CN116724811A - Near-natural vegetation restoration method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning zone - Google Patents
Near-natural vegetation restoration method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning zone Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The application belongs to the technical field of vegetation restoration, and particularly relates to a near-natural vegetation restoration method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning lands. The near natural recovery mode is adopted, the seedlings are generated by sowing, the artificial planting and the later maintenance are not needed, and the cost is greatly reduced; the fast-growing stress-resistant species which are screened are adopted, so that the growth is fast, the coverage is good, and the ecological function is strong; the native species is adopted, so that foreign species caused by transplanting are reduced, and risks such as biological invasion, diseases and insect pests are reduced; the arbor, shrub and grass are matched to recover near nature, so that the recovery speed of the traditional method can be considered, and the long-term effect can be enhanced; the plant ash (alkaline) can effectively remove the wax layer outside pioneer seeds after fire disaster, which is beneficial to improving the germination rate of seeds of the selected species of Sorbus pohuashanensis, pinus massoniana and the like and shortening the time required for germination. Therefore, the method has obvious advantages in recovery cost, recovery speed, recovery quality and recovery stability, and has ecological benefit, economic benefit and social benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of vegetation restoration, and particularly relates to a near-natural vegetation restoration method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning lands.
Background
Fire is one of the most damaging hazards among the factors that jeopardize forests. As human activity increases and the frequency of extreme weather events caused by global climate change increases, so does the occurrence of global forest fires. The forest fire can burn the vegetation on the ground in a very short time, and has profound effects on plants, animals, microorganisms and the like in the forest. The forest fire not only burns the forest tree in the burning process to cause direct loss, but also reduces the updating capacity of the forest through the severe change of the environment after the fire, damages the effect of the forest conservation water source, and causes secondary disasters such as landslide, debris flow and the like. Meanwhile, the bare land after the fire disaster is accompanied with rainfall to cause water and soil and nutrient loss, and finally, a soil-barren habitat is easy to form, so that great challenges are brought to the recovery of the fire burning land.
Revegetation after forest fires is a hotspot and an important point in the study of fire ecology in various areas of the world. The revegetation of forest fires is of late concern in China, which is about only decades old, and the comprehensive research is started or after the extra forest fire of "5.6" in great Khingan in 1987, so that the related knowledge and technical methods are very weak. In principle, the same points of vegetation restoration after fire disaster and restoration of other ecological systems are that the climate geographic conditions and degradation factors are fully considered, and a natural restoration or manual restoration strategy is selected; the fire trace land recovery is characterized in that forest fires burn original vegetation and species rapidly, and in a new habitat condition, in order to prevent retrograde succession caused by water and soil loss, the forest fires need to be repaired rapidly and the original ecological functions are recovered as much as possible. The ecological restoration links of different forest fire burning places should follow the following principles: in the protection area, the principle of natural restoration and original ecology protection is focused; in the production and living areas, the combination principle of greening, colorizing and finance is emphasized. Regardless of the place, the process of recovering the vegetation of the forest fire also takes the following four points into consideration: the cost is controlled, the benefit is improved, the risk is reduced, and the method is environment-friendly. However, the existing thought and method for recovering after fire disaster basically adopts an afforestation vegetation recovery thought, so that a plurality of defects exist. The mode of manually transplanting the sapling is high in cost of manpower and material resources, low in ecological benefit of production, high in invasion risk of plant diseases and insect pests and foreign species, extremely remarkable in defects of weak sustainability of single species and the like, and the repaired vegetation is difficult to transition to a forward natural succession process.
