CN116652388B - TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input efficient laser fuse additive manufacturing method - Google Patents
TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input efficient laser fuse additive manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN116652388B CN116652388B CN202310696541.1A CN202310696541A CN116652388B CN 116652388 B CN116652388 B CN 116652388B CN 202310696541 A CN202310696541 A CN 202310696541A CN 116652388 B CN116652388 B CN 116652388B
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0227—Rods, wires
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Fuses (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input efficient laser fuse additive manufacturing method, and belongs to the field of additive manufacturing. Solves the problem that the low heat input and the high deposition rate are difficult to be compatible in the existing TC4 titanium alloy additive manufacturing. The method comprises the steps of pre-treating the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using cleaning liquid before deposition, and preparing a special welding wire for manufacturing a laser fuse additive, wherein the special welding wire is formed into a twist rope shape by rotating and combining a plurality of filaments; fixing a laser head and a wire feeding nozzle on a travelling mechanism, adjusting the angle between a laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate, and adjusting the angle between the laser beam and the surface of the substrate; setting laser power, a laser power output period, a wire feeding speed and an operating speed; and (3) importing the model of the printing component into additive manufacturing track planning software to complete printing path planning, setting additive manufacturing process parameters of the step (4) to deposit layer by layer, and completing component additive manufacturing. It is mainly used for TC4 titanium alloy additive manufacturing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input high-efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method.
Background
The TC4 titanium alloy is an alpha+beta type dual-phase titanium alloy with very wide application, and has better high-temperature performance and mechanical processing performance and better comprehensive mechanical performance. Because the TC4 titanium alloy is composed of a two-phase structure, different processing technologies can change the proportion and the morphological distribution of two phases, and the change of the microstructure of the material can obtain TC4 titanium alloy with different properties.
The additive manufacturing technology is a novel forming technology, materials are stacked layer by layer based on a three-dimensional model, so that the die-free rapid forming of solid parts can be realized, the production cost can be reduced, the manufacturing period can be shortened, and the additive manufacturing technology is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, ship engineering, rail transit, biomedicine and the like. Additive manufacturing techniques can be categorized into melt additive manufacturing and fuse additive manufacturing, depending on the filler material. Compared with the fused powder additive manufacturing, the fused wire additive manufacturing has the advantages of high deposition rate, low processing cost and the like, and is suitable for additive manufacturing of large-size components.
Fuse additive manufacturing can be classified into arc fuse additive manufacturing, laser fuse additive manufacturing, and electron beam fuse additive manufacturing in terms of heat source. The arc fuse additive has the advantages of high deposition efficiency and low cost, but the arc fuse additive has low manufacturing and forming precision and needs a large amount of subsequent machining; the electron beam fuse additive manufacturing has the advantage of high forming precision, but the electron beam fuse additive manufacturing needs to be carried out under vacuum condition, so that the production cost is high; the laser fuse additive manufacturing has the advantages of high deposition rate, low cost and high forming precision of the electron beam fuse additive manufacturing, so that the laser fuse additive manufacturing has wide application prospect.
At present, students at home and abroad conduct related researches on TC4 titanium alloy laser fuse additive manufacturing, and the results show that the laser wire feeding additive manufacturing has obvious energy difference due to different heat input, different molten pool morphology and different cooling speeds and different formed microstructure. Excessive heat input can generate a heat accumulation effect, and the unstable molten pool, the reduced height of the cladding metal and the increased width can be caused along with the continuous increase of the temperature in the process of material addition, so that the forming precision of a component is reduced and even collapse occurs; meanwhile, too high heat input can cause more defects in the member, so that the compactness of the formed member is reduced, and the comprehensive performance of the formed sample is affected.
