CN116570722A - 一种皮克林乳剂递送系统及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种皮克林乳剂递送系统及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116570722A CN116570722A CN202310554359.2A CN202310554359A CN116570722A CN 116570722 A CN116570722 A CN 116570722A CN 202310554359 A CN202310554359 A CN 202310554359A CN 116570722 A CN116570722 A CN 116570722A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种皮克林乳剂递送系统,并提供其制备方法。本方法选用生物相容性良好的可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒共同作为固体乳化剂,同时选择可生物代谢的油相作为乳剂内核,构建了可用于提高适应性免疫应答的皮克林乳剂递送系统。进一步地,为了增强乳剂的佐剂性能,我们使用富含金属离子的蛋白颗粒与无机颗粒共同乳化油相内核,构建了能够诱导更高水平体液和细胞免疫应答的皮克林乳剂递送系统,实现靶向递送抗原、激活体液免疫和细胞免疫的多重功能。本发明中的皮克林乳剂能够高效地荷载大颗粒抗原,同时显著提高AAV疫苗与灭活病毒疫苗的体液免疫应答与细胞免疫应答,能够发挥佐剂与递送系统的双重功能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种皮克林乳剂递送系统极其制备方法和应用,属于生物医药技术领域。
背景技术
目前为止,被FDA批准用于人体的疫苗佐剂仅有7种,分别为铝佐剂,AS01,AS03,AS04,CpG ODN,MF59和Matrix-M,其中铝佐剂是市售疫苗中使用最为广泛的佐剂。自1926年Glenny首先应用铝盐吸附白喉类毒素开始,至今已有磷酸铝和氢氧化铝两种铝盐佐剂广泛应用于多种疫苗。但是铝佐剂以体液免疫应答为主,诱导细胞免疫的能力较弱,特别是近几年发现多次接种含铝佐剂的疫苗可能出现免疫抑制和累计中毒等副作用,并且铝佐剂对一些疫苗抗原的免疫增强效果不佳,注射部分偶有严重的局部反应,包括出现红斑、皮下结节、接触性过敏和肉芽性炎症,因此寻找新的疫苗佐剂成为疫苗学的重大现实问题。
金属离子是生命形式的基本组成部分,几乎一半的酶都需要金属离子的参与。越来越多的证据表明,金属在调节先天免疫感知和宿主防御入侵病原体方面都有重要作用,包括T细胞活化(Ca2+)和干细胞特性(K+),炎症小体(K+,Ca2+和Na+),病原体-宿主相互作用(Fe2+/3+,Zn2+,Mn2+和Cu2+)和cGAS-STING信号(Zn2+和Mn2+)。金属免疫治疗是利用金属离子的免疫调节功能治疗疾病。例如,Mg2+增加NKG2D表达并恢复自然杀伤(NK)细胞和T细胞对Epstein-Barr病毒的杀伤。钾(K+)可保持T细胞干性,并增加T细胞的持久性和效力。最近的研究表明,Mn2+在DNA病毒感染期间使cGAS-STING通路对双链DNA增敏,并且与免疫检查点抑制剂、化疗、原位疫苗和光动力疗法有协同作用。类似Mn2+通过激活cGAS-STING通路促进CD8+T细胞活化的肿瘤疗法也被国内外多个实验室所发现或证实。
通过采用胶体颗粒代替表面活性剂分子稳定的乳液称为皮克林乳乳液,其具有以下优势:(1)充当乳化剂的胶体颗粒用量相比表面活性剂用量低,可以降低疫苗的生产成本;(2)乳剂体系中少了表面活性剂成分,对身体和环境更加友好;(3)胶体颗粒充当乳化剂,固体颗粒挣脱两相界面需要的热能更高,因而乳剂体系的稳定性要更强;(4)皮克林乳剂表面粗糙程度高,更有利于与细胞的相互作用。但目前,大多数皮克林乳剂普遍采用不具有生物相容性的固体颗粒或油相制备,因此其在生物医药领域的应用受到限制。例如,CN101445580A公开了一种乳液聚合制备聚乙烯/二氧化硅核壳结果复合材料的方法,利用二氧化硅纳米粒作为固体颗粒,但其中含有乙酸乙酯以及甲苯所溶解的催化剂,最后加入乙烯,得到聚乙烯/二氧化硅乳液,该体系中二氧化硅和甲苯在临床上应用都受到限制,因此,该乳液无法直接在生物医药领域应用。
因此,提供一种根据疫苗佐剂的需求来进行设计、优化以最大化疫苗潜力的佐剂递送系统对本领域而言具有重要意义。这里,我们基于皮克林乳剂系统,选用生物相容性良好的可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒共同作为固体乳化剂,同时选择可生物代谢的油相作为乳剂内核,构建了可用于提高适应性免疫应答的皮克林乳剂递送系统。进一步地,为了增强乳剂的佐剂性能,我们使用富含金属离子的蛋白颗粒与无机颗粒共同乳化油相内核,构建了能够诱导更高水平体液和细胞免疫应答的皮克林乳剂递送系统,实现靶向递送抗原、激活体液免疫和细胞免疫的多重功能。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种皮克林乳剂递送系统及其制备方法和应用。所述皮克林乳剂同时采用可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒作为固体乳化剂,稳定性好,安全性高;且所述乳剂由于其粗糙的表面和优越的抗原吸附能力,具备更强的激活适应性免疫应答的能力。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用了如下技术方案:
第一方面,本发明提供一种同时采用可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒作为固体乳化剂的皮克林乳剂,所述皮克林乳剂包括油相、水相以及可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒,其中,所述可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒分散在所述水相中和/或吸附在油水界面。
在本发明中,可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒共同作为固体乳化剂,起到稳定乳滴的作用,无机颗粒的平均粒径在纳米到微米级别。
在本发明中,可溶性蛋白的存在能够使得无机颗粒在油水界面上分散的更加均一,稳定油相内核的效果更好。纳微级别的固体颗粒可发挥免疫佐剂的作用,其佐剂作用机制可归因于以下几个方面:1)纳微颗粒能够特异性激活抗原提呈细胞,增加其摄取量;2)用纳微颗粒包埋、吸附或偶联抗原,可持续释放抗原,延长细胞吸收和抗原表达时间;3)部分纳微颗粒(如带有正电荷的壳聚糖纳微颗粒),可以通过质子泵效应等实现抗原的溶酶体逃逸,实现抗原的交叉提呈,可促进机体细胞免疫反应;4)部分纳微颗粒还可募集炎症细胞,从而促进抗原与抗原提呈细胞之间的作用。
因此,采用固体颗粒替代表面活性剂制备皮克林乳剂,不仅可以避免表面活性剂对疫苗制剂的负面影响,而且可以通过固体颗粒和水包油乳液的免疫协同作用,获得更为全面、显著、持久的免疫保护效果。该皮克林乳剂中不含表面活性剂,避免了表面活性剂对抗原的影响,产品具有良好的安全性和稳定性,并可用于疫苗的不同接种途径。
本发明中所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统中含有可溶性蛋白和至少一种无机颗粒。本发明中所述皮克林乳剂中的可溶性蛋白具有生物相容性,包括内源性蛋白和外源性蛋白。
优选地,所述内源性蛋白为白蛋白、血红蛋白、甲状腺素转运蛋白和/或铁蛋白;优选地,所述外源性蛋白进一步优选为蛋白抗原;优选地,所述白蛋白包括天然血清白蛋白和/或人工合成血清蛋白,进一步优选为人血清白蛋白、牛血清白蛋白或鼠血清白蛋白中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合;优选地,所述白蛋白经过修饰,所述修饰包括亲水修饰、疏水修饰、金属离子生物矿化、覆层或接枝改性中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;优选地,所述白蛋白为Mn2+矿化的白蛋白。
本发明中所述皮克林乳剂中的无机颗粒具有生物相容性,所述无机颗粒选自铝盐、钙盐、多糖、多糖衍生物或高分子聚合物中的任意一种或者至少两种的混合物。
优选地,所述铝盐为氢氧化铝或/和磷酸铝。优选地,所述钙盐为磷酸钙或/和碳酸钙。
称为“氢氧化铝”的一般是羟基氧化铝盐,通常是将铝溶液(多为AlCl3或AlK(SO4)2)与氢氧化钠混合,随后在水热条件下对该悬浮液进行脱水处理而得。根据不同生产条件,其通常呈现不同的结晶程度。羟基氧化铝以分子式AlO(OH)表示,其与其它铝化合物,例如氢氧化铝Al(OH)3的区别在于红外(IR)光谱,特别是在1070cm-1处存在吸收带和在3090-3100cm-1处存在强烈的尖峰。氢氧化铝呈典型的纤维形态,氢氧化铝佐剂的pI通常约11,即在生理pH下佐剂本身具有表面正电荷。pH7.4时,氢氧化铝的吸附能力在1.8~2.6mg蛋白质/mg Al3+之间。由于商业氢氧化铝的不同批次之间存在一定的差异,目前以丹麦生产的Alhydrogel为公认标准,其胶体颗粒大小为3.07μm。称为“磷酸铝”的一般是羟基磷酸铝,其也通常含有少量硫酸根(即,羟基磷酸硫酸铝)。磷酸铝通常是将铝盐(多为AlCl3或AlK(SO4)2)溶液与磷酸三钠的碱性溶液混合,或将铝盐与磷酸盐溶液混合,然后用氢氧化钠进行沉淀获得,其呈非结晶态的颗粒状。这些颗粒在吸附任何抗原后的典型直径是0.5~20μm(例如,约5-10μm)。pH7.4时,磷酸铝的吸附能力在0.7~1.5mg蛋白质/mg Al3+之间。
在各种钙盐中,首选磷酸钙作为本发明的固体颗粒。现已报道了磷酸钙的各种佐剂形式,本发明可用任何这些形式。佐剂可以形成尺寸约10nm×150nm的针状颗粒以及直径约20-30nm的不规则形状的片。本发明中所述固体颗粒的形状可以是球形、棒状、纺锤状、盘状、立方体、花生形状或无定形等多种形状,固体颗粒的形貌可以为表面光滑、表面多孔、内部多腔室、中空或单眼等多种形貌,本领域技术人员可以根据所用的油水相及抗原性质通过有限的工艺进行优化筛选以得到满足应用需求的皮克林乳剂。