The evergreen broad-leaf forest in the south subtropical zone is a regional top plant community in the south of the Ling of China, and is an ecological system with the widest distribution of various protection areas and the most abundant biodiversity in the area. Therefore, the evergreen broad-leaved forest provides ecological guarantee for the Guangdong and Australian Dawan of economic engines of two broad areas and nationwide, and has irreplaceable strategic positions in the aspects of outputting clean air and water sources, adjusting regional climate and maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. Most of the evergreen broadleaf forests in the south subtropical zone are distributed in hilly mountains with the altitude below 500 meters, and the periphery of the evergreen broadleaf forests is often a densely populated area and is also a high-incidence area of human activity disturbance. Therefore, mountain fires often occur, are difficult to control effectively in time, and are prone to forming large-area fire spots. Because the evergreen broad-leaved forest (top-level plant community) lacks pioneering seeds capable of being recovered quickly after the original habitat is completely destroyed by fire, the natural replacement condition is very weak, and serious water and soil loss is easy to cause in the empty window period of forest recovery. Before no better technical method is adopted, the defects of the prior recovery mode of manual seedling planting and soil-alienating spray seeding are obvious. Therefore, a more reliable method and technology are sought to repair the burning place of the evergreen broadleaf forest, and the method has important significance from the aspects of economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the application aims to provide a near-natural vegetation recovery method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning places.
The technical content of the application is as follows:
the application provides a near-natural vegetation recovery method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning sites, which comprises the following steps:
1) Determining recovery boundaries
Selecting fire burning areas which are damaged by the forest fire in the south subtropical zone and have more than 90 percent of the damaged standing woods and the residual active woods which do not reach the standards for forming the forest;
by analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and the composition of plant species, an ecological restoration area is established for restoring regional vegetation and improving the function of an ecological system;
the operation area and the calculation area are sketched by combining unmanned plane observation with a map, so that reasonable planning and arrangement are carried out for accurately calculating the seed consumption and the material personnel proportion;
2) Framework species screening
Selecting a south rural soil species according to a near natural restoration target;
selecting a pioneer species which grows rapidly according to the need for rapid recovery and the principles of succession;
according to the requirement of forest vertical structure construction, the selected species comprise arbor, shrubs (small arbor) and herbs;
screening specific recovery species combinations according to the species of the target combined with the south subtropics;
step 2) according to the target of near natural recovery, selecting rural species which are wide in distribution, strong in stress resistance, fast in growth and good in growth in fire spots according to literature investigation, field investigation and recovery practices after forest fires;
the pioneer species is comprehensively selected according to biomass accumulation, coverage formation, survival rate, insect resistance and water and soil loss improvement capability of the rural species in a fire trace;
according to the requirement of the construction of a forest vertical structure, selecting masson pine (arbor), white tree (small arbor) and Mao Ren (shrub) as species combinations according to the burning situation of forest fires in the south;
3) Sowing seeds
In order to achieve sufficient individual quantity of arbor, shrub and herb species in the recovery process, the pinus massoniana and the pinus massoniana are selected according to the germination rate of different species and the general condition of thousand seed weight of seedsSowing fructus Sorbi Pohuashanensis, mao Ren and Cyperus rotundus, mainly sowing by broadcasting, and using seed quantity>200kg hm -2 Fully considering the situation that seeds are eaten by beast insects, the method can be implemented by tools such as manual work or unmanned aerial vehicle, and seedlings can be seen about 30-60 days according to seasons and precipitation conditions;
the sowing weight ratio of the pinus massoniana to the kalopanax, the Mao Ren to the black sedge is 1: (2-4): (2-4): (3-8);
selecting a drill or on-demand planting mode in a conditional area;
digging parallel shallow trenches on the land where mixed plants are planted, reserving a distance of not less than 20cm between the shallow trenches, and covering a layer of soil with a thickness of 0.5-1cm on the seeds to just cover the seeds;
4) Tending management
Through natural precipitation, no additional fertilization is needed;
according to the seeding frame of step 3), other native species gradually permeate and rapidly forward succession, so that special post management is generally not required;
in the bead triangular area, a vegetation layer with the height of 50-100cm can be formed after 18 months;
if foreign invasive seeds are found, the seeds need to be cleaned as soon as possible so as to be beneficial to the health recovery of the native vegetation;
5) Ecological monitoring, namely ecological restoration effect evaluation
The ecological monitoring of the recovery area is carried out within 1 to 5 years after the ecological restoration project is implemented;
the monitoring mainly comprises the following steps: environmental monitoring, biological monitoring and ecological function monitoring, namely selecting indexes from 4 aspects of biological diversity index, ecological system structure, ecological process and function and ecological system service, constructing an ecological restoration effect evaluation index system, analyzing and restoring the influence of biological diversity on the ecological system structure, process, function and service, comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect, and evaluating the regional ecological environment condition index by adopting the technical Specification for evaluating the ecological environment condition (HJ 192-2015).