In summary, to obtain a TC4 titanium alloy component with high forming accuracy, high compactness, low deformation and good comprehensive performance, the heat input must be strictly controlled by reducing the laser power and controlling the wire feeding speed, and the deposition rate is significantly reduced although the heat input of the formed component is reduced, but the time cost for manufacturing the formed component is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for manufacturing a TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input high-efficiency laser fuse additive, so as to solve the problem that the low-heat input and the high deposition rate are difficult to be compatible in the conventional TC4 titanium alloy additive manufacturing.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input efficient laser fuse additive manufacturing method comprises the following steps:
step 1: pre-treating the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using a cleaning solution before deposition, removing greasy dirt and oxides on the surface of the substrate, and then fixing and clamping the cleaned TC4 titanium alloy substrate;
step 2: preparing a special welding wire for manufacturing the laser fuse wire additive, wherein the special welding wire is formed into a twist rope shape through rotating and combining a plurality of filaments;
step 3: fixing a laser head and a wire feeding nozzle on a travelling mechanism, adjusting the angle between a laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate, and adjusting the angle between the laser beam and the surface of the substrate;
step 4: setting laser power, a laser power output period, a wire feeding speed and an operating speed;
step 5: in the additive manufacturing process, the laser beam is partially overlapped with a monofilament forming a special welding wire, the incident laser beam always intersects with the special welding wire on the surface of a workpiece, the monofilament is fully melted, molten liquid metal is uniformly and continuously transited into a molten pool through a stable liquid metal bridge, and the molten monofilament forms liquid bridge transition with the molten pool at the end part of the welding wire;
step 6: and (3) importing the model of the printing component into additive manufacturing track planning software to complete printing path planning, setting additive manufacturing process parameters of the step (4) to deposit layer by layer, and completing component additive manufacturing.
Further, the cleaning solution in the step 1 is 5% HF by volume and 25% HNO by volume 3 +volume fraction 7% hcl+volume fraction 63% H 2 O。
Further, the pretreatment in the step 1 is to soak the TC4 titanium alloy substrate in a cleaning solution for 30s, and repeatedly wipe the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate with alcohol after the soaking is completed, so that the TC4 titanium alloy substrate leaks out of the silvery white metallic luster.
Furthermore, the diameter D of the special welding wire in the step 2 is 1.2-1.6 mm, the lay length L of the special welding wire is 11.5-12.5 mm, the lay angle alpha of the special welding wire is 17-18 degrees, the diameter R of filaments forming the special welding wire is 0.65-0.74 mm, and the number of filaments is 3.
Further, the filament diameter in the step 2 is formula (1):
in the formula (1), D is the diameter mm of the special welding wire, and R is the diameter mm of the filament constituting the special welding wire.
Further, the chemical components of the filaments forming the special welding wire in the step 2 are as follows: 6.9 to 7.4 percent of V:4.5 to 5.0 percent, less than or equal to 0.25 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.08 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.01 percent of H, less than or equal to 0.02 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.03 percent of N, and less than or equal to Sn:2.0 to 2.5 percent and the balance of Ti.
Furthermore, the angle between the laser beam and the normal of the substrate surface in the step 3 is 5-10 degrees, and the angle between the laser beam and the substrate surface is 25-45 degrees.
Further, the wire feeding speed in the step 4 is 3 m/min-5 m/min, and the running speed is 0.4 m/min-0.8 m/min.
Further, the laser power in the step 4 is represented by formula (2):
in the formula (2), E m The laser power is used for outputting energy J, R is the diameter mm of a filament for forming the special welding wire, and the P is the density g/cm of metal for forming the special welding wire filament 3 ，T 0 Is at ambient temperature of T m The melting point of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the melting latent heat J/kg of the special welding wire filaments, the specific heat capacity J/(kg·DEG C) of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the melting point of the special welding wire filaments, and the length of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the length mm of the special welding wire filaments.
