CN116837094A - Impdh同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用 - Google Patents
Impdh同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了IMPDH同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用,属于疾病预后技术领域。本发明提供了检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂在制备胶质瘤预后判断产品中的应用,IMPDH1高表达且IMPDH2低表达的病人预后较差,IMPDH1低表达同时IMPDH2高表达的病人预后较好。本发明将IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平的比值作为胶质瘤预后的一个潜在分子指标,具有良好的灵敏性和特异性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于疾病预后技术领域,具体涉及IMPDH同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用。
背景技术
胶质瘤(Glioma)是源自神经上皮的一类肿瘤,占颅脑肿瘤的40%~50%,是最常见的原发性颅内肿瘤,大约一半的患者表现为最具侵袭性的胶质母细胞瘤(Glioblastoma,GBM)。胶质瘤目前主要的治疗方法包括手术切除和放疗联合辅助化疗治疗。由于胶质瘤具有高侵袭、高增殖、术后易复发的特点,因此即便是经过了治疗,但是预后较差,患者的总体生存率依然不理想,中位生存率仅为15个月。因此,如何提高胶质瘤患者的生存率,改善其预后是目前亟需解决的问题。
Temozolomide(TMZ)是一种烷基化类DNA损伤药物,可以造成DNA的甲基化,由于其可以透过血脑屏障而广受关注,成为目前治疗胶质瘤的一线化疗药物。但在临床治疗过程中,DNA损伤修复分子的突变或肿瘤干细胞的存在等导致肿瘤细胞产生了非常严重的耐药问题。例如,O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase(MGMT)是一种DNA甲基转移酶,可以通过去除DNA上的甲基化来保护DNA免受TMZ等烷基化药物的损伤,从而维持基因组稳定性。MGMT启动子甲基化可以导致基因沉默,并抑制MGMT蛋白质的合成。具有MGMT启动子甲基化的胶质瘤患者对化疗、放疗敏感,生存期较长。因此,MGMT的表达水平与肿瘤对TMZ的敏感性密切相关,可作为胶质瘤治疗预后的独立预测因子。大多数的胶质瘤都存在MGMT的甲基化,但并非所有MGMT甲基化的胶质瘤对TMZ敏感。除了MGMT外,目前临床上胶质瘤的分子检测指标还包括IDH1/2是否出现突变、1p/19q是否杂合性缺失、TERT或者BRAF基因是否出现突变。随着肿瘤精准治疗时代的到来,为了实现对胶质瘤精准治疗、分类治疗,极大提高患者的生存期,筛选适用人群更广的预后预测因子显得极为重要。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供IMPDH同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用,为胶质瘤治疗的临床预后诊断提供一个新指标。
本发明提供了检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂在制备胶质瘤预后判断产品中的应用。
优选的,所述IMPDH同工酶包括IMPDH1和IMPDH2。
优选的,IMPDH1联合IMPDH2作为胶质瘤治疗预后判断靶点。
优选的,将IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值作为胶质瘤治疗预后判断靶点。
优选的,所述比值为IMPDH1的表达量或含量除以IMPDH2的表达量或含量。
优选的,以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达量的比值作为生物标志物,比值高于0.22预示所述胶质瘤患者预后不良。
优选的,所述胶质瘤患者样本包括肿瘤或血液样本。
本发明还提供了一种胶质瘤预后判断试剂盒,包括检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂。
优选的,包括检测IMPDH1和IMPDH2的mRNA和/或蛋白质的表达量的试剂。
优选的,包括检测IMPDH1表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH1-F和qPCR-IMPDH1-R,检测IMPDH2表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH2-F和qPCR-IMPDH2-R;
所述qPCR-IMPDH1-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH1-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示;所述qPCR-IMPDH2-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH2-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示。
