CN116730765A - 一种新型粘结剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种新型粘结剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116730765A CN116730765A CN202310648729.9A CN202310648729A CN116730765A CN 116730765 A CN116730765 A CN 116730765A CN 202310648729 A CN202310648729 A CN 202310648729A CN 116730765 A CN116730765 A CN 116730765A
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- adhesive
- alkali
- humic acid
- polyacrylonitrile
- reaction
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- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/50—Surfactants; Emulsifiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/70—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting wettability, e.g. drying agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
- C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及粘结剂技术领域,具体涉及一种利用聚丙烯腈和含腐植酸类矿物制备肥料用新型胶粘剂及其制备方法和在农林施肥中的应用。以聚丙烯腈固废和含腐植酸类矿物为原料,混合后通过强碱液进行水解反应,反应结束后加入有机和/或无机粘结成分充分搅拌均匀,所得产物即为粘结剂。本发明在制备粘结剂中原料褐煤、风化煤等矿物质提取腐植酸的过程中,只有一部分的碱参与反应变为腐植酸盐,其他的碱在溶解硅铝酸盐的同时为腐植酸盐的生成提供强碱性环境,另外,余量碱可以同时为聚丙烯腈的水解提供强碱性环境,客观上降低了强碱用量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及粘结剂技术领域,具体涉及一种利用聚丙烯腈和含腐植酸类矿物制备肥料用新型胶粘剂及其制备方法和在农林施肥中的应用。
背景技术
伴随着聚丙烯腈(PAN)工业的快速发展,特别是腈纶产品的广泛应用,同时产生了大量的PAN废料。这些废料不能自然降解、不能直接用作燃料,PAN结构稳定不能热压成型,如果直接燃烧放出有害气体还会对环境造成极为不利的影响。我国在腈纶产量、消费及进口量方面都排在世界前列,不仅生产聚丙烯腈多,而且购买的也多。国外从PAN产业以来,就着手进行有关其废弃物综合利用研究,而我国对废弃的聚丙烯腈纤维进行再生利用的研究迟迟未开展起来。而对于PAN的水解产物(HPAN)用途十分广泛,目前主要用于纺织上浆料、土壤改良剂、高分子絮凝剂、粘合剂、印染助剂、油田助剂、高分子吸水树脂等领域。聚丙烯睛固废的处理方式大致分为三种:酸式水解法、碱式水解法和加压水解法。这些方法都是利用聚丙烯睛废料中所带主要官能基团(CN)的水解反应。前两种方法工艺简单,对设备没有特殊的要求,但酸碱用量偏大,会产生腐蚀性废液,处理不当造成二次污染;后一种方法酸碱用量小,不易造成二次污染,但工艺复杂,对设备有特殊要求且操作不易。其中碱法水解具有多种优点,如反应条件温和,对设备要求低,容易实现工业化生产等,成为聚丙烯腈废料水解最常用的方法。
从褐煤、风化煤、泥煤等含有腐植酸的矿物中提取腐植酸方法有很多种,主要有酸提取法、碱溶酸析法、微生物提取法等。碱溶酸析法是目前较为常用的一种方法,其原理是将样品溶解于碱溶液中,生成可溶性的腐植酸盐,过滤,利用腐植酸不溶于酸性溶液的特性向滤液中加酸进行酸化沉淀,所得沉淀即为所提取的腐植酸。碱溶酸析法也是工业化生产最主流的方法,但此方法也会有明显的缺陷,比如提取时间长、碱溶液浓度高、转化效率低等。如何缩短反应时间、降低碱容量、提高转化率是提升矿物腐植酸产品品质和增加产量的抓手之一。