Further, the laser power output period in the step 4 is represented by formula (3):
in the formula (3), f is a laser power output period Hz, L is a special welding wire lay length mm, V is a special welding wire feed speed mm/s, and alpha is a special welding wire lay angle.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention realizes accurate control of laser heat input and uninterrupted alternate melting of single wire by mutually cooperating the laser power output waveform and the action area of a plurality of filaments, thereby ensuring the fuse efficiency and effectively utilizing the laser energy. Under the condition of realizing reduction of heat input, high deposition efficiency is ensured; meanwhile, the diameter of the single wire forming the special welding wire is smaller, so that peak power in the additive manufacturing process can be reduced, and heat input in the additive manufacturing process is further reduced.
Meanwhile, a proper amount of low-melting-point elements are added into the welding wire to reduce the melting point of the welding wire, so that the heat input of additive manufacturing can be further reduced. On the basis of ensuring the mechanical property of the formed component, the element Sn with low melting point is added into the welding wire, and the content of the alpha-phase core element Al is increased, so that the melting point of the welding wire is reduced, the peak temperature of laser output in the additive manufacturing process is further reduced, and the heat input in the additive manufacturing process is reduced. The TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input high-efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method for reducing the heat input in the additive manufacturing process on the basis of ensuring the deposition rate is realized.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a special welding wire for laser fuse additive manufacturing according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a laser power output waveform according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of interaction principle between laser and a special welding wire, in which a to d are schematic diagrams of a first stage of a liquid bridge transition process, e to h are schematic diagrams of a second stage of the liquid bridge transition process, and i to l are schematic diagrams of a third stage of the liquid bridge transition process;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a special welding wire for laser fuse additive manufacturing according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the actual output waveform of the laser power according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a laser additive manufacturing fuse process according to the present invention, wherein a to l correspond to a to l in FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a pictorial view of an additive manufactured member according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a physical diagram of an additive manufacturing member according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a physical view III of an additive manufactured component according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a pictorial view of an additive manufactured member according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an IPF diagram of a deposited layer of an additive manufactured component according to the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a phase diagram of a deposited layer of an additive manufactured component according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a grain boundary orientation differential layout of a deposited layer of an additive manufacturing member according to the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a TEM image of a deposited layer of an additive manufactured member according to the present invention;
fig. 15 is a TEM image of a microstructure of a deposited layer of an additive manufactured component according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, embodiments of the present invention and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other, and the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments.
Referring to fig. 1-15, the embodiment is described, which is a method for manufacturing a TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive, comprising the steps of:
step 1: in order to ensure the forming quality of the joint of the sediment and the substrate, pre-treating the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using a cleaning liquid before depositing to remove greasy dirt and oxide on the surface of the substrate, and then fixing and clamping the cleaned TC4 titanium alloy substrate;
preferably, the cleaning solution in the step 1 is 5% hf+25% HNO by volume 3 +volume fraction 7% hcl+volume fraction 63% H 2 O。
Preferably, the pretreatment in the step 1 is to soak the TC4 titanium alloy substrate in a cleaning solution for 30s, and repeatedly wipe the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate with alcohol after the soaking is completed, so that the TC4 titanium alloy substrate leaks out of the silvery white metallic luster.
Step 2: preparing a special welding wire for manufacturing the laser fuse wire additive, wherein the special welding wire is formed into a twist rope shape through rotating and combining a plurality of filaments;
preferably, as shown in fig. 1, the diameter D of the special welding wire in the step 2 is 1.2 mm-1.6 mm, the lay length L of the special welding wire is 11.5 mm-12.5 mm, the lay angle α of the special welding wire is 17 ° to 18 °, the diameter R of the filaments forming the special welding wire is 0.65 mm-0.74 mm, and the number of the filaments is 3.
Preferably, the filament diameter in step 2 is of formula (1):
in the formula (1), D is the diameter mm of the special welding wire, and R is the diameter mm of the filament constituting the special welding wire.