第二方面,本发明提供一种同时采用可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒作为固体乳化剂的皮克林乳剂,所述皮克林乳剂包括油相、水相以及可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒,其中,所述可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒分散在所述水相中和/或吸附在油水界面,所述可溶性蛋白为白蛋白或Mn2+矿化的白蛋白,所述无机颗粒为铝凝胶,所述油相为角鲨烯。优选的铝凝胶为商品化的铝凝胶。
本发明中所述的皮克林乳剂同时包含可溶性蛋白和至少一种无机颗粒作为固体乳化剂,优选地,所述皮克林乳剂中乳滴的平均粒径为50nm~100μm,例如100nm、300nm、600nm、1μm、30μm、80μm、100μm,所述皮克林乳剂中乳滴的平均粒径的选择,与其作用的组织相匹配,优选范围为100nm~10μm。
优选地,所述皮克林乳剂的油水两相体积比为1:(1~100),例如可以是1:1、1:5、1:10、1:15、1:20、1:25、1:30、1:35、1:40、1:45、1:50、1:55、1:60、1:65、1:70、1:75、1:80、1:85、1:90、1:95或1:100等,优选为1:(2~50)。
优选地,所述可溶性蛋白在水相中的质量浓度为0.1~20wt%,例如为0.1wt%、0.5wt%、5wt%、6wt%、7wt%、10wt%、15wt%或20wt%,优选为0.5~10wt%,进一步优选为1~8wt%,所述可溶性蛋白在水相中的质量浓度为可溶性蛋白的质量除以可溶性蛋白和水相质量和的比值。
优选地,所述无机颗粒粒径分布系数PDI值低于1.0,无机颗粒的PDI值通过动态光散射得出。
优选地,所述无机颗粒在水相中的质量浓度为0.1~20wt%,例如为0.1wt%、0.5wt%、5wt%、6wt%、7wt%、10wt%、15wt%或20wt%,优选为0.5~10wt%,进一步优选为1~8wt%,所述无机颗粒在水相中的质量浓度为无机颗粒的质量除以无机颗粒和水相质量和的比值。
油相优选角鲨烯和生育酚中的一种或两种的混合物。所述角鲨烯是一种三萜类化合物,其英文名称是Squalene,分子结构为三十碳五十氢的异戊二烯,分子式为:2,3,10,15,19,23-六甲基-2,6,10,14,18,22-二十四碳六烯,CAS:111-02-4,分子质量:410.72,可来源于动物、植物提取或化学合成。角鲨烯是一种可代谢的油,因为它是胆固醇的生物合成的中间产物(Merk索引,第10版本,登记号8619)。这是一种所有高等生物,包括在人类身上(皮脂中可以找到)自然分泌的油脂。含有角鲨烯的乳剂(含表面活性)在动物实验和临床实验上表现出优异大的免疫增强作用。
所述生育酚是α-生育酚或其衍生物如α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(也称作维生素E琥珀酸酯)。α-生育酚在针对老年患者(如年龄大于60岁或更大的患者)的疫苗中,可以起到增强免疫应答的作用。存在的生育酚包括α、β、γ、δ、ε,ζ等多种生育酚,优选α-生育酚,尤其是DL-α-生育酚。优选地,所述油相与水相互不相容,还可以包括其它代谢的油。
为了使所述水包油乳液适合于疫苗或药物制剂,本发明中所述水包油乳液的油相为可代谢的油。术语“代谢的油”意思已为本领域所熟知。“可代谢的”可被定义为“能够通过代谢作用转变”(Dorland的医学词典解释,W.B.Sanders公司,第25版本(1974))。
示例性的可代谢的油可以是任何对受体无毒并可通过代谢作用转化的植物油、鱼油、动物油或合成油,包括但不限于大豆油、米格列醇(Miglyo1812)、中链油、鱼油、维生素E、维生素E琥珀酸酯、维生素E醋酸酯、红花油、玉米油、沙棘油、亚麻籽油、花生油、茶油、葵花籽油、杏仁油、薏仁油、月见草油、芝麻油、棉籽油、蓖麻油、低芥酸菜籽油、油酸乙酯、油酸、亚油酸乙酯、月桂酸异丙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、丁酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、辛酸甘油三酯或癸酸甘油三酯中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。坚果、种子和谷物是常见的植物油来源。
本发明中所述水包油乳液的水相优选为注射用水、磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸缓冲液或Tris缓冲液中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。所述组合例如注射用水和磷酸盐缓冲液的组合,柠檬酸缓冲液和Tris缓冲液的组合,注射用水、磷酸盐缓冲液和柠檬酸缓冲液的组合,Tris缓冲液、注射用水、磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸缓冲液或Tris缓冲液的组合。
