在细胞培养瓶中分离非粘附细胞1.5小时以及基于阴性珠的T细胞分离。为了刺激增殖,将分离的供体T细胞在含有抗人CD3抗体(1:10.000,克隆OKT3,BioLegend)的X-vivo 15培养基(Biozym)中培养48小时,并每天添加300单位IL-2(PeproTech)。T细胞用5μM CMFDA染色1小时,并在含有10% DMSO的FBS(Biochrom)中冷冻保存。冷冻的CMFDA供体细胞在-80℃下储存,直到用于离体细胞迁移分析。
实例2:CAR-T细胞的代
为了获得原代T细胞,在EDTA收集管中从3名健康供体中抽取50ml血液。将新鲜血液彻底移到10ml Ficoll(Ficoll PaqueTM,密度:1.077;GE Healthcare)层上,并在没有制动的情况下以750xg离心30分钟。淋巴细胞被脱下,并用PBS清洗两次。根据制造商的说明,使用human Pan T cell Isolation Kit II(Miltenyi Biotec)测定细胞数量并进行CD3+T细胞的分离。分选后测定T细胞的数量,并将1x106/ml/cm2细胞接种在活化培养基(XVIVO20(Lonza),含有100ng/ml的抗CD3抗体(克隆:OKT3;Janssen-Cilag)和300U/ml白介素-2(诺华))中,在37℃下培养24小时。活化后,将T细胞在PBS中清洗三次,并在培养基(XVIVO20;300U/ml IL-2)中进一步孵育。T细胞分离四十八小时后,使用感染旋转接种方法进行慢病毒CAR转导。因此,将细胞接种在包被的24孔板上(16μg/ml1x106CD3+细胞/ml/cm2),并以10的MOI添加编码CAR基因表达盒的慢病毒颗粒(4H11scFv-IgG-28BBz或SCA431scFV-IgG-28BBz)。该板在2000g和32℃下离心1.5小时,然后在37℃下孵育24小时。此后,移除含有慢病毒颗粒的培养基,并用栽培基质替换。初次细胞分选七十二小时后,通过流式细胞术测定表达CAR的CD3+细胞的比率。下表给出了不同供体的详细信息。
实例3:外植体模型中的治疗
使用ParvOryx,即H-1PV的GMP级制剂。将H-1PV以1x107pfu/ml的浓度加入组织培养物中,60分钟后加入上述数量的CAR细胞并再孵育60分钟。
然后对用细小病毒H-1和/或CAR-T细胞或模拟CAR-T细胞处理的外植体进行组织学分析(图4、5、6、8)和多重蛋白质分析(图10、11、12、16、17)。
Claims (17)
1.一种药物组合,其包含(a)溶瘤病毒和(b)免疫细胞,特别是T细胞,所述免疫细胞被基因修饰以表达特异于癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合,其中所述溶瘤病毒为细小病毒H-1或选自以下项的相关啮齿动物细小病毒:LuIII、小鼠微小病毒(MMV)、小鼠细小病毒(MPV)、大鼠微小病毒(RMV)、大鼠细小病毒(RPV)或大鼠病毒(RV)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合,其中所述癌细胞抗原选自以下项:间皮素、EGFRvIII、GD2、Tn抗原、PSMA、PSA、CD70、CD97、TAG72、CD44v6、CEA、CA125、EPCAM、KIT、IL-13Ra2、leguman、GD3、CD171、IL-l lRa、PSCA、MAD-CT-1、MAD-CT-2、VEGFR2、LewisY、CD24、PDGFR-β、SSEA-4、叶酸受体α、ERBB(例如,ERBB2)、Her2/neu、MUC1、EGFR、NCAM、肝配蛋白B2、CAIX、LMP2、sLe、HMWMAA、o-乙酰-GD2、叶酸受体β、TEM1/CD248、TEM7R、FAP、豆荚蛋白、HPVE6或E7、p16INK4a、ML-IAP、CLDN6、TSHR、GPRC5D、ALK、多唾液酸、Fos相关抗原、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、TRP-2、CYP1B1、精液蛋白17、β人绒毛膜促性腺激素、AFP、甲状腺球蛋白、PLAC1、globoH、RAGE1、MN-CA IX、MSI移码突变体、人端粒酶反转录酶、肠道羧酸酯酶、mut hsp 70-2、NA-17、NY-BR-1、UPK2、HAVCR1、ADRB3、PANX3、NY-ESO-1、GPR20、Ly6k、OR51E2、TARP或GFRa4。
4.根据权利要求3所述的药物组合,其中所述癌细胞抗原为CEA或CA125。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的药物组合,还包括选自以下项的一个或多个附加治疗剂:化疗剂、生物治疗剂、免疫原性剂、免疫刺激细胞因子和用基因编码免疫刺激细胞因子转染的细胞。
6.在用于治疗癌症的方法中使用的权利要求1至5中任一项中定义的药物组合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用于所述用途的药物组合,其中所述溶瘤病毒和被基因修饰以表达特异于癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的所述免疫细胞是按顺序施用的。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的用于所述用途的药物组合,其中所述免疫细胞为T细胞。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的用于所述用途的药物组合,其中所述用途为用于治疗实体瘤、血癌和/或致癌干细胞。
10.根据权利要求6至9中任一项所述的用于所述用途的药物组合,其中所述癌症为结肠癌、膀胱癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、头颈鳞状细胞癌、肺癌、恶性黑素瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、脑癌、宫颈癌、肾细胞癌或胃癌。
11.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的用于所述用途的药物组合,其中所述溶瘤病毒和/或所述CAR免疫细胞通过瘤内给药或静脉给药来施用。
12.一种试剂盒,其包括第一容器、第二容器和药品说明书,其中所述第一容器包括至少一剂含有溶瘤病毒的药物组合,所述第二容器包括至少一剂免疫细胞,优选T细胞,所述免疫细胞被基因修饰以表达特异于癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR),并且所述药品说明书包括用于治疗患有癌症的个人的说明。
13.根据权利要求12所述的试剂盒,其中所述癌症为结肠癌、膀胱癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、头颈鳞状细胞癌、肺癌、恶性黑素瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、脑癌、宫颈癌、肾细胞癌或胃癌。
14.一种抑制个人中的肿瘤抗原阳性细胞的增殖和/或活性的方法,其包括向所述个人提供治疗有效量的根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的药物组合的步骤。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述药物组合的组分(a)和(b)通过瘤内给药或静脉给药来单独提供。
16.一种在用于在肿瘤微环境中增加TH1型细胞因子、上调后迁移趋化因子和上调补性T细胞刺激白介素的方法中使用的溶瘤病毒。
17.根据权利要求16所述的用于所述用途的溶瘤病毒,其中所述溶瘤病毒为细小病毒H-1或选自以下项的相关啮齿动物细小病毒:LuIII、小鼠微小病毒(MMV)、小鼠细小病毒(MPV)、大鼠微小病毒(RMV)、大鼠细小病毒(RPV)或大鼠病毒(RV)。
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PCT/EP2022/055394 WO2022184824A2 (en) | 2021-03-04 | 2022-03-03 | Cancer therapy involving car-engineered t-cells and parvovirus h-1 |
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KR20230155502A (ko) | 2023-11-10 |
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BR112023017746A2 (pt) | 2023-10-03 |
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