有益效果:本发明提供了检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂在制备胶质瘤预后判断产品中的应用,IMPDH(Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase)是鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成的限速酶,参与鸟嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成过程。在人的细胞中,IMPDH有同源性高达84%的两种同工酶,IMPDH1和IMPDH2。IMPDH1在肿瘤中主要以扩增为主,IMPDH1高表达病人预后较差,而IMPDH2主要以缺失和突变为主,IMPDH2高表达病人预后较好。IMPDH1高表达且IMPDH2低表达的病人预后较差,IMPDH1低表达同时IMPDH2高表达的病人预后较好,而IMPDH1和IMPDH2同时高表达或者同时低表达时对于预后的影响类似,且居中。以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平的比值作为指标去衡量病人的预后时,Hazard Ratio(HR)值为4.1,利用差值时HR值为4.5,因此,将IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平的比值可以作为胶质瘤预后的一个潜在分子指标。本发明实施例中还验证了IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值高的胶质瘤细胞对TMZ药物不敏感,通过通过彗星电泳实验及免疫荧光实验对敏感性机理进行研究,发现IMPDH1敲低时,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值更低,此时细胞的DNA损伤修复能力更弱,细胞中有较多的损伤,对于药物更加敏感,相反,当IMPDH2敲低时,IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值升高,此时细胞由于DNA损伤修复能力较强而对药物的敏感性降低。本发明还对IMPDH1、IMPDH2、IMPDH1+IMPDH2、IMPDH1-IMPDH2、IMPDH1/IMPDH2共五个指标做相关性分析,其P值都小于0.01,说明这五种指标与胶质瘤病人的预后具有一定的相关性,但其中IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值组,HR值为3.9,说明以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值作为预后指标的优越性,表现在灵敏性高和特异性强。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平的比值与病人预后关联图;图中a.使用https://www.cbioportal.org/数据库分析IMPDH1和IMPDH2在肿瘤中的突变种类;b.c.d.e.通过TCGA数据库,分析胶质瘤病人IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平对病人预后的影响;
图2为利用IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平的函数关系与病人预后关联图;图中a.b.c.d.e.分别表示IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平的比值、差减、加和,以及单独考察其中一个;
图3为IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平与胶质瘤细胞对TMZ敏感性的关联图;图中a.不同细胞系中IMPDH1和IMPDH2的蛋白表达水平;b.c.d.不同细胞系中IMPDH1和IMPDH2的mRNA表达水平;e.克隆形成实验检测不同细胞系对TMZ的敏感性(TMZ 24h);f.Dox诱导T98G细胞中IMPDH2过表达,通过cck8实验检测细胞的活性;g.在HeLa细胞中构建IMPDH1和IMPDH2的敲低细胞系,对敲低细胞系的蛋白表达水平进行检测;h.克隆形成实验检测IMPDH1或IMPDH2敲低细胞对TMZ的敏感性;i.cck8实验检测IMPDH1或IMPDH2敲低细胞对MNNG的敏感性;
图4为IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平与细胞DNA损伤修复能力的关联图;图中a.免疫荧光实验检测IMPDH1或IMPDH2敲低细胞中γH2AX的荧光强度(MNNG 5μM,15min,release24h);b.彗星电泳实验检测IMPDH1或IMPDH2敲低细胞中彗星拖尾的长度(MNNG 5μM,15min,release 24h);
图5为IMPDH1和IMPDH2表达水平与细胞对DNA损伤产生应答反应的关联图;图中a.b.通过RNAseq检测IMPDH敲低细胞系的基因表达水平,并进行主成分分析;c.对IMPDH1敲低细胞在响应TMZ后发生改变的信号通路进行GSEA富集;d.对IMPDH2敲低细胞在响应TMZ后发生改变的信号通路进行GSEA富集;