优选地,所述磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸缓冲液或Tris缓冲液的pH值独立地为5.0~8.1,例如5.2,5.4,5.6,5.8,6,6.2,6.4,6.6,6.8,7,7.2,7.4,7.6,7.8或8,优选为6.0~8.0。
本发明中所述水相中还包括药用辅助物质,如pH调节剂或/和缓冲剂等,优选自乙酸钠、乳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、人血清白蛋白、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、L-精氨酸盐酸盐、蔗糖、无水D-海藻糖、甘露醇、甘露糖、淀粉或明胶中任意一种或者至少两种的组合。所述组合例如乙酸钠和乳酸钠的组合,氯化钠和氯化钾的组合,氯化钙、人血清蛋白和必须氨基酸的组合,非必需氨基酸、L-精氨酸盐酸盐、蔗糖和无水D-海藻糖的组合,甘露醇、甘露糖、淀粉和明胶的组合,乙酸钠、乳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙和人血清蛋白的组合,必须氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、L-精氨酸盐酸盐、蔗糖、无水D-海藻糖、甘露醇、甘露糖、淀粉和明胶的组合。
本发明中所述皮克林乳剂中还可以包含药用添加剂,所述药用添加剂包括例如稀释剂、稳定剂或防腐剂中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。
本发明中所述皮克林乳剂中还可以包括以下佐剂但不限于:模式识别受体(例如Toll样受体、RIG-1和NOD样受体(NLR)的刺激剂,如含CPG基序的寡核苷酸或双链RNA或含回文序列的寡核苷酸或含聚(dG)序列的寡核苷酸)、肠细菌(例如大肠杆菌、明尼苏达沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、或弗式志贺菌)的单磷酰脂质A(MPLA)、皂苷类佐剂、脂质体和脂质体配置品(如AS01)、合成的或特别制备的微颗粒和微载体(如淋病奈瑟球菌)、沙眼衣原体和其它细菌的源于细菌的外膜泡(OMV)、多糖(如壳聚糖)可选择的病原相关分子模式(PAMPS)、小分子免疫增强剂(SMIP)、细胞因子和趋化因子。
第三方面,本发明提供一种如第一方面所述的皮克林乳剂的制备方法,本发明中所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统可采用多种方法制备。具体地,本发明中所述皮克林乳剂可采用下述方法制备,但不受下述制备方法的限制。
本发明中所述皮克林乳剂可采用先将可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒分散在水相中,然后将油相和水相混合制备。可溶性蛋白可直接均匀分散于水相,无机颗粒的分散方式可以选择震荡、搅拌、超声等多种方式,以实现无机颗粒在水相中的良好分散。只要能实现颗粒在水相中的良好分散,所采用的分散方式不会对皮克林乳剂的性质造成明显影响,可根据所用水相及固体颗粒性质及自身的实验设备选择合适分散方式及具体操作参数。油相和水相的混合可以选择微流控、均质、超声、注射器双推乳化、喷雾、微射流、微通道、膜乳化、搅拌、振荡、倒转或手摇混合等多种方式。根据不同的需求,混合方式可以优选微流控、微通道或膜乳化等可以获得均一粒径分布乳剂的方式,也可以优选微射流、注射器双推乳化、均质、搅拌或振荡等便于规模化制备的混合方式。
第四方面,本发明还提供一种疫苗,所述疫苗包括载体和抗原,所述载体为如第一方面所述的皮克林乳剂,所述抗原吸附或者分散在所述皮克林乳剂的水相和/或油水界面。
本发明中所述水包油乳液的水相中可含有单价或多价抗原,所述抗原包括但不限于人类抗原、非人类动物抗原、植物抗原、细菌抗原、真菌抗原、病毒抗原、寄生虫抗原或肿瘤抗原中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。所述组合例如人类抗原和非人类动物抗原的组合,职务抗原和细菌抗原的混合物,真菌抗原、病毒抗原和寄生虫抗原的组合,肿瘤抗原、人类抗原、非人类动物抗原、植物抗原、细菌抗原和真菌抗原的组合,病毒抗原、寄生虫抗原、肿瘤抗原、人类抗原、非人类动物抗原和植物抗原的组合,细菌抗原、真菌抗原、病毒抗原、寄生虫抗原和肿瘤抗原的组合。
所述抗原可以来自但不限于鸡胚培养、细胞培养、携带者体液、器官或组织中纯化分离所得、重组基因表达或化学合成所得,优选所述抗原包括但不限于减毒疫苗、灭活疫苗、裂解疫苗、亚单位疫苗、多糖结合疫苗、腺病毒疫苗、腺相关病毒疫苗、RNA疫苗或DNA疫苗等中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。所述组合例如减毒疫苗和灭活疫苗的组合,裂解疫苗和亚单位疫苗的组合,多糖结合疫苗,腺病毒疫苗、腺相关病毒疫苗,DNA疫苗和减毒疫苗的组合,灭活疫苗和裂解疫苗的组合,亚单位疫苗、多糖结合疫苗、腺病毒疫苗、腺相关病毒疫苗和DNA疫苗的组合。