The beneficial effects of the application are as follows:
the near-natural vegetation recovery method of the evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning zone adopts a near-natural recovery mode, and seedlings are sowed to generate, so that manual planting and later maintenance are not required, and the cost is greatly reduced; the fast-growing stress-resistant species which are screened are adopted, so that the growth is fast, the coverage is good, and the ecological function is strong; the native species is adopted, so that foreign species caused by transplanting are reduced, and risks such as biological invasion, diseases and insect pests are reduced; the arbor, shrub and grass are matched to recover near nature, so that the recovery speed of the traditional method can be considered, and the long-term effect can be enhanced; the method has the advantages that the quick recovery is realized, meanwhile, the native pioneer plants with different growth types are selected as main recovery frame seeds, the germplasm materials are easy to obtain, various sowing modes can be realized, the survival rate can be improved in the later period, stable communities with complete structures of arbor, shrub and grass can be quickly formed, and the secondary loss caused by plant diseases and insect pests, typhoons in summer and drought in winter is reduced. In addition, the plant ash (alkaline) just can effectively remove the wax layer outside the seeds of the selected pioneer species after the fire disaster occurs, thereby being beneficial to improving the germination rate of the seeds of the selected species of the Sorbus bungeana and Pinus massoniana and shortening the time required for germination. Therefore, the method has obvious advantages in recovery cost, recovery speed, recovery quality and recovery stability, and further improves and gives consideration to ecological benefit, economic benefit and social benefit.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of selection of a Zhaoqing evergreen broadleaf forest case plot in Guangdong;
FIG. 2 is a graph of an analysis of soil nutrient availability under typical evergreen broadleaf forest (Zhaoqing Guangdong) fire and unfired conditions;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a screening of a framework species of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a graph of comparative analysis of ecological restoration potential based on plant and soil traits;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the comparison of the effects of the near-natural vegetation restoration and the three restoration methods according to the embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The application is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings, it being understood that these embodiments are only for the purpose of illustrating the application and not for the purpose of limiting the same, and that various modifications of the application, which are equivalent to those skilled in the art, will fall within the scope of the appended claims after reading the present application.
All materials and reagents of the application are materials and reagents of the conventional market unless specified otherwise.