图6为以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平比值作为胶质瘤治疗预后的指标的灵敏性和特异性的结果图;图中a.b.c.d.e.利用ROC曲线,分别对IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平做比值、差减、加和,以及单独考察其中一者,分析其对胶质瘤病人的预后的灵敏性和特异性;f.分析分别对IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平做比值、差减、加和,以及单独考察其中一者时,相应指标与胶质瘤病人治疗预后的相关性及HR值。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂在制备胶质瘤预后判断产品中的应用。
本发明所述IMPDH是鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成的限速酶,参与鸟嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成过程。该过程首先利用磷酸核糖、氨基酸、一碳单位、CO2等简单物质为原料,经过一系列酶促反应合成IMP,之后由IMPDH催化IMP合成XMP,最后在相关酶的作用下合成鸟嘌呤核苷酸。在人的细胞中,IMPDH有两种同工酶IMPDH1和IMPDH2,同源性高达84%,对于细胞内鸟嘌呤核苷酸库的维持、DNA和RNA的合成、能量的供应等有着重要的作用。
本发明通过数据库信息比对,发现IMPDH1和IMPDH2的肿瘤图谱存在明显的区别:IMPDH1在肿瘤中主要以扩增为主,而IMPDH2主要以缺失和突变为主。通过对TCGA数据库中的胶质瘤病人样本进行分析,IMPDH1高表达病人预后较差,相反,IMPDH2高表达病人预后较好。综合考量IMPDH1和IMPDH2的不同表达水平对胶质瘤病人预后的影响,结果发现IMPDH1高表达且IMPDH2低表达的病人预后较差,IMPDH1低表达同时IMPDH2高表达的病人预后较好,而IMPDH1和IMPDH2同时高表达或者同时低表达时对于预后的影响类似,且居中。本发明优选以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平的比值为指标来衡量胶质瘤病人的预后,经实施例证实IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值高的病人预后较差,利用二者的比值作为指标去衡量病人的预后时,Hazard Ratio(HR)值为4.1,利用差值时HR值为4.5,而利用二者的总和或单独的IMPDH1或IMPDH2时,HR值分别为0.41、2.54、0.29。因此综合考虑二者的表达水平比单独考虑其中一种更能反映病人的预后情况,IMPDH1高表达同时IMPDH2低表达的病人预后更差,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平的比值可以作为胶质瘤预后的一个潜在分子指标。
本发明所述比值优选为IMPDH1的表达量或含量除以IMPDH2的表达量或含量。本发明以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达量的比值作为生物标志物时,高比值(高于0.22)预示所述胶质瘤患者预后不良。本发明所述胶质瘤患者样本优选包括肿瘤或血液样本。
本发明还提供了一种胶质瘤预后判断试剂盒,包括检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂。
本发明所述检测优选包括检测IMPDH1和IMPDH2的mRNA和/或蛋白质的表达量的试剂。在本发明实施例中以检测基因表达量为例进行说明,但是不能仅将其认定为本发明的全部保护范围。本发明检测基因表达量的试剂盒中优选包括检测IMPDH同工酶表达量的引物对,其中检测IMPDH1表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH1-F和qPCR-IMPDH1-R,检测IMPDH2表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH2-F和qPCR-IMPDH2-R;所述qPCR-IMPDH1-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ IDNO.1所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH1-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示;所述qPCR-IMPDH2-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH2-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示。本发明在进行所述检测时优选以Actin为内参基因。
本发明所述试剂盒中优选还包括配制荧光定量PCR体系的其他试剂,如2×SYBRGreen Master Mix,并在配制完成所述体系后,按照程序进行反应:95.0℃30s,95.0℃10s,58.0℃20s,72℃20s,共40个循环。
为了进一步说明本发明,下面结合附图和实施例对本发明提供的IMPDH同工酶作为胶质瘤治疗的预后指标中的应用进行详细地描述,但不能将它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
本发明实施例中所用的试剂和材料如非特殊限定,均为本领域中可常规获得的市售产品及文献记载的操作方法。
1.生物信息学分析