与已有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明首次将可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒一起作为固体乳化剂制备无需表面活性剂的皮克林乳剂,生物安全性高,对人体的副作用小;制备方法简单快速,成本低,易于大规模生产;固体颗粒粒径分布广,其可以在蛋白的协助下在油水界面达到更密集的排布,从而制备更加稳定的乳液。其次,本发明首次将蛋白和无机颗粒同时作为固体乳化剂制备皮克林乳剂,应用于疫苗佐剂的开发领域,能够同时发挥佐剂与递送系统的双重功能。此外,本发明构建的皮克林乳剂能够高效地荷载大颗粒抗原,同时显著提高AAV疫苗与灭活病毒疫苗的适应性免疫应答水平,具备提高疫苗起效速度、增强疫苗免疫原性、延长疫苗保护周期的潜力。
附图说明
图1为二价锰离子(Mn2+)经人血清白蛋白(HSA)生物矿化前后(HSA-Mn)的形态示意图和透射电镜图。
图2为HSA或HSA-Mn和商品化铝凝胶(2%Algel)共同乳化角鲨烯(squalene)制备的皮克林乳剂(HSA/Algel-squalene,HANE;HSA-Mn/Algel-squalene,HMANE)的形态示意图和透射电镜图。
图3为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)的粒径随时间变化的曲线图。
图4为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)吸附AAV前后的形态示意图和透射电镜图。
图5为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)吸附AAV的包封率检测结果图。
图6为载AAV-PcrV皮克林乳剂(HANE-AAV-PcrV,HMANE-AAV-PcrV)诱导体液免疫应答的检测结果图。
图7为载AAV-PcrV皮克林乳剂(HANE-AAV-PcrV,HMANE-AAV-PcrV)在败血症模型上小鼠生存率随时间变化的曲线图。
图8为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)与新冠灭活病毒孵育后诱导体液免疫应答的检测结果图。
图9为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)与新冠灭活病毒孵育后诱导细胞免疫应答的检测结果图。
图10为皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)载体对于STING通路的活化能力检测结果图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图并通过具体实施方式来进一步说明本发明的技术方案,但下述的实例仅仅是本发明的简易例子,并不代表或限制本发明的权利保护范围,本发明的保护范围以权利要求书为准。
实施例1
基于白蛋白制备二价锰离子矿化的白蛋白,具体制备方法如下(图1-a):
(1)二价锰离子的生物矿化(HSA-Mn)
通过利用白蛋白天然的生物模板特性,二价锰离子可以在碱性环境下有序的排列于蛋白表面,完成生物矿化,具体步骤为:称量0.2695gMnCl2·4H20于50ml烧瓶中,加入15ml超纯水,边搅拌边溶解;加入HSA溶液(200mg/ml,5ml),室温搅拌5min;用1M氢氧化钠调节pH至10.00左右;转移至34℃油浴锅,搅拌反应2h;收集样品,10kDa透析袋透析两天;0.45或0.22μm滤头过滤后,冻干收集粉末;利用ICP-OES准确定量矿化粉末中的锰元素含量。
(2)HSA-Mn的形貌检测
HSA-Mn的形貌观察采用透射电镜(图1-b),具体步骤为:取1mg冻干后的HSA-Mn溶于1ml无菌注射用水中,用毛细管蘸取适量悬液,置于覆有碳膜的铜网上,静置片刻后用滤纸吸走多余溶液。然后再用毛细管蘸取2%磷钨酸溶液,静置染色1-2min后,用滤纸吸走染液,置于红外灯下烘干,最后将其置于透射电子显微镜中观察。
其中,HSA-Mn在电镜下的形貌如图1所示,呈现立方块样形貌。
实施例2
基于白蛋白HSA与商品化铝凝胶(2%Algel)共同乳化角鲨烯(squalene)制备皮克林乳剂HANE(图2-a);基于HSA-Mn与商品化铝凝胶(2%Algel)共同乳化角鲨烯(squalene)制备皮克林乳剂HMANE(图2-b);具体制备方法如下:
将30mgHSA溶于2943μl无菌注射用水中,充分溶解后加入27μl商品化铝胶以及30μl角鲨烯,120~150W超声3min使其均匀分散;将30mgHSA-Mn溶于2943μl无菌注射用水中,充分溶解后加入27μl商品化铝胶以及30μl角鲨烯,120~150W超声3min使其均匀分散。将制备好的HANE和HMANE分别稀释50~100倍,取稀释后的乳液1ml加入到样品池中,使用马尔文粒径仪进行测定,并通过透射电子显微镜表征形貌。
其中,HANE和HMANE的粒径和形貌如图2-c&d所示,水合粒径均维持在300nm左右,并呈现白色球形形貌。HANE和HMANE在4℃存放期间的粒径变化情况如图3所示,结果表明本发明制备的皮克林乳剂具备良好的稳定性,白蛋白或Mn2+矿化的白蛋白与无机颗粒可得到长期稳定性好的皮克林乳剂。
实施例3
基于腺相关病毒(AAV)去制备载病毒的皮克林乳剂(HANE-AAV,HMANE-AAV),具体制备方法如下:
吸取适量AAV病毒液至低吸附EP管中,加入Stocking Buffer至500μL,随后加入预先制备好的HANE或者HMANE 500μL,涡旋30s,室温水平摇床150rpm室温孵育30min,即得到HANE-AAV(或HMANE-AAV)。
其中,HANE-AAV和HMANE-AAV在电镜下的形貌如图4所示,呈现球形颗粒表面均匀分布AAV病毒,表明本发明制备的白蛋白或Mn2+矿化的白蛋白与无机颗粒代替表面活性剂的皮克林乳剂能够很好的吸附AAV病毒,可作为病毒递送系统。
实施例4
本实施例用于检测皮克林乳剂(HANE,HMANE)对AAV的包封率,具体方法如下:
高速离心的过程中,密度较小的油相(角鲨烯)更倾向分布于体系的上层,而皮克林乳剂的固体乳化剂往往分布于油水界面上,这其中固体乳化剂主要发挥吸附抗原的作用,因此可以通过检测下层水相中抗原的含量来测得乳剂对于抗原的包封率。由于AAV含量可直接通过qPCR准确测定,故将所得HANE-AAV或HMANE-AAV于4℃下12000g离心10min,乳滴将会聚集而浮于上层,含游离AAV的水相则处于下层。取下层液体,使用DnaseI消化游离核酸后,进行qPCR滴度测定,选用相同剂量的游离病毒进行平行操作作为内参。所得包封率计算公式为:
包封率=[1-1/2(Cq制剂-Cq内参)]×100%
Cq制剂表示制剂扩增的响应值,Cq内参表示对照组扩增的响应值
结果如图5所示,皮克林乳剂经离心后,分离为紧实的乳白色上层油相和清澈透亮且无明显沉淀的下层水相。随后,qPCR检测发现乳剂下层水相的Cq值较游离组增加超过3个循环数,经过计算,HANE对AAV的包封率为96.18±0.11%,HMANE对AAV的包封率为89.56±0.09%,可见,本发明制得的皮克林乳剂对病毒有良好的包封率,包封率大于89%,是优良的病毒载体。
实施例5
本实施例用于比较实施例2提供的皮克林乳剂、MF-59佐剂与氢氧化铝佐剂对于AAV-PcrV抗原(利用基因工程使得AAV表达铜绿假单胞菌抗原PcrV,即AAV-PcrV)诱导抗体的影响。70只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠(6~8周龄),随机分成7组,其中PBS组作为阴性对照组,低剂量游离病毒(AAV-PcrV(Low))、高剂量游离病毒(AAV-PcrV(High))、MF-59-AAV-PcrV与2%Algel-AAV-PcrV四组作为对照组,按照实施例3制备载AAV-PcrV的皮克林乳剂(HANE-AAV-PcrV,HMANE-AAV-PcrV)作为实验组,每组10只,具体免疫信息如下所示(表1),其中注射方式为后肢腓肠肌注射100μl(包含50μl病毒溶液与50μl佐剂)。免疫后27天分别取各个组小鼠的眼眶血,37℃静置2h,10,000g离心10min,收集血清,使用ELISA方法检测抗体水平。隔天,通过尾静脉注射致死量的铜绿假单胞菌PAO1,随后每12h观察一次小鼠的死亡情况,连续观察7天。
表1.免疫方案
抗体检测结果显示(图6),相较于同剂量游离病毒组(AAV-PcrV(Low))、2%Algel-AAV-PcrV组以及MF59-AAV-PcrV组,HANE-AAV-PcrV组可以显著提高PcrV特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2a滴度,具体地,HANE-AAV-PcrV组IgG、IgG1以及IgG2a滴度,分别为AAV-PcrV(Low)组的2、4以及5倍;为MF59-AAV-PcrV组的3、6以及7倍;为2%Algel-AAV-PcrV组的2、3以及11倍。相比之下,HMANE-AAV-PcrV在IgG2a滴度仅次于HANE-AAV-PcrV,分别为AAV-PcrV(Low)、MF59-AAV-PcrV以及2%Algel-AAV-PcrV组的5倍,7倍,12倍(备注:两组相差倍数表示为抗体稀释倍数的平均值比值)。可见,使用本发明的皮克林乳剂负载抗原可以显著减少抗原的用量,安全性更好,成本更低。综上,本发明的基于AAV-PcrV重组病毒制备的HANE-AAV-PcrV与HMANE-AAV-PcrV均表现出优异的免疫增强作用。
体内细菌生存挑战实验表明(图7),相比PBS组,MF59-AAV-PcrV组、2%Algel-AAV-PcrV组、AAV-PcrV(Low)组、AAV-PcrV(High)组、HANE-AAV-PcrV与HMANE-AAV-PcrV组分别显示出对败血症30%、70%、50%、80%、80%以及100%的保护作用,特别地,HANE-AAV-PcrV与HMANE-AAV-PcrV仅以1/5高剂量的病毒量实现了80%~100%的细菌感染保护作用,说明HANE-AAV-PcrV与HMANE-AAV-PcrV铜绿疫苗在体内通过激活强大的体液与细胞免疫具备了优异的抗铜绿假单胞菌感染的能力。
实施例6
本实施例用于考查新冠灭活病毒与皮克林乳剂孵育后,疫苗诱导体液免疫的能力。