Preferably, the chemical components of the filaments forming the special welding wire in the step 2 are: 6.9 to 7.4 percent of V:4.5 to 5.0 percent, less than or equal to 0.25 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.08 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.01 percent of H, less than or equal to 0.02 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.03 percent of N, and less than or equal to Sn:2.0 to 2.5 percent and the balance of Ti.
Step 3: fixing a laser head and a wire feeding nozzle on a travelling mechanism, adjusting the angle between a laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate, and adjusting the angle between the laser beam and the surface of the substrate;
preferably, the angle between the laser beam and the normal direction of the substrate surface in the step 3 is 5-10 degrees, and the angle between the laser beam and the substrate surface is 25-45 degrees.
Step 4: setting laser power, a laser power output period, a wire feeding speed and an operating speed;
preferably, the wire feeding speed in the step 4 is 3 m/min-5 m/min, and the running speed is 0.4 m/min-0.8 m/min.
Preferably, the laser power in the step 4 is formula (2), and the laser power output waveform is shown in fig. 2.
In the formula (2), E m The laser power is used for outputting energy J, R is the diameter mm of a filament for forming the special welding wire, and the P is the density g/cm of metal for forming the special welding wire filament 3 ，T 0 Is at ambient temperature of T m The melting point of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the melting latent heat J/kg of the special welding wire filaments, the specific heat capacity J/(kg·DEG C) of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the melting point of the special welding wire filaments, and the length of the special welding wire filaments is equal to the length mm of the special welding wire filaments.
Preferably, the laser power output period in the step 4 is represented by formula (3):
in the formula (3), f is a laser power output period Hz, L is a special welding wire lay length mm, V is a special welding wire feed speed mm/s, and alpha is a special welding wire lay angle.
Step 5: the peak power and frequency of the laser output energy are combined with the diameter and structural characteristics of the welding wire, the laser power output waveform is shown in fig. 2, and the interaction principle of the laser and the special welding wire is shown in fig. 3. In the additive manufacturing process, the laser beam is partially overlapped with a monofilament forming the special welding wire, the incident laser beam always intersects with the special welding wire on the surface of a workpiece, the monofilament can be fully melted, molten liquid metal is uniformly and continuously transited into a molten pool through a stable liquid metal bridge, and the melted monofilament forms a typical 'liquid bridge transition' with the molten pool at the end part of the welding wire;
the special welding wire stabilization "liquid bridge transition" process basically includes three phases:
in the first stage, as shown in fig. 3a to 3d, the 1 st monofilament is heated under the effect of the direct irradiation energy of the laser, the area of the laser beam irradiated by the monofilament is gradually increased along with the feeding of the 1 st monofilament forming the special welding wire, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates parallel to the diameter of the monofilament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, the area of the irradiated monofilament is gradually reduced along with the further feeding of the welding wire, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 1 st monofilament is melted.
In the second stage, as shown in fig. 3e to 3h, after the 1 st monofilament is melted, the 2 nd monofilament is gradually contacted with the laser beam, and as the 2 nd monofilament forming the special welding wire is fed, the area of the laser beam irradiated by the monofilament is gradually increased, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates and is parallel to the diameter of the monofilament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, and as the welding wire is further fed, the area of the irradiated monofilament is gradually reduced, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 2 nd monofilament is melted.
In the third stage, as shown in fig. 3i to 3l, after the 2 nd monofilament is melted, the 3 rd monofilament is gradually contacted with the laser beam, and as the 3 rd monofilament forming the special welding wire is fed, the area of the laser beam irradiated by the monofilament is gradually increased, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates and is parallel to the diameter of the monofilament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, and as the welding wire is further fed, the area of the irradiated monofilament is gradually reduced, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 3 rd monofilament is melted.
And repeatedly completing the laser additive manufacturing of the TC4 titanium alloy parts.
Step 6: and (3) importing the model of the printing component into additive manufacturing track planning software to complete printing path planning, setting additive manufacturing process parameters of the step (4) to deposit layer by layer, and completing component additive manufacturing.