使用NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/)下载IMPDH1和IMPDH2基因序列;使用https://www.cbioportal.org/数据库分析IMPDH1和IMPDH2在肿瘤中的突变种类;使用TCGA数据库分析IMPDH1或IMPDH2表达水平与病人预后的关系;使用http://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/网站在线设计IMPDH1和IMPDH2的guide RNA。
2.细胞系
HeLa细胞为本实验室传代培养,胶质瘤细胞系SVGP12、A172、HS683、LN229、T98G、U87MG、U251、U118MG购于丰晖生物公司、U343MG购于美仑生物公司。
3.抗体
实施例中使用的抗体如表1所示:
表1抗体种类及来源
4.引物
表2实施例涉及的引物和序列
5.质粒构建
使用的Tet-on-flag标签的质粒由翊圣生物公司的一步法快速克隆试剂盒构建。将载体线性化,并在插入片段正、反向PCR引物5’端引入15-25bp的线性化载体末端同源序列,使得插入片段PCR产物5’和3’末端分别带有与线性化载体两末端对应的完全一致的序列(BamH I和EcoR I)。PCR产物和线性化载体在重组酶的作用下,50℃反应20min即可进行转化,完成定向克隆。克隆阳性率可达95%以上,筛选菌落PCR阳性的克隆进行测序鉴定。
6.质粒的提取
(1)质粒小量提取,按天根生物公司的试剂盒说明书进行。
(2)质粒大量制备,操作步骤如下所示:
1)取培养至对数生长后期含待提质粒的细菌培养液500mL于离心瓶中,天平配平,室温,4000rpm离心10min,弃尽上清;
2)向离心瓶中加入5mL溶液I(50mmol/L葡萄糖,25mmol/L Tris,10mmol/L EDTA,pH8.0),将菌液沉淀充分重悬;
3)加入10mL溶液II(0.2mol/LNaOH,1%SDS(V/W)),缓慢翻转离心瓶8~10次,静置2min;
4)加入7.5mL溶液III(5mol/L醋酸钾,每100mL溶液中加入11.5mL乙酸),盖紧瓶盖,缓慢翻转离心瓶8~10次,8000rpm离心10min;
5)离心后将上清过滤到50mL离心管中,加入20mL异丙醇,充分混匀,室温静置10min;
6)天平配平,室温,15000rpm离心5min,弃尽上清;
7)加入5mL TE buffer(10mmol/LTris-HCl(pH8.0),1mmol/LEDTA),吹打混匀至沉淀完全溶解,再加入5mL LiCl(8mol/L)溶液(预冷),混匀,冰上静置10min,室温,15000rpm,离心5min;
8)离心后将上清过滤到50mL离心管中,加入10mL异丙醇,充分混匀,冰上静置10min,室温,20000rpm离心10min;
9)加入600μL TE溶液,将沉淀溶解后转移到1.5mL EP管中,加入终浓度为20μg/mL的RNA酶,37℃水浴锅中孵育30min;
10)加入30%PEG(聚乙二醇,1.6mol/LNaCl)400μL,混匀,冰上静置1h;
11)4℃,14800rpm离心5min,弃尽上清,加入400μL TE buffer让沉淀充分溶解;
12)加入300μL PCIA(酚:氯仿:异戊醇=25:24:1),4℃,14800rpm离心5min;
13)吸取上层水相于EP管中,加入100μL 7.5mol/L醋酸铵和1mL无水乙醇,混匀,4℃,14800rpm离心5min;弃尽上清;
14)加入1mL 70%乙醇(预冷),4℃,14800rpm离心5min;
15)弃尽上清,65℃烤箱中放置5~10min,加入0.5~1mL超纯水让沉淀充分溶解,测定浓度后置于-20℃保存备用。
7.细胞培养、复苏及冻存
(1)细胞复苏与培养
将冻存于液氮的细胞快速取出,立即置于37℃水浴中,待冻存液完全融化后,100g离心5min,弃掉冻存液,用灭过菌的PBS轻轻将细胞吹打混匀,100g离心5min后加入1mL新鲜培养基(含DMEM、10%FBS和青链霉素双抗)轻轻吹打混匀,再加入6cm或10cm含培养基的培养皿中,“十字形”轻轻摇晃混匀后在含5%CO2和一定湿度条件下37℃培养。
(2)细胞的冻存
挑选状态良好、密度合适的细胞,加入PBS清洗一次,再用胰酶消化,消化后加入PBS重悬清洗一次后,1000rpm离心3min后,每10cm细胞培养皿中加入2mL的冻存液(含70%DMEM、20%血清和10%DMSO),重悬细胞并转移至冻存管,于-20℃冰箱放置1小时,之后转入-80℃冰箱,放置24小时,最后置于液氮中保存。
8.细胞转染
(1)培养细胞至指数生长期,约50%左右。
(2)配置转染体系:6孔板体系:质粒3μg、转染试剂9μL和转染优化液(Opti)200μL;6cm体系:质粒9μg、转染试剂27μL和转染优化液(Opti)800μL;10cm体系:质粒10μg、转染试剂30μL和转染优化液(Opti)1mL。
(3)充分混匀体系后室温静置15min。
(4)将混合液轻轻加入到细胞培养皿中,待混匀后,放入培养箱中继续培养。
(5)转染6~12h后更换新的培养基,新的培养基继续培养24~36h后收集细胞。
9.T98G细胞中Dox诱导稳定表达细胞株的制备
(1)将构建好的带有flag标签的目的质粒转入T98G细胞,转染48h以上。
(2)胰酶消化,取少量细胞检测质粒转染效率。
(3)若质粒表达正常,则将细胞消化后梯度接种到4~5个10cm细胞培养皿中,在含有1~2μg/mL嘌呤霉素(具体浓度根据预实验筛选情况定)的培养基培养,分别在24h和48h换一次培养液(含1~2μg/mL嘌呤霉素)。