众所周知,粘结剂种类繁多,按照成分可以划分为无机粘结剂和有机粘结剂,无机粘结剂以粘土、石灰、石膏、水泥等硅铝酸盐矿物质为主,有机粘结剂以焦油沥青、木质素衍生物、羟甲基纤维素、酚醛树脂、淀粉和聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酰胺等合成高聚物为主。粘结剂更常用的是多组分的复杂调配,比如用不同的无机或者有机成分按照最终的使用性能组织配方。粘结剂应用场景更是繁杂多样,比如煤产、金属、肥料和食品等成团成球、压块成型行业,但不同行业对其要求不同。
并且目前面临着如此矛盾:一方面聚丙烯腈等固废利用途径少、褐煤等矿产高值化利用率低,另一方面传统肥料用胶粘剂劣势明显:无机成分的添加易造成肥料不达标、有机成分成本高昂或者本身不降解对环境造成危害。因此,探寻一种从低品质固废出发,通过低成本、高效简便的方式制备含有土壤营养成分、缓释效果明显的肥料粘结剂,是本专利重点阐述的内容。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种利用聚丙烯腈和含腐植酸类矿物制备肥料用新型胶粘剂及其制备方法和在农林施肥中的应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用技术方案为:
一种新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:以聚丙烯腈固废和含腐植酸类矿物为原料,混合后通过强碱液进行水解反应,反应结束后加入有机和/或无机粘结成分充分搅拌均匀,所得产物即为粘结剂。
所述原料分别经前处理后按质量比为1:0.1-1:1的比例下将聚丙烯腈固废和含腐植酸类矿物混合,并添加至终浓度为1-15wt%的强碱混匀后水解温度控制在50-150℃,在冷凝回流的情况下反应直至体系内无氨气冒出,停止加入过滤获得水解后的粘稠液。
所述水解过程中产生的氨气可由废硫酸溶液吸收。
所述强碱为易溶于水并完全电离的碱金属氢氧化物;如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾,原料方便易得。
所述原料聚丙烯腈类固废一般是指聚丙烯腈纤维(俗称腈纶)、薄膜、微球、粉料或者塑料等,例如常用作织物的腈纶下脚料;腐植酸类矿物一般是指褐煤、风化煤、泥炭等低热值煤炭,常用来提取腐植酸、黄腐酸等的原料;
所述原料的前处理:
聚丙烯腈类纤维和薄膜类通过采用纤维剪碎机、固体颗粒和塑料可以采用颗粒粉碎机等进行短小细化处理;将破碎好的聚丙烯腈类固废材料通过简单的水冲洗和温水洗涤,除去表面上附着的杂物和副产物残留,并晾干;
腐植酸类矿物采用粉碎机、研磨机等进行细化处理,以满足提取腐植酸的需要;
所述有机粘结成分的种类以聚合物为主,无机粘结成分的种类为粘土类矿物材料为主;有机无机粘结成分的总量大约是粘稠液总量的0.2%-2%;其中,有机与无机粘结成分的添加量比例大约为1:2-3:1。
所述的聚合物指可以通过化学或者物理交联形成水凝胶类的聚合物;
进一步的说,所述的聚合物指可以通过化学或者物理交联形成水凝胶(天然高分子或者合成高分子)类的聚合物,包括多糖类(淀粉、纤维素、海藻酸、透明质酸,壳聚糖等)和多肽类(胶原、聚L-赖氨酸、聚L-谷胺酸等),还包括醇、丙烯酸及其衍生物类(甲基丙烯酸,丙烯酰胺,N-聚代丙烯酰胺等)的聚合体;
粘土类矿物材料为沸石、膨润土、高岭土中的一种或几种。
一种所述方法制备的粘合剂,按所述方法制备所得通体物黑、质轻飘粉的粘合剂。
一种所述的粘合剂的应用,所述粘合剂在制备农林施肥用肥料颗粒中的应用。
本发明所具有的优点,进一步的说是充分利用了:
1.本发明制备所得适用于肥料中的粘结剂其主要利用聚丙烯腈的成环氰基在强碱环境中通过氢氧根的亲核进攻开环转化成酰胺基,再进一步水解释放氨气转变为羧基,并且在水解过程中添加含有腐殖酸的矿物质,水解中一方面强碱并不直接作为反应物参与水解反应,因此共用碱性环境成为一种碱减量的重要耦合手段;另一方面腐植酸盐作为一种双亲性表面活性剂,加快了聚丙烯腈的水解速率和加深了水解程度,同时没有副产物产生,进而使得水解产物直接可作为粘合剂使用;