In this example, a TC4 titanium alloy substrate with a thickness of 20mm was selected, and 5% HF+25% HNO was used 3 +7％HCl+63％H 2 O (volume fraction) cleaning agent, soaking a TC4 titanium alloy substrate in a cleaning solution for 30s to remove greasy dirt and oxide on the surface of the substrate, repeatedly wiping the surface of the substrate by using alcohol after the soaking is finished, so that the substrate leaks out of metallic silvery white, and fixing and clamping the cleaned substrate.
Preparing a special welding wire for manufacturing the laser fuse additive, wherein the lay length of the special welding wire is 12mm, the lay angle of the special welding wire is 17.44 degrees, the diameters of filaments forming the special welding wire are 0.74mm, the special welding wire is formed into a twist rope shape by rotating and combining 3 filaments, and the parameters of the special welding wire for manufacturing the laser fuse additive are set to be 1.6mm. A special welding wire physical diagram for laser fuse additive manufacturing is shown in FIG. 4. The chemical composition of the filaments constituting the dedicated welding wire is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 chemical composition of filaments constituting the Special welding wire (%)
| Element(s) | Al | V | Sn | Fe | C | H | O | N | Ti |
| Content of | 7.1 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 0.125 | 0.04 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Allowance of |
The laser head and the wire feeding nozzle are fixed on the travelling mechanism, the angle between the laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate is adjusted to be 10 degrees, and the angle between the laser beam and the surface of the substrate is adjusted to be 30 degrees. And (3) calculating according to the formulas (2) and (3) to obtain the laser power peak value of 3kW, the laser power output period of 140Hz, the wire feeding speed of 5m/min and the running speed of 0.6m/min. The special welding wire used in the test of the embodiment has a lay angle of 17.44 degrees and a lay length of 12.0mm. And (3) importing the model of the printing component into additive manufacturing track planning software to complete the layer-by-layer deposition of the printing path planning and complete the additive manufacturing of the component.
The correspondence of the additive manufacturing laser fuse process and the laser power is shown in fig. 5 and 6. In the additive manufacturing process, the laser beam is partially overlapped with the monofilament forming the special welding wire, the incident laser beam always intersects with the special welding wire on the surface of the workpiece, the monofilament can be fully melted, the melted liquid metal is uniformly and continuously transited into the molten pool through a stable liquid metal bridge, and the melted monofilament forms a typical 'liquid bridge transition' with the molten pool at the end part of the welding wire. The special welding wire stabilization "liquid bridge transition" process basically includes three phases: in the first stage, as shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6a to 6d, the 1 st filament is heated under the effect of the direct irradiation energy of the laser, the area of the laser beam irradiated with the filament is gradually increased along with the feeding of the 1 st filament forming the special welding wire, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates parallel to the diameter of the filament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, the area of the laser beam irradiated with the filament is gradually reduced along with the further feeding of the welding wire, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 1 st filament is completely melted. In the second stage, as shown in fig. 5 and 6e to 6h, after the 1 st monofilament is melted, the 2 nd monofilament is gradually contacted with the laser beam, and as the 2 nd monofilament forming the special welding wire is fed, the area of the laser beam irradiated by the monofilament is gradually increased, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates and is parallel to the diameter of the monofilament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, and as the welding wire is further fed, the area of the irradiated monofilament is gradually reduced, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 2 nd monofilament is melted. In the third stage, as shown in fig. 5 and 6i to 6l, after the 2 nd monofilament is melted, the 3 rd monofilament is gradually contacted with the laser beam, and as the 3 rd monofilament forming the special welding wire is fed, the area of the laser beam irradiated by the monofilament is gradually increased, at this time, the laser power is gradually increased, when the laser beam irradiates and is parallel to the diameter of the monofilament, the area of the irradiated welding wire is maximum, the laser power reaches the peak power at the highest, and as the welding wire is further fed, the area of the irradiated monofilament is gradually reduced, at this time, the laser power is gradually reduced until the 3 rd monofilament is melted. And repeatedly completing the laser additive manufacturing of the TC4 titanium alloy parts.