(4)继续培养1~2周待长出明显的细胞单克隆后,加入胰酶后及时移除,用移液枪枪头将单克隆轻轻挑出至24孔板中。
(5)24孔板中的细胞再培养大约7天左右,用蛋白质免疫印迹检测表达情况(需挑选和内源性表达水平尽可能相一致的克隆株)。此外,用免疫荧光检测目的蛋白的定位情况,最终挑选100%表达目的蛋白的细胞株扩增,-80℃冻存进行后续实验。
10.CRISPR-Cas9载体的构建及基因敲除细胞的制备
(1)通过http://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/网站对IMPDH1和IMPDH2基因的gRNA进行评分,各筛选出评分最高、脱靶率最小的两条gRNA。
(2)引物两端添加好酶切位点,合成引物。
(3)准备sgRNAoligo插入段:溶解各个sgRNA的top链和bottom链至终浓度100μmol/L,磷酸化并退火sgRNA Oligos的top链和bottom链,反应体系(10μL):sg RNAtop(100μmol/L)1μL、sgRNAbottom(100μmol/L)1μL、T4 DNAligation 10×buffer 1μL、T4 PNK(T4polynucleotide kinase)1μL和ddH2O6μL,将反应体系混匀,短暂离心,PCR仪中37℃孵育30min;95℃孵育5min;孵育结束后立即从PCR仪中取出,室温冷却20min,吸取5μL磷酸化并退火的oligos至245μL ddH2O中,稀释50倍。
(4)克隆sgRNA oligos至pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro质粒中,建立digestion-ligation反应。
digestion-ligation(20μL)反应体系:pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro(100ng)2μL、Diluted oligo duplex from last step 2μL、T4 DNA ligase10×buffer 2μL、DTT(10mmol/L)1μL、ATP(10mmol/L)1μL、Fast Digest BbsI 1μL、T4 ligase 0.5μL、ddH2O10.5μL。
混匀,短暂离心,PCR仪中37℃孵育5min;21℃孵育5min,共六个循环;
(5)使用Plasmid Safeexo nuclease消化残留的线性化DNA,反应体系(15μL):Ligation reaction from last step 11μL、Plasmid Safe10×buffer 1.5μL、ATP(10mmol/L)1.5μL、Plasmid-SafeATP-dependent DNase 1μL。
混匀,短暂离心,PCR仪中37℃孵育30min,70℃孵育30min;
(6)将上步反应液转化至DH5α感受态细胞中,涂板(氨苄抗性),37℃过夜培养,挑取单克隆菌落扩增、测序、测序正确后进行质粒大提、转染,嘌呤霉素筛选,梯度稀释获得单克隆细胞株、通过Westernblot和T载体链接测序确认得到基因敲除的细胞株。
11.蛋白质免疫印迹(Westernblot)实验
(1)收集细胞样品:将培养皿中的细胞收集在1.5mL离心管中,不超过3000rpm离心2min,弃去上清,1mL PBS重悬细胞,不超过3000rpm离心2min。
(2)裂解细胞:根据收集细胞的量加入相应体积的裂解液(NETN或RIPA,加入蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF,Aprotinin以及磷酸酶抑制剂混合均匀),充分吹打细胞使细胞和裂解液充分混合,4℃继续上下翻转裂解20min。
(3)收集蛋白样品:15000rpm于4℃离心15min,留上清,取部分样品按比例加入4×SDS上样缓冲液后100℃煮样8min。
(4)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE):将事先配好的胶板置于电泳槽,安装好电泳装置,加入蛋白样品和蛋白Marker,刚开始用80V恒压电泳,待溴酚蓝指示剂通过浓缩胶与分离胶的交界后可以适当调大电压,等到溴酚蓝跑到胶板最下端即可停止。
(5)转膜:将NC膜置于预先准备好的滤纸上方(即形成膜-滤纸-海绵垫三层结构),再将已经电泳结束的胶板拆下,将胶完整置于滤纸上面,装好转膜装置,保证蛋白从负极转向正极,100V恒压转膜60-150min(具体时间根据蛋白分子量大小决定),另外注意需将转膜槽置于冰水中,避免转膜过程中温度过高。
(6)封闭:用镊子将转膜结束的NC膜取出,置于5%的脱脂奶粉中,室温孵育0.5-1h。
(7)一抗孵育:待封闭结束后,倒掉封闭液,TBST清洗3次,每次5min,加入稀释好的一抗(用3%BSA稀释),4℃孵育过夜。
(8)二抗孵育:一抗孵育结束后,TBST清洗3次,每次5min,加入稀释好的二抗(用5%脱脂奶粉稀释),室温孵育1h后,用TBST清洗3次,每次5min。
(9)曝光:将适量的化学发光液A和B等比例混合均匀(现配现用)后滴在NC膜上,室温放置1min后置于保鲜膜,曝光。
12.免疫荧光实验
(1)事先将细胞培养在铺有盖玻片的六孔培养皿中。
(2)用PBS轻柔清洗细胞2次后加入1mL 4%的多聚甲醛,室温固定15min,用PBS清洗3次。
(3)向每个孔里加入1mL 0.25%的TritonX-100(溶解在PBS中),打孔5min,PBS清洗3次。