30只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠(6-8周龄),随机分成5组,其中PBS组作为阴性对照组,以与BBIBP-CorV临床前研究文献公开的内容保持一致(Wang,H.,et al."Development ofan inactivated vaccine candidate,BBIBP-CorV,with potent protection againstSARS-CoV-2."Cell 182.3(2020).),阳性对照组BBIBP-CorV(BBIBP-CorV(i.p.))采用了其文献中记载的腹腔注射方式给药,剂量为1/2成人剂量,即2μg。BBIBP-CorV、CorV-HANE与CorV-HMANE作为实验组。具体免疫信息如下所示(表2),其中BBIBP-CorV组为50μL灭活病毒原液与等体积PBS混合,CorV-HANE组与CorV-HMANE组则为50μL灭活病毒原液与等体积实施例2制备的皮克林乳剂混合。
表2.免疫方案
免疫后每隔两周,分别取各个组小鼠的眼眶血,37℃静置2h,10,000g离心10min,收集血清,使用ELISA方法检测抗体水平。
抗体检测结果如图8所示,在初次接种HMANE乳剂2周后,免疫小鼠即能分泌高水平抗体,且显著优于阳性对照组BBIBP-CorV(i.p.),表现出“响应迅速”的特点。随后,检测抗体滴度水平至第14周发现,CorV-HMANE能够持久地维持高水平抗原特异性抗体。以上数据进一步表明,HANE和HMANE均能够促进疫苗诱导快速且持久的体液免疫应答。
实施例7
本实施例用于考查新冠灭活病毒与皮克林乳剂孵育后,疫苗诱导细胞免疫的能力。
按实施例6中免疫方案免疫各组小鼠,在给药后第120天,断颈处死小鼠,分别剖去各组小鼠的脾脏,研磨成为单细胞悬液,进行CD4+和CD8+T细胞及其亚型检测。
T细胞免疫应答检测结果如图9-a&b所示,细胞内因子染色(ICS)表明HMANE乳剂组能够诱导最高丰度的IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ分泌型CD4T细胞,与IL-2、TNFα、IFNγ分泌型CD8T细胞。进一步地,通过灵敏度与准确度更高的ELISPOT检测表明(图9-c),HMANE乳剂组可以诱导产生最多数量的IL-2、IL-4、IFNγ分泌型淋巴细胞,且明显优于其余所有的对照组,表明本发明的皮克林乳剂在诱导细胞免疫应答方面同样具备显著的优势。
实施例8
本实施例用于考察皮克林乳剂载体对于STING通路的活化能力。
将DC2.4细胞浓度调整为1.5×105个/mL,按照每孔1mL的用量接种于12孔平底细胞培养板中,37℃稳定2h后,按每孔分别加入HANE 20μl、HMANE 20μl、CDN(即2,3-cGAMP,作为刺激STING活化的阳性对照组)2μg,继续培养22h。离心收集细胞培养上清,进行IFN-βELISA检测。结果如图10-a所示,HMANE组可以诱导最高水平的IFN-β水平。
将THP1-Lucia ISG细胞的浓度调整为1×105cells/180μL,按照每孔180μL接种于平底96孔板中,并按每孔分别加入HANE 20μl/、HMANE 20μl、CDN 2μg、AAV-PcrV 1.0E10vg,继续培养24h后,用排枪轻轻吹打孔板中的细胞,让其分布均匀后,吸取20μL的THP1-LuciaISG细胞悬液转移至黑色96孔板中,并加入50μL的QUANTI-LucTM底物,立即用酶标仪进行检测。结果如图10-b所示,HMANE组可以最大程度地激活STING-IRF-3通路,相应性的分泌最高水平报告基因Lucia ISG,且优于经典试验剂量(5-μg)的CDN(2,3-cGAMP)组(图10-b&c)。
综上实施例结果,本发明中的皮克林乳剂能够发挥佐剂与递送系统的双重功能。其能够高效地(包封率大于89%)荷载大颗粒抗原,同时显著提高AAV疫苗与灭活病毒疫苗的体液免疫应答与细胞免疫应答,且在免疫后14天,就能够诱导产生较高的抗原特异性抗体滴度,这提示本发明中所设计的皮克林乳剂具备提高疫苗起效速度、增强疫苗免疫原性、延长疫苗保护周期的潜力。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施例而已,并非对本发明做任何形式的限制,虽然本发明以优选实施例揭露如上,然而并非用以上限定本发明,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案的范围内,当可利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但凡是脱离本发明技术方案的内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均扔属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (11)