2.本发明在制备粘结剂的水解过程中产生的氨气由废硫酸溶液吸收,同时水解后加入有机、无机粘结成分使其与水解产物形成多链段纠缠的吸水网络中,吸水网络具有良好的保水性,并且硫酸铵在吸水后释放铵根和硫酸根,氨态氮和硫酸根利于作物吸收,不引入金属离子更有利于土壤生态平衡;
3.本发明在制备粘结剂中原料褐煤、风化煤等矿物质提取腐植酸的过程中,只有一部分的碱参与反应变为腐植酸盐,其他的碱在溶解硅铝酸盐的同时为腐植酸盐的生成提供强碱性环境,另外,余量碱可以同时为聚丙烯腈的水解提供强碱性环境,客观上降低了强碱用量;
4.本发明原料中从矿物质提取腐植酸的过程中强碱也溶出了部分的硅铝酸盐,其是硅酸钠、铝酸钠等的混合物,为提升粘结剂品质提供了保障;
5.本发明粘结剂中含有的腐植酸是良好的土壤营养成分,粘结剂作为肥料营养的拼接组分或者本身就是肥料颗粒的缓释膜层,因此其中腐植酸的释放对农业极为有利:促进作物生长、改良土壤环境、增强植物抗逆性、改善作物品质和农药防治病虫等;
6.本发明粘结剂使颗粒本身的强度有明显的提升:颗粒内力高、强度高、颗粒不掉粉,防结块效果好,不发生破碎、堵槽等不良现象,并且不改变原有颗粒的成型工艺,颗粒强度测试效果是普通产品的2倍以上;
7.本发明粘结剂使成型颗粒更加紧密、强度增大,通过淋溶实验证明肥料养分的缓释性得到很大的提升。尽管不同养分的缓释特性有所差别,但总体而言释放效果提升3倍以上,并且性能始终稳定;
8.本发明粘结剂中水解聚丙烯腈是水溶性高分子低聚物,这些高分子中含有大量的酰胺基和羧基等亲水性基团,为粘结剂具有良好的黏性和保水性打下了丰富的化学基础;保水性测试证明粘结剂提升了颗粒的保水性。
9.本发明整个工艺流程是完全闭环过程:只有原料流入和产品流出,无任何废弃物产生,包括氨气、硅铝酸盐等中间产物都得到了利用,不需要分离目标产品,既节约了能源又提高了固废利用率、还减少了设备投资和运转费用。本质上属于绿色环保型制备工艺,值得产业化推广。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例提供的采用本发明方法制备所得粘合剂的红外光谱图。
图2为本发明实施例提供的采用本发明方法制备所得粘合剂的电镜图,其中左图为腈纶纤维表面,右图为产品粘合剂颗粒表面。
图3为本发明实施例提供的采用本发明方法制备所得粘合剂制备肥料在水中释放营养成分的氮成分缓释图。
图4为本发明实施例提供的采用本发明方法制备所得粘合剂制备肥料保水性能测试图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
1)取聚丙烯腈纤维(腈纶纤维)100g,用剪碎机处理成细短材料,温水进行表面去污,晾干备用;取褐煤30g,经过破碎机处理成细小粉末,颗粒大小在100目左右,晾干备用;
2)将腈纶纤维100g、褐煤30g与1000g氢氧化钠溶液混合,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为5wt%,水解温度控制在90℃,在冷凝回流的情况下反应8小时,水解过程中有氨气冒出,氨气由100g废硫酸溶液吸收,废硫酸浓度为80wt%;
3)等水解反应结束时无氨气冒出,此时停止加热。过滤除去少量未反应的固体残渣,得到水解后的粘稠液;而后向水解后的粘稠液中加入1g的聚丙烯酰胺和0.5g的天然沸石,利用余热进行多种水溶性高分子的多链段纠缠,搅拌均匀,搅拌过程中加入5g纯水进行稀释,防止粘度过大影响搅拌;
4)搅拌均匀后的粘结剂粘稠液可以通过喷雾干燥制作成细小颗粒状颗粒直径大约在80-100目,利于同交联材料混合。装袋密封备用(参见图1和2)。从图1中可以看出,腈纶纤维在腐植酸盐促进作用下水解比较彻底,-C≡N几近消失,取而代之的是-NH、-COO-和-SO42-显著增加,这说明腐植酸盐的存在确实加深了水解程度,比一般碱性水解剩余1/3左右不能反应要好很多。从图2可以看出,物质表面从粗糙变为光滑,是由于水解产生了大量可溶性的物质,这些物质使得粗糙表面逐渐被抹平,并且在粘结剂应用过程中,其水溶性和表面光滑的特征使得与被粘结物质更容易糅合在一起,起到牢牢贴实的作用。
应用例
利用上述实施例1制备所得粘合剂应用于肥料制备中,取尿素300g、硫酸铵80g、磷酸一铵150g、磷酸二氢钾200g,粉碎后混匀,分别取3g上步实施例1所制粘结剂(命名为A),以上物料放入造粒盘中,启动造粒机,用喷壶喷洒少量水后造粒。待大部分肥料成粒后停止造粒机,筛分后取3-4mm颗粒,烘干后装袋备用。