(4)封闭:3%BSA(溶解于PBS中)室温封闭10min。
(5)一抗孵育:将稀释好的一抗(用3%BSA稀释,具体稀释比例参考抗体说明书及相关文献)轻轻滴在玻片上,4℃孵育过夜或室温孵育1h,PBS清洗3次。
(6)二抗孵育:将稀释好的二抗(用3%BSA稀释,1:100使用)轻轻滴在玻片上,避光室温孵育1h,PBS清洗3次。
(7)DAPI染色:将稀释好的DAPI(DAPI配置在PBS溶液中,1:10000用)滴在盖玻片上,避光室温孵育5min,PBS清洗3次。
(8)封片:采用封片剂封片,避光保存。
13.细胞总RNA提取
本操作过程中均使用无RNA酶的EP管、枪头和试剂。
(1)吸干培养皿中的培养基,6孔板每孔加入1mL RNA提取液Trizol,反复吹打混匀后将混合液转移至无RNA酶的1.5mL离心管中。
(2)4℃条件下10000g离心10min,将上清转移至新的无RNA酶离心管中,加入200μL的PCIA,充分振荡混匀,静置3min后10000g离心20min。
(3)此时可见离心管中液体分三层,小心将上层液转移至新的无RNA酶EP管中,加入500μL异丙醇,静置5min,10000g离心10min。
(4)弃上清,留取白色沉淀,加入1mL 75%的乙醇(用DEPC水配,现配现用),7000g离心5min。
(5)小心弃去上清,室温静置5min,待乙醇挥发之后,加入DEPC水溶解沉淀。
(6)琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测样品纯度,测量RNA浓度,-80℃保存备用。
14.实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR)
(1)使用逆转录试剂盒,置于冰上配制如下逆转录反应体系:
残留基因组DNA去除体系(15μL):5×gDNAdigesterMix 3μL、RNA5μg,DEPC水至15μL。
混匀后将PCR管放入PCR仪,42℃孵育2min
(2)逆转录反应体系配置
逆转录反应体系:第一步的反应液15μL、ⅢSuperMix plus 5μL。
混匀后放入PCR仪,按照25℃5min,55℃15min,85℃5min的程序进行逆转录反应。
(3)配置荧光定量PCR体系
荧光定量体系(20μL):2×SYBR Green Master Mix 10μL、上游引物(10μmol/L)1μL、下游引物(10μmol/L)1μL、cDNA模板1μL和余量的ddH2O。
混匀后将96孔板放入qPCR仪,按照设定程序进行。反应条件:95.0℃30s,95.0℃10s,58.0℃20s,72℃20s,共40个循环。
15.彗星实验(单细胞凝胶电泳实验)
根据裂解方式的不同,彗星实验可分为中性彗星实验和碱性彗星实验,中性彗星实验灵敏度没有碱性彗星实验灵敏度高,因此主要用于检测DNA双链断裂,而碱性彗星实验灵敏度高,对DNA单链和DNA双链断裂都能检测,本研究运用的是碱性彗星实验,实验步骤如下:
(1)单细胞悬液的制备:用胰蛋白酶消化提前处理好的细胞,重悬细胞,转移至离心管,1000rpm离心3min,弃上清,细胞继续用PBS清洗两次,使用500μLPBS将细胞重悬,备用。
(2)配置浓度为0.6%的正常熔点(NMA)的琼脂糖50mL(溶于PBS中),吸取300μL浇注到新的洁净全磨砂载玻片,加盖玻片,置于4℃让其凝固(10min)后,轻轻移开盖玻片。
(3)取500μL步骤1中的单细胞悬液与1%低熔点琼脂糖(LMA)等体积混合,吹打混匀后吸取180μL滴在已凝固的琼脂糖上,放入4℃冰箱凝固(10min)。
(4)将制备好的凝胶玻片水平放置于平皿中,去掉盖玻片,轻轻加入新鲜配置好的裂解液:2.5mol/LNaCl,0.1mol/LNa2EDTA,10mmol/LTris-HCl,10%DMSO,1%TritonX-100(DMSO和TritonX-100用时现加)(pH10),放入4℃避光裂解过夜。
(5)电泳:裂解之后,用ddH2O轻轻漂洗后将载玻片浸泡在预冷的电泳液(300mMNaOH,1mmol/LNa2EDTA,pH13)中,随后将载玻片平放到水平电泳槽中,倒入预冷的电泳液,电泳20V/200mA30 min。
(6)中和:将载玻片置于平皿中,用中和液(0.4mol/LTris-HCl,pH7.5)中和两次,每次15min。
(7)染色:在每个样品上垂直滴加100μL碘化丙啶(PI,5mg/mL),室温避光静置10min。
(8)清水漂洗后,在荧光显微镜下观察、拍照,分析图像。
16.克隆形成实验
(1)在6cm培养皿中接种2000~4000个细胞。
(2)待细胞全部贴壁后(约8~12h),加入相应药物处理,处理一定时间后及时换培养基。
(3)密切观察细胞生长情况,培养4天左右需换新鲜培养基一次。
(4)两周左右后,弃去培养基,用考马斯亮蓝染色30min,染色结束后脱色并统计细胞克隆数目,分析处理数据。
17.CCK8(Cell Counting Kit-8)实验
(1)消化细胞,400g离心5min;
(2)弃尽上清,加入培养基重悬细胞,计数;
(3)将96孔板的边缘孔加入200μL的PBS,中心孔加入稀释后的细胞100μL(3000~5000个细胞);
(4)6~12h待细胞贴壁后,加入相应的药物处理,培养72~96h;
(5)加入10μL CCK8;培养1~2h,测定OD 450吸光度值;
(6)分析细胞的增殖率。
18.统计分析