Examples
Near-natural vegetation restoration method for evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning zone
1) Determining recovery boundaries
Selecting fire burning areas which are damaged by the forest fire in the south subtropical zone and have more than 90 percent of the damaged standing woods and the residual active woods which do not reach the standards for forming the forest;
taking the evergreen broad-leaf forest fire trace of Zhaoqing in Guangdong as a case, designing a control group C and a fire group F as shown in figure 1, and selecting 10 sample sides of 20 multiplied by 10m in total, wherein the interval between the sample sides is more than 5m;
by analyzing soil physicochemical characteristics, plant species composition, as shown in fig. 2, an ecological restoration zone is established for restoring regional biodiversity and improving ecosystem functions, wherein DTN in fig. 2: total soluble nitrogen; DON: soluble organic nitrogen; NH (NH) 4 + : ammonium nitrogen; NO (NO) 3 - Nitrate nitrogen; AP: available phosphorus; pH: represents the pH value;
and the working area and the calculation area are sketched out by combining unmanned aerial vehicle observation with a map, so as to reasonably plan and arrange for accurately calculating the seed consumption and the material personnel proportion;
as shown in table 1, the size of the square is 5×5m, and the repetition number of random square is n=5;
TABLE 1 forest vertical Structure and under-forest vegetation basic conditions under Guangdong Ding lake mountain fire and un-fire conditions
2) Framework species screening
Selecting a south rural soil species according to a near natural restoration target;
selecting a pioneer species which grows rapidly according to the need for rapid recovery and the principles of succession;
according to the requirement of forest vertical structure construction, the selected species comprise arbor, shrubs (small arbor) and herbs;
the screening schematic is shown in FIG. 3;
according to literature investigation, field investigation and recovery practices after forest fires, the method takes wide distribution, strong stress resistance, fast growth and good growth on fire as main basis (table 2 and figure four), and selects the combination of wild plants in the country such as Pinus massoniana (arbor), aronia melanocarpa Mallotus paniculatus (small arbor), mao Ren Melastoma sanguineum (shrub), and black sedge Gahnia tris (herb) as a frame seed for near natural rapid recovery. The previous researches on the species are mainly focused on community investigation, biomass accumulation and other aspects, and various indexes suggest that the species have potential for ecological restoration of the forest in the south subtropical zone, but the species have no application in the aspect of fire disaster restoration.
TABLE 3 selection of dominant traits and distribution regions for recovery framework species
Figure 4 shows the ecological restoration potential comparison based on plant and soil traits. Including biomass accumulation, coverage formation, survival rate, insect resistance and water and soil loss improvement of different species of common rural arbor, shrub and herb in the recovery process after one year of fire. From the figure, it can be seen that pinus massoniana (arbor), mandshurica and Mao Ren (small arbor, shrub), and cyperus rotundus (herb) have distinct advantages in the same type of growing plant.
3) Sowing seeds
In order to achieve the aim that the arbor, shrub and herb species have sufficient individual quantity in the recovery process, the masson pine, the white mandshurica, the Mao Ren and the black sedge are selected to be sown according to the germination rate of different species and the general condition of thousand seed weight of seeds, the seed quantity is used mainly in a sowing mode>200kg hm -2 Fully considering the situation that seeds are eaten by beast insects, the seeds can be implemented by tools such as manual work or unmanned aerial vehicle, and seedlings can be seen about 30-60 days according to seasons and precipitation conditions;
the sowing weight ratio of the pinus massoniana to the kalopanax, the Mao Ren to the black sedge is 1: (2-4): (2-4): (3-8);
in this embodiment, the seeding ratio of masson pine, white mandshurica, mao Ren and black sedge is preferably 1:4:4:8 or (1:2:2:3);
selecting a drill or on-demand planting mode in a conditional area;
digging parallel shallow trenches on the land where mixed plants are planted, reserving a distance of not less than 20cm between the shallow trenches, and covering a layer of soil with a thickness of 0.5-1cm on the seeds to just cover the seeds;
4) Tending management
Through natural precipitation, no additional fertilization is needed;
according to the seeding frame of step 3), other native species gradually permeate and rapidly forward succession, so that special post management is generally not required;
in the bead triangular area, a vegetation layer with the height of 50-100cm can be formed after 18 months;
if foreign invasive seeds are found, the seeds need to be cleaned as soon as possible so as to be beneficial to the healthy recovery of the native vegetation;
5) Ecological monitoring, namely ecological restoration effect evaluation
The ecological monitoring of the recovery area is carried out within 1 to 5 years after the ecological restoration project is implemented;
the monitoring mainly comprises the following steps: environmental monitoring, biological monitoring and ecological function monitoring, namely selecting indexes from 4 aspects of biological diversity index, ecological system structure, ecological process and function and ecological system service, constructing an ecological restoration effect evaluation index system, analyzing and restoring the influence of biological diversity on the ecological system structure, process, function and service, comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect, and evaluating the regional ecological environment condition index by adopting the technical Specification for evaluating the ecological environment condition (HJ 192-2015).