同时按照上述条件采用市购不同粘合剂制备获得肥料,以及不加粘合剂的肥料颗粒;其中,不加粘合剂所得颗粒为CK,所用粘结剂为市场所购B(购自山东某生物科技公司的产品,其主要组成为羧甲基纤维素钠)和C(购自河北沧州某化工公司的产品,其主要改性淀粉和少量聚丙烯酰胺)品牌。而后对上述制备获得各肥料颗粒,进行性能测定:
1)使用颗粒强度测试仪进行强度测试,三次实验结果如下:
抗压/N | 肥料CK | 肥料A | 肥料B | 肥料C |
1 | 35 | 127 | 59 | 52 |
2 | 27 | 134 | 63 | 48 |
3 | 34 | 116 | 40 | 51 |
平均 | 32 | 126 | 54 | 50 |
由此可见,本发明制备所生产粘结剂是其他常用市售产品抗压效果的一倍以上,充分说明本粘结剂的抗压碎能力强,有利于运输等操作和养分缓释。本粘结剂含有的高分子聚合成分比如聚丙烯酸和聚丙烯酰胺在与其他无机和有机组分充分交叉纠缠的基础上,加强了本身所具有的粘结性能,并且亲水基团丰富,与肥料表面接触融合较好,在造粒过程中与肥料充分粘合,实现其抗压碎功能。
2)采用浸泡颗粒法进行缓释测试,具体为:各取上述四种肥料样品CK/A/B/C样品0.2g加入茶叶包中,置于50mL纯水中振荡,每隔一段时间从液体中取样,使用TOC/TN仪器测试缓释氮的效果(参见图3)。
从图3中可以看出,使用实施例1制备的粘结剂的肥料的缓释效果显著,比如15分钟时,对比的肥料CK释放率在50%以上、肥料B和C的释放率在20%左右,肥料A的释放率在15%左右;6小时以后缓释呈现出较大的差异化效果,肥料A的释放率不到70%,而肥料B和C的释放率接近90%、肥料CK的释放率高达94%。这说明粘结剂不仅增强了肥料的抗溶碎效果,而且其中的聚丙烯酸盐、沸石等充分吸附尿素和氨态氮,使得缓释氮性能叠加,呈现显著效果。
3)保水性测试,具体为:
本实验是模拟30℃自然温度下肥料保水测试,各取上述三种肥料A/B/C颗粒10g分别置于茶袋中封口,分别放置在三个表面皿上,定量喷洒纯水1g,使用天平称量,然后置于30℃烘箱中,每隔一段时间取出称量,根据时间分析保水率(参见图4)。
从图4中可以看出,含有实施例1制备所得粘结剂的肥料具有很好的保水性能,特别是480分钟以后,保水性能逐渐显现。究其原因,是本粘结剂中含有聚丙烯酸盐、聚丙烯酰胺和沸石等成分具有较强的吸水性能(吸水原理与水凝胶一致),因此使得肥料呈现出良好的保水性能。
Claims (7)
1.一种新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:以聚丙烯腈固废和含腐植酸类矿物为原料,混合后通过强碱液进行水解反应,反应结束后加入有机和/或无机粘结成分充分搅拌均匀,所得产物即为粘结剂。
2.按权利要求1所述的新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述原料分别经前处理后按质量比为1:0.1-1:1的比例下将聚丙烯腈固废和含腐植酸类矿物混合,并添加至终浓度为1-15wt%的强碱混匀后水解温度控制在50-150℃,在冷凝回流的情况下反应直至体系内无氨气冒出,停止加入过滤获得水解后的粘稠液。
3.按权利要求2所述的新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述强碱为易溶于水并完全电离的碱金属氢氧化物。
4.按权利要求1所述的新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述有机粘结成分的种类以聚合物为主,无机粘结成分的种类为粘土类矿物材料为主;有机无机粘结成分的总量大约是粘稠液总量的0.2%-2%;其中,有机与无机粘结成分的添加量比例大约为1:2-3:1。
5.按权利要求4所述的新型粘结剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的聚合物指可以通过化学或者物理交联形成水凝胶类的聚合物;粘土类矿物材料为沸石、膨润土、高岭土中的一种或几种。
6.一种权利要求1所述方法制备的粘合剂,其特征在于:按权利要求1所述方法制备所得通体物黑、质轻飘粉的粘合剂。
7.一种权利要求6所述的粘合剂的应用,其特征在于:所述粘合剂在制备农林施肥用肥料颗粒中的应用。
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