用于确定IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达与病人预后之间的关系。采用log-rank检验比较两组的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,以评估两组间的生存差异。使用GraphPad Prism 7.00版软件(GraphPad;La Jolla,CA,USA)进行统计分析。除非另有说明,所有实验至少重复三次。
实施例1
通过对TCGA数据库中胶质瘤病人样本分析发现,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值较高的病人预后更差
在数据库中对比IMPDH1和IMPDH2的肿瘤图谱,二者有明显的区别,结果如图1所示,IMPDH1在肿瘤中主要以扩增为主,而IMPDH2主要以缺失和突变为主(图1中a)。通过对TCGA数据库中的胶质瘤病人样本进行分析,发现IMPDH1高表达病人预后较差,相反,IMPDH2高表达病人预后较好(图1中b和c)。
分析IMPDH1和IMPDH2的不同表达水平对胶质瘤病人预后的影响,IMPDH1高表达且IMPDH2低表达的病人预后较差,IMPDH1低表达同时IMPDH2高表达的病人预后较好,而IMPDH1和IMPDH2同时高表达或者同时低表达时对于预后的影响类似,且居中(图1中d)。若以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平的比值为指标来衡量胶质瘤病人的预后,IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值高的病人预后较差(图1中e)。
利用Hazard Ratio(HR)值评价IMPDH1和IMPDH2作为预后标志物的效果,结果如图2所示,利用二者的比值作为指标去衡量病人的预后时,Hazard Ratio(HR)值为4.1,利用差值时HR值为4.5,而利用二者的总和或单独的IMPDH1或IMPDH2时,HR值分别为0.41、2.54、0.29。
综上可知,IMPDH1与IMPDH2的表达水平对于胶质瘤的预后不同,综合考虑二者的表达水平比单独考虑其中一种更能反映病人的预后情况,IMPDH1高表达同时IMPDH2低表达的病人预后更差,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平的比值可以作为胶质瘤预后的一个潜在分子指标。
2.IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值高的胶质瘤细胞对TMZ不敏感
在不同胶质瘤细胞系中验证IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平对TMZ敏感性的影响。8种胶质瘤细胞中IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平如图3中a至c所示,并根据二者的比值将细胞分成为IMPDH1高表达组和IMPDH2高表达组(图3中d)。
通过检测上述8种细胞对TMZ的敏感性,IMPDH1高表达的细胞例如T98G对于TMZ不敏感,而IMPDH2高表达的细胞如U251、U343MG呈现出非常显著的敏感性(图3中e)。同时,在IMPDH1高表达的T98G细胞里梯度过表达IMPDH2,以降低二者的比值,随着Dox浓度的增加,T98G对于TMZ的敏感性逐渐增加(图3中f)。
除此之外,利用上述方法构建IMPDH1和IMPDH2敲低的细胞以改变细胞中二者的表达比值。结果如图3中g和h所示,当IMPDH1敲低时,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值降低,此时细胞对TMZ更敏感,反之,细胞不敏感。MNNG是一种烷化剂类DNA损伤药物,与TMZ作用效果类似,使用MNNG也可以得到一样的结果(图3中i)。
综上可知,在细胞中IMPDH1与IMPDH2的不同表达水平对于TMZ敏感性存在影响,其中IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值较高的细胞对药物不敏感。
3.IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值高的细胞DNA损伤修复能力较强
通过彗星电泳实验及免疫荧光实验测定IMPDH1和IMPDH2不同表达水平细胞中的DNA损伤及修复水平。结果如图4所示,IMPDH1缺失细胞彗星尾更长且γH2AX的荧光强度更强,而IMPDH2缺失细胞相对来说彗星尾较短,γH2AX的foci数目较少。即IMPDH1敲低时,IMPDH1与IMPDH2表达水平比值更低,此时细胞的DNA损伤修复能力更弱,细胞中有较多的损伤,对于药物更加敏感,相反,当IMPDH2敲低时,IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值升高,此时细胞由于DNA损伤修复能力较强而对药物的敏感性降低。
4.在响应TMZ损伤信号后,IMPDH1高表达细胞和IMPDH2高表达细胞分别对DNA损伤产生不同的应答反应
利用RNAseq分析IMPDH1和IMPDH2对在响应TMZ所造成的损伤的反应。结果如图5所示,敲低IMPDH1或IMPDH2改变了细胞对DNA损伤的应答。在无损伤压力时,IMPDH2敲低细胞的基因表达谱发生了显著的改变,IMPDH1敲低细胞的表达谱无显著变化(图5中a和b)。在损伤条件下,IMPDH1敲低细胞对TMZ有明显的响应,而IMPDH2敲低细胞在加TMZ后无明显变化(图5中a和b)。通过对发生明显变化的基因进行通路富集也可以看到,IMPDH1敲低细胞和IMPDH2敲低细胞在加入TMZ前后富集到了不同的通路(图5中c和d)。以上结果说明,IMPDH1和IMPDH2在响应TMZ造成的损伤后,会产生不同的反应,进而出现了不同表达水平的细胞对TMZ敏感性不同的现象。
