CN116784199A - 一种油茶育苗基质、制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种油茶育苗用基质,基质包括:发酵油茶果壳、黄土、磷酸二氢钾、微量元素肥和微生物,且体积比为1:0.5:0.005:0.0005:0.001,将该基质应用于油茶育苗中,能够节约育苗成本,提高油茶果壳附加值,提高油茶幼苗的成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及油茶种植技术领域,更具体地说是涉及一种油茶育苗基质、制备方法和应用。
背景技术
油茶(Camellia oleifera)是指山茶科山茶属植物中油脂含量较高且具有栽培经济价值的一类植物的总称,原产于我国,是我国特有的木本食用油料树种,与橄榄、棕榈、椰子并称为世界四大木本油料植物。油茶主要经济产出为茶油,其不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85%~97%,是国际粮农组织首推的卫生保健植物食用油。
基质是容器育苗技术的基础,而容器育苗特别适合工厂化和规模化生产的需要,能够提高育苗生产的效率,以及提高育苗成活率。传统的油茶育苗和无性繁殖基质主要是以泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为主,但是,泥炭属于不可再生资源,过度的开采使用,不仅会造成资源的紧缺,还会对生态环境造成不可预估的破坏;而且,油茶种植过程中,会结油果,油果丰收被利用后,会剩余油茶果壳,油茶果壳主要成分为木质素和纤维素,目前主要用于燃料或者废物丢弃,造成资源浪费,如果可以将油茶果壳加以利用制备基质,不仅可以提高油茶果壳的利用价值,可以节约育苗基质基质成本,较少育苗费用,同时富含油茶生长必须的营养,为油茶苗苗生长提供营养。
因此,如何以油茶果壳为原料,开发一种新的油茶育苗和育苗基质,并使其对油茶进行无性繁殖是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种油茶育苗和育苗基质、制备方法和应用,提高了油茶果壳的利用率,提高油茶幼苗的成活率。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种油茶育苗用基质,所述基质包括:发酵油茶果壳、黄土、磷酸二氢钾、微量元素肥和微生物,且体积比为1:0.5:0.005:0.005:0.001。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,所述发酵油茶果壳包括:油茶果壳、豆粕,且体积为3-5:0.5。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,所述发酵油茶果壳由油茶果壳和豆粕混合后添加1%的尿素和0.5%的发酵菌剂,加水至含水55-70%,自然堆沤发酵55-65d制备而成。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,微生物包括枯草芽孢杆菌或地衣芽孢杆菌。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,所述豆粕可替换为菜籽粕。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,所述发酵菌剂为从油茶果壳腐烂物种分离筛选的果壳降解菌。
作为与上述技术方案相同的发明构思,本发明还请求保护一种油茶育苗基质的制备方法,所述基质为任一所述的基质,过程包括:
1)将油茶果壳和豆粕3-5:1混合后,加水至湿度55-70%,混匀加入添加1%的尿素和0.5%的发酵菌剂,混匀,自然堆沤发酵55-65d,中间翻兜1-2次,得发酵油茶果壳;
2)将发酵油茶果壳、黄土按照1-3:1的体积比混合均匀,加入总体积0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.05%微量元素肥、0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌/0.1%地衣芽孢杆菌,混匀,得油茶育苗用基质。
上述制备方法制备得到的油茶育苗用基质在对油茶育苗和无性繁殖中的应用。
作为与上述技术方案相同的发明构思,本发明还请求保护对油茶进行育苗的方法,以所述基质进行无性繁殖,过程包括:
1)将油茶砧芽嫁接苗定植于所述基质中,浇透水,喷施多菌灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯预防病虫害,盖上薄膜保水,上面盖遮阳网遮阳,50d左右,打开薄膜;
2)苗木出圃:根据油茶苗的苗高分为大苗和小苗进行炼苗;苗高大于15cm的大苗,控制水肥使苗木长高的速度放缓,促进根部生长,进行空气切根,使苗木充分木质化,达到合格苗要求;开始按上述方法炼苗,达到出圃标准;加强苗高小于15cm小苗的水肥,使之快速生长至15cm以上,再依照大苗的方法进行炼苗,达到出圃标准。
作为上述技术方案优选的技术方案,多菌灵为25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂400倍液;高效氯氟氰菊酯为5%氯氟氰菊酯2000-3000倍液。
综上所述,相较现有技术,本发明提供了一种油茶育苗用基质,以油茶果壳粉为主要成分,提高了油茶果壳的利用率,油茶果壳约占整个油茶果实总量的60%以上,其组成成分含有纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和单宁等物质。同时,油茶壳中含有茶皂素、茶籽多糖、茶籽蛋白等,与尿素混合,自然发酵后,会形成小分子物质,便于被根部吸收利用,具有良好的疏松土壤的作用,促进砧芽的生长,进而发育为苗木,提高幼苗的成活率。
本发明将油茶果壳与豆粕混合发酵,调剂碳氮比,形成腐殖酸,基质中还加入了磷酸二氢钾、中微量元素和枯草芽孢杆菌或地衣芽孢杆菌,果壳含有丰富的碳源,纤维丰富,具有疏松保水作用;豆粕或菜籽粕中含有丰富的纤维素、蛋白质,为作物生长提供丰富的碳源和氮源,本基质属于高氨基酸基质,丰富的氮源利于幼苗生长;腐殖酸具有肥料增效、改良土壤、刺激作物生长、改善农产品质量等功能,枯草芽孢杆菌或地衣芽孢杆菌可以活化土壤,抑制土壤中有害菌的繁殖,促使有益菌的生长,且调节基质pH值,为油茶育苗提供了丰富的菌群和合适的pH值环境。
综上所述,本发明的育苗基质为油茶砧芽提供了丰富的营养物质、合适的菌群丰度和合适的pH值环境,提高了苗木的成活率。油茶果壳发酵产生腐殖酸,同时添加二氢钾和微量元素,实现络合,透气、保水、营养丰富,成活率高、长势快,同时拌入根际益生菌比,促进根部营养吸收,保护根部微生态平衡,而且,本发明将果壳废物有效利用,果壳含有皂素可以抑制根部病害和根部虫害,果壳纤维含量高,透气性好,保水性强。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例中枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌均为市售。
实施例1制备发酵油茶果壳粉基质
A1:油茶果壳添加1%的尿素后堆沤发酵55d制备而成发酵油茶果壳粉,然后与黄土和珍珠岩按照且1:1:0.5体积比混合,制备成发酵油茶果壳粉基质。
A2:油茶果壳添加1%的尿素后堆沤发酵60d制备而成发酵油茶果壳粉,然后与黄土和珍珠岩按照且3:1:0.5体积比混合,制备成发酵油茶果壳粉基质。
A3:油茶果壳添加1%的尿素后堆沤发酵65d制备而成发酵油茶果壳粉,然后与黄土和珍珠岩按照且2:1:0.5体积比混合,制备成发酵油茶果壳粉基质。
实施例2制备育苗基质
B1:发酵油茶果壳粉基质A11000kg、豆粕1kg、磷酸二氢钾5kg、微量元素肥0.5kg和枯草芽孢杆菌1kg,混合。
B2:发酵油茶果壳粉基质A21000kg、菜籽粕2kg、小麦秸秆1kg、磷酸二氢钾5kg、微量元素肥0.5kg和地衣芽孢杆菌1kg,混合。
B3:发酵油茶果壳粉基质A31000kg、菜籽粕1kg、磷酸二氢钾5kg、微量元素肥0.5kg和枯草芽孢杆菌1kg,混合。
实施例3育苗
1分别将油茶砧芽嫁接苗定植于所述B1、B2、B3基质中,每种基质中定植50棵砧芽,浇透水,喷施25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂400倍液和5%氯氟氰菊酯2000-3000倍液预防病虫害,盖上薄膜保水,上面盖遮阳网遮阳,30d左右,打开薄膜;
2)苗木出圃:根据油茶苗的苗高分为大苗和小苗进行炼苗;苗高小于15cm的大苗,控制水肥使苗木长高的速度放缓,促进根部生长,进行空气切根,使苗木充分木质化,达到合格苗要求;开始按上述方法炼苗,达到出圃标准;加强苗高小于15cm小苗的水肥,使之快速生长至15cm以上,再依照大苗的方法进行炼苗,达到出圃标准。