Comparing the vegetation recovery method of the embodiment of the application with other two traditional modes of seedling planting, grass seed sowing and soil-aliquoting spraying:
table 4 basic cases of three recovery methods
As can be seen from table 4, the method of afforestation takes effect rapidly, but the whole repair process and the later maintenance cost are high, and there is a risk of inadaptation and introduction of foreign species; the method for sowing grass seeds and spraying foreign soil has good short-term effect, but needs fertilization to grow vigorously; other measures are still needed in the later stage to accelerate natural succession and update; the method of the embodiment of the application has the advantages of quick response, low cost, small risk and environmental friendliness.
The method has the advantages that the quick recovery is realized, meanwhile, the native pioneer plants with different growth types are selected as main recovery frame seeds, the germplasm materials are easy to obtain, various sowing modes can be realized, the survival rate can be improved in the later period, stable communities with complete structures of arbor, shrub and grass can be quickly formed, and the damage caused by plant diseases and insect pests, typhoons in summer and drought in winter is reduced. In addition, the plant ash (alkaline) just can effectively remove the wax layer outside the seeds of the selected pioneer species after the fire disaster occurs, thereby being beneficial to improving the germination rate of the seeds of the selected species of the Sorbus bungeana and Pinus massoniana and shortening the time required for germination.
Therefore, the recovery cost, recovery speed, recovery quality and recovery stability are all obviously advantageous, as shown in tables 5 and 6:
table 5 comparison of important indicators of three recovery methods in case
Table 6 growth and coverage of frame species in case (seed usage: 200kg hm -2 ))
And in combination with the illustration of fig. 5, the near-natural vegetation restoration method of the present application and the comparison of the effects of the three restoration methods. The statistics are monitored, and the pinus massoniana, the catalpa bungei, the Mao Ren and the cyperus rotundus planted by the method are germinated after 60 days of sowing. After 450 days of sowing, the growth vigor is good, the plant height and the crown width are greatly increased, and the field total coverage rate of four plants exceeds 15%.
In summary, by adopting the near-natural vegetation restoration method of the embodiment of the application, compared with the prior forest fire post-restoration technology in terms of ecological benefit, the method selects proper species as restoration community frame species by comparing and screening rural soil. Compared with the prior seedling transplanting method, which has the advantages of most garden tree species, most pure forest, weak stress resistance, low species diversity and low inter-species interaction relationship, the application can quickly recover to be a local secondary forest, accelerate forward succession and have high ecological functions; for the burnt places, no living things exist, the growth of plants is required to fully utilize space resources, the screened plant combination has three layers of arbor, shrub and grass (different plant heights), occupies different space ecological niches, can be stably recovered for a long time, and the formed masson pine, white mandshurica, mao Ren and black sedge can mutually promote and mutually supplement and concomitantly grow.
In the aspect of economic benefit, the application saves the cost of manually reseeding the sapling. Because the mountain land is subjected to manual recovery, the workload is large, the difficulty is high, and the mountain land cannot be mechanized, the cost of manpower and material resources is very high. At the same time, the risk of convalescence and later management is large. On one hand, the artificial forestation is extremely easy to introduce foreign species, prevents natural recovery and even spreads to the core area of the protection area to be re-ground, and causes unexpected results and losses; on the other hand, due to single species and low genetic diversity, the resistance caused is low and the risk of secondary disasters, both in the face of insect pests and extreme climatic events, is not controllable. The cost is saved, the risk is reduced, and the economic benefit is improved;
compared with the prior art, the successful implementation of the technology can form the recovery landscape phenomenon of the tropical/subtropical evergreen forest fire, can better correspond to and merge with the surrounding ecological landscape, has improved functions in the aspects of natural sightseeing, travelling and the like, and simultaneously, the landscape change from the trace of the forest fire to the recovery process can be used as a good material for natural education, thereby being beneficial to the knowledge of visitors on the principles of botanic science and ecology and having the condition basis and development potential for developing a popular science base; the application provides a combined thought for establishing a pioneer soil frame for vegetation recovery in other areas, namely, herbs (dominant grass and nutgrass galingale), shrubs/small arbor and barren-resistant arbor are adopted, and provides a reference for restoration of forest incineration sites in other areas, so that the application has great significance.