5.以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平比值作为胶质瘤治疗预后的指标具有较高的灵敏性和特异性。
评估IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达水平比值的应用价值及灵敏性和特异性。通过对TCGA数据库中胶质瘤病人样本进行分析,绘制如图6所示单独考虑IMPDH1或IMPDH2以及综合考虑二者表达水平的ROC曲线。其中以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值作为指标去分析病人的存活率时,其灵敏性(True positive rate)和特异性(False positive rate)较高,且AUC值较大,说明以二者的比值去评估胶质瘤病人的预后是更为准确的。此外,也对单独考虑IMPDH1或IMPDH2以及综合考虑二者表达水平的五种指标(IMPDH1、IMPDH2、IMPDH1+IMPDH2、IMPDH1-IMPDH2、IMPDH1/IMPDH2)做了相关性分析,其P值都小于0.01,说明这五种指标与胶质瘤病人的预后具有一定的相关性。但其中IMPDH1与IMPDH2比值组,HR值为3.9,进一步说明以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值作为预后指标的优越性(图6中f)。以IMPDH1和IMPDH2作为预后指标,胶质瘤病人1年、3年、5年、10年生存期所对应的灵敏度和特异性以及相应的IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值如表1所示。
表1IMPDH1/IMPDH2的比值作为指标预后时的灵敏度、特异性
max(Youden) | cu.values(IMPDH1/IMPDH2) | 灵敏度 | Falsepositiverate,FP | 特异性 | |
1年 | 0.5333402 | 0.2228342 | 52.09% | 0.1803214 | 81.97% |
3年 | 0.5769635 | 0.2193627 | 78.38% | 0.2068749 | 79.31% |
5年 | 0.5222097 | 0.2193627 | 67.74% | 0.1552013 | 84.48% |
10年 | 0.3405732 | 0.2228342 | 52.09% | 0.1803214 | 81.97% |
尽管上述实施例对本发明做出了详尽的描述,但它仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,人们还可以根据本实施例在不经创造性前提下获得其他实施例,这些实施例都属于本发明保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂在制备胶质瘤预后判断产品中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,所述IMPDH同工酶包括IMPDH1和IMPDH2。
3.根据权利要求2所述应用,其特征在于,IMPDH1联合IMPDH2作为胶质瘤治疗预后判断靶点。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述应用,其特征在于,将IMPDH1和IMPDH2的比值作为胶质瘤治疗预后判断靶点。
5.根据权利要求4所述应用,其特征在于,所述比值为IMPDH1的表达量或含量除以IMPDH2的表达量或含量。
6.根据权利要求5所述应用,其特征在于,以IMPDH1和IMPDH2的表达量的比值作为生物标志物,比值高于0.22预示所述胶质瘤患者预后不良。
7.根据权利要求6所述应用,其特征在于,所述胶质瘤患者样本包括肿瘤或血液样本。
8.一种胶质瘤预后判断试剂盒,其特征在于,包括检测IMPDH同工酶的试剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述胶质瘤预后判断试剂盒,其特征在于,包括检测IMPDH1和IMPDH2的mRNA和/或蛋白质的表达量的试剂。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述胶质瘤预后判断试剂盒,其特征在于,包括检测IMPDH1表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH1-F和qPCR-IMPDH1-R,检测IMPDH2表达量的引物对qPCR-IMPDH2-F和qPCR-IMPDH2-R;
所述qPCR-IMPDH1-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH1-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示;所述qPCR-IMPDH2-F的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示,所述qPCR-IMPDH2-R的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示。
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