每种基质得到的苗木对应为C1、C2、C3,计算每种基质下苗木的成活率(%)、平均苗高(cm)和平均地径(cm),见表1;
表1
C1 | C2 | C2 | |
成活率 | 98.7 | 99.5 | 97.6 |
平均苗高 | 32.4 | 33.7 | 31.8 |
平均地径 | 3.56 | 3.87 | 3.49 |
实施例4
将育苗基质B2中的发酵油茶果壳粉基质B2去掉,其余组分不变,形成育苗基质D1;
将育苗基质B2中的腐殖酸去掉,其余组分不变,形成育苗基质D2;
将育苗基质B2中的枯草芽孢杆菌去掉,其余组分不变,形成育苗基质D3;
按照实施例3的方式育苗,统计每种基质下苗木的成活率(%)、平均苗高(cm)和平均地径(cm),见表2;
表2
D1 | D2 | D2 | |
成活率 | 74.1 | 85.6 | 89.7 |
平均苗高 | 23.6 | 28.7 | 29.1 |
平均地径 | 2.46 | 2.82 | 2.97 |
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种油茶育苗用基质,其特征在于,所述基质包括:发酵油茶果壳、黄土、磷酸二氢钾、微量元素肥和微生物,且体积比为1:0.5:0.005:0.0005:0.001。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶育苗基质,其特征在于,所述发酵油茶果壳包括:油茶果壳、豆粕,且体积为3-5:0.5。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种油茶育苗基质,其特征在于,所述发酵油茶果壳由油茶果壳和豆粕混合后添加1%的尿素和0.5%的发酵菌剂,加水至含水55-70%,自然堆沤发酵55-65d制备而成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶育苗用基质,其特征在于,微生物包括枯草芽孢杆菌或地衣芽孢杆菌。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种油茶育苗用基质,其特征在于,所述豆粕可替换为菜籽粕。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种油茶育苗用基质,其特征在于,所述发酵菌剂为从油茶果壳腐烂物种分离筛选的果壳降解菌。
7.一种油茶育苗基质的制备方法,其特征在于,所述基质为权利要求1-5任一所述的基质,过程包括:
1)将油茶果壳和豆粕3-5:1混合后,加水至湿度55-70%,混匀加入添加1%的尿素和0.5%的发酵菌剂,混匀,自然堆沤发酵55-65d,中间翻兜1-2次,得发酵油茶果壳;
2)将发酵油茶果壳、黄土按照1-3:1的体积比混合均匀,加入总体0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.05%微量元素肥、0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌/0.1%地衣芽孢杆菌,混匀,得油茶育苗用基质。
8.权利要求7的制备方法制备得到的油茶育苗用基质在对油茶育苗和无性繁殖中的应用。
9.一种对油茶进行育苗的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求1-6任一所述基质进行无性繁殖,过程包括:
1)将油茶砧芽嫁接苗定植于所述基质中,浇透水,喷施多菌灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯预防病虫害,盖上薄膜保水,上面盖遮阳网遮阳,50d左右,打开薄膜;
2)苗木出圃:根据油茶苗的苗高分为大苗和小苗进行炼苗;苗高大于15cm的大苗,控制水肥使苗木长高的速度放缓,促进根部生长,进行空气切根,使苗木充分木质化,达到合格苗要求;开始按上述方法炼苗,达到出圃标准;加强苗高小于15cm小苗的水肥,使之快速生长至15cm以上,再依照大苗的方法进行炼苗,达到出圃标准。
10.根据权利要求9所述的一种对油茶进行育苗的方法,其特征在于,多菌灵为25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂400倍液;高效氯氟氰菊酯为5%氯氟氰菊酯2000-3000倍液。
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