Claims (9)
1. The near-natural vegetation restoration method for the evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning place is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) Determining recovery boundaries
Selecting fire burning areas which are damaged by the forest fire in the south subtropical zone and have more than 90 percent of the damaged standing woods and the residual active woods which do not reach the standards for forming the forest;
by analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and the composition of plant species, an ecological restoration area is established for restoring regional vegetation and improving the function of an ecological system;
2) Framework species screening
Selecting a south rural soil species according to a near natural restoration target;
selecting a pioneer species which grows rapidly according to the need for rapid recovery and the principles of succession; according to the requirement of forest vertical structure construction, the selected species comprise arbor, shrubs (small arbor) and herbs;
3) Sowing seeds
In order to achieve the aim that the arbor, shrub and herb species have sufficient individual quantity in the recovery process, sowing is carried out according to the germination rate of different species and the general condition of thousand seed weight of seeds;
4) Tending management
Through natural precipitation, no additional fertilization is needed;
according to the sowing frame of the step 3), other native species gradually permeate and rapidly forward succession is carried out;
5) Ecological monitoring, namely ecological restoration effect evaluation.
2. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broadleaf forest fire burning sites according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), rural species with wide distribution, strong stress resistance, fast growth and good growth in fire burning sites are selected according to the near-natural recovery target, literature investigation, field investigation and recovery practices after forest fires.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pioneer species in step 2) is selected comprehensively based on biomass accumulation, coverage formation, survival rate, insect resistance and water and soil loss improvement of the rural species in the fire-burned area.
4. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broad-leaved forest fire burning places according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the pinus massoniana (arbor), the mandshurica (small arbor), the Mao Ren (shrub) and the black sedge (herb) are selected as species combinations according to the forest fire burning places in the south according to the needs of construction of forest vertical structures.
5. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broadleaf forest fire-burned areas according to claim 1, wherein the sowing in step 3) is mainly planted in a broadcast sowing manner, and the seed quantity is used>200kg hm -2 Fully considers the situation that seeds are eaten by beast insects, can be implemented by tools such as manual work or unmanned aerial vehicle, and can see seedlings about 30-60 days according to seasons and precipitation conditions.
6. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broad-leaved forest fire-burned areas according to claim 1, wherein in the sowing of step 3), the sowing weight ratio of masson pine, white mandshurica, mao Ren and black sedge selected according to claim 4 is 1: (2-4): (2-4): (3-8).
7. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broadleaf forest fire-burned areas according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), a planting method of drill-on-demand or on-demand is selected in a conditional area.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the drilling operation includes digging relatively parallel shallow trenches in the land where the hybrid plants are planted, leaving a distance of not less than 20cm between the shallow trenches, and covering the seeds with a layer of 0.5-1cm thick soil to cover the seeds.
9. The method for recovering near-natural vegetation in evergreen broadleaf forest fire-burned areas according to claim 1, wherein in step 5), ecological monitoring of the recovery area is performed after the ecological restoration project is implemented;
the monitoring mainly comprises the following steps: environmental monitoring, biological monitoring and ecological function monitoring, namely selecting indexes from 4 aspects of biological diversity index, ecological system structure, ecological process and function and ecological system service, constructing an ecological restoration effect evaluation index system, analyzing and restoring the influence of biological diversity on the ecological system structure, process, function and service, comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect, and evaluating the regional ecological environment condition index by adopting the technical Specification for evaluating the ecological environment condition (HJ 192-2015).
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