1.一种皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述皮克林乳剂递送系统包括油相、水相以及可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒,所述可溶性蛋白和无机颗粒分散在所述水相中和/或吸附在油水界面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述皮克林乳剂中乳滴的平均粒径为50nm~100μm,优选为100nm~10μm;优选地,所述皮克林乳剂的油水两相体积比为1:(1~100),优选为1:(2~50);优选地,所述可溶性蛋白在水相中的质量浓度为0.1~20wt%,优选为0.5~10wt%,进一步优选为1~8wt%;优选地,所述无机颗粒在水相中的质量浓度为0.1~20wt%,优选为0.5~10wt%,进一步优选为1~8wt%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述可溶性蛋白包括内源性蛋白和外源性蛋白。
4.根据权利要求1-2所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,内源性蛋白进一步优选为白蛋白、血红蛋白、甲状腺素转运蛋白和/或铁蛋白;外原性蛋白进一步优选为蛋白抗原;优选地,所述白蛋白包括天然血清白蛋白和/或人工合成血清蛋白,进一步优选为人血清白蛋白、牛血清白蛋白或鼠血清白蛋白中的至少一种;优选地,所述白蛋白经过修饰,所述修饰包括亲水修饰、疏水修饰、金属离子生物矿化、覆层或接枝改性中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;优选地,所述白蛋白为Mn2+矿化的白蛋白。
5.根据权利要求1~2所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述无机颗粒选自铝盐、钙盐、钡盐、过度金属盐中的至少一种;优选地,所述铝盐为氢氧化铝或/和磷酸铝;优选地,所述钙盐为磷酸钙或/和磷酸钙;优选地,所述钡盐为硫酸钡;优选地,过度金属盐为氢氧化铁、磷酸锰或/和双磷酸锌。
6.根据权利要求1~2所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述油相包括角鲨烯、母育酚、橄榄油、大豆油、维生素E、油酸乙酯、油酸、乳酸乙酯、二甲基硅油、月桂酸异丙酯或癸酸甘油三酯中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合,进一步优选为角鲨烯、母育酚或二甲基硅油中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合;优选地,所述水相包括纯化水、注射用水、磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸缓冲液或Tris缓冲液中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合;优选地,所述磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸缓冲液或Tris缓冲液的pH值独立地为5.0~8.1,优选为6.0~8.0。
7.根据权利要求1~2任一项所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述皮克林乳剂递送系统还包括药用添加剂;优选地,所述药用添加剂包括稀释剂、稳定剂或防腐剂中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。
8.根据权利要求1~2任一项所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统,其特征在于,所述水相中和/或油水界面上还包括免疫活性物质;优选地,所述免疫活性物质包括CPG、STING激动剂、单磷酰脂质A、皂苷或溶菌酶中任意一种或者至少两种的组合。
9.根据权利要求1~8任一项所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:制备分散有蛋白和铝盐颗粒的水相悬浮液,再将油相与水相悬浮液混合,乳化,得到所述皮克林乳剂型递送系统;优选地,所述乳化的方法包括超声乳化。
10.一种疫苗,其特征在于,所述疫苗包括载体和抗原,所述载体为如权利要求1~8任一项所述的皮克林乳剂型递送系统,所述水相中和/或油水界面上含有单价或多价抗原,所述抗原包括人类抗原、非人类动物抗原、植物抗原、细菌抗原、真菌抗原、病毒抗原、寄生虫抗原或肿瘤抗原中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合;优选地,所述抗原来自鸡胚培养、细胞培养、携带者体液、器官或组织中纯化分离所得、重组基因表达或化学合成所得,优选所述抗原选自减毒疫苗、灭活疫苗、裂解疫苗、亚单位疫苗、多糖结合疫苗、重组疫苗、腺病毒疫苗、腺相关病毒疫苗、RNA疫苗或DNA疫苗等中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合;优选地,所述疫苗的免疫接种方式包括静脉注射、脊椎腔注射、肌内注射、皮下注射、皮内注射、经呼吸道喷入或吸入、腹腔注射、经鼻给药、经眼给药、经口给药、直肠给药、阴道给药、局部给药或头皮给药中的任意一种或者至少两种的组合。
11.权利要求1~8任一项所述的皮克林乳剂递送系统在制备疫苗和/或药物中的应用。
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