The physical diagrams of the additive manufactured components are shown in fig. 7-10, the deposited layer is well formed, and the surface is uniform and smooth.
The amount of deposited metal per unit time and unit energy and the deposited layer width versus the ratios in the additive manufacturing process are shown in table 2. The unit time and unit energy deposition metal quantity of the precisely controlled laser output mode is 18.18% higher than that of the conventional continuous output laser mode, the width of the deposition layer is compared with that of the conventional continuous output laser mode, and the precisely controlled laser output mode can be found to be 25% narrower than that of the conventional continuous output laser mode.
TABLE 2 comparison of amount of deposited metal per unit time and unit energy and deposited layer width in additive manufacturing process
The mechanical properties of the material-fabricated members are shown in table 3. The tensile strength of the transverse tensile test sample of the additive manufacturing component is 925MPa, the yield strength is 875MPa, and the elongation is 12.5%; the longitudinal tensile strength of the additive manufactured component is 910MPa, the yield strength is 860MPa and the elongation is 11.0%.
TABLE 3 mechanical Properties of additive manufactured Components
The microstructure EBSD diagram of the additive manufacturing member is shown in figures 11-13, figure 11 is an IPF diagram of a deposition layer of the additive manufacturing member, the grain boundary of alpha 'martensite in the deposition layer structure is clear, the microstructure is in a disordered and distributed basket-shaped morphology, and the preferred orientation distribution among alpha' martensite laths is obvious. Fig. 12 is a phase diagram of a deposit consisting essentially of alpha' martensite (red color, 99.33% content) and a small residual beta phase (blue color, 0.67% content). The grain boundary orientation difference distribution of the deposition layer is shown in fig. 13, the calculated small-angle grain boundary smaller than 5 degrees in the deposition layer area accounts for about 25.78 percent, the large-angle grain boundary larger than 15 degrees accounts for about 83.78 percent, the distribution between 55.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees accounts for about 46.21 percent, the related research shows that the impact toughness is closely related to the grain orientation difference distribution, the large-angle grain boundary can effectively prevent the expansion of cleavage cracks, the angle grain boundary with medium orientation difference can change the expansion direction of cleavage cracks, the energy of the small-orientation difference angle grain boundary is lower, the grain boundary dislocation structure is simple, and cleavage cracks can easily pass through.
A TEM image of the microstructure of the deposit of the additive manufactured component is shown in fig. 14-15, and it was found in fig. 14 that there were a plurality of alpha 'martensite laths with small mutual phase differences in the microstructure that constituted alpha' martensite bundles parallel to each other. The dislocation and twin crystal with higher density are found in the alpha 'martensite bundles, a small amount of residual beta phase is distributed on the boundaries of alpha' martensite columnar crystals, and the stress release in the alpha 'martensite phase transformation process is realized mainly by the formation and movement of the dislocation, so that the dislocation in the alpha' martensite is denser. Fig. 15 shows that the diffraction spots at the lath locations are typical alpha' martensite. Because the heat input is smaller in the additive manufacturing process, a small amount of alpha phase rare in the titanium alloy metal obtained by conventional heat input appears in the titanium alloy of the deposition layer, and the rest is a large amount of alpha 'martensite basic phase, meanwhile, the lath width of the alpha' martensite is only 0.27 mu m, which is obviously narrower than that of the alpha 'martensite in the titanium alloy metal of the conventional laser fuse by 0.40 mu m to 0.60 mu m, so that the quantity of the alpha' martensite is greatly increased, and meanwhile, the grain boundary area is increased, thereby laying a foundation for high plasticity, and meanwhile, the residual beta phase exists in the metal of the deposition layer, so that the metal of the deposition layer has better plasticity and toughness.
The embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended only to help illustrate the invention. The examples are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best understand and utilize the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A TC4 titanium alloy low-heat input efficient laser fuse additive manufacturing method is characterized in that: it comprises the following steps:
step 1: pre-treating the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using a cleaning solution before deposition, removing greasy dirt and oxides on the surface of the substrate, and then fixing and clamping the cleaned TC4 titanium alloy substrate;
step 2: preparing a special welding wire for manufacturing the laser fuse wire additive, wherein the special welding wire is formed into a twist rope shape through rotating and combining a plurality of filaments;
step 3: fixing a laser head and a wire feeding nozzle on a travelling mechanism, adjusting the angle between a laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate, and adjusting the angle between the laser beam and the surface of the substrate;
step 4: setting laser power, a laser power output period, a wire feeding speed and an operating speed;
step 5: in the additive manufacturing process, the laser beam is partially overlapped with a monofilament forming a special welding wire, the incident laser beam always intersects with the special welding wire on the surface of a workpiece, the monofilament is fully melted, molten liquid metal is uniformly and continuously transited into a molten pool through a stable liquid metal bridge, and the molten monofilament forms liquid bridge transition with the molten pool at the end part of the welding wire;
step 6: leading the model of the printing component into additive manufacturing track planning software to complete the printing path planning, setting the additive manufacturing process parameters of the step 4 to deposit layer by layer, and completing the additive manufacturing of the component;
the laser power in the step 4 is represented by formula (2):
（2）
in the formula (2), the amino acid sequence of the compound,E m for the laser power output energy J,Rto make up the filament diameter mm of the dedicated welding wire,ρmetal density g/cm for forming special welding wire filaments 3 ，T 0 Is at ambient temperature,T m the melting point of the special welding wire filaments is lower than the melting latent heat J/kg of the special welding wire filaments,Cthe specific heat capacity J/(kg. DEG C.) of the special welding wire filaments is formed, and h is the length mm of the special welding wire filaments formed by laser melting;
the laser power output period in the step 4 is represented by formula (3):
（3）
in the formula (3), the amino acid sequence of the compound,ffor the laser power output period Hz,Lfor the special welding wire lay length of mm,Vfor the special welding wire feeding speed of mm/s,αis a special welding wire lay angle.
2. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: the cleaning solution in the step 1 is 5% HF by volume and 25% HNO by volume 3 +volume fraction 7% hcl+volume fraction 63% H 2 O。
3. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: the pretreatment in the step 1 is to soak the TC4 titanium alloy substrate in the cleaning solution for 30s, and repeatedly wipe the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate with alcohol after the soaking is completed, so that the TC4 titanium alloy substrate leaks out of silvery white metallic luster.
4. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: in the step 2, the diameter D of the special welding wire is 1.2 mm-1.6 mm, the lay length L of the special welding wire is 11.5 mm-12.5 mm, the lay angle alpha of the special welding wire is 17-18 degrees, the diameter R of filaments forming the special welding wire is 0.65 mm-0.74 mm, and the number of the filaments is 3.
5. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: the filament diameter in the step 2 is represented by formula (1):
（1）
in the formula (1), D is the diameter mm of the special welding wire, and R is the diameter mm of the filament constituting the special welding wire.
6. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: the chemical components of the filaments composing the special welding wire in the step 2 are as follows: 6.9% -7.4%, V: 4.5-5.0%, fe less than or equal to 0.25%, C less than or equal to 0.08%, H less than or equal to 0.01%, O less than or equal to 0.02%, N less than or equal to 0.03%, sn:2.0% -2.5% and the balance Ti.
7. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: and (3) enabling the angle between the laser beam and the normal direction of the surface of the substrate in the step (3) to be 5-10 degrees.
8. The TC4 titanium alloy low heat input high efficiency laser fuse additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: the wire feeding speed in the step 4 is 3 m/min-5 m/min, and the running speed is 0.4 m/min-0.8 